��<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="115"> <p align="left"> <font color="#333333" size="1"><i>,  2001</i></font> </p> </td> <td width="603"> <p align="right"><font color="#333333" size="1"><i>&, / # #  - ,!, # " &nbsp;V<.&nbsp;.&nbsp;!"$</i></font></p> </td> </tr> </table> <hr size="1" width="90%" noshade> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="20%" valign="top"> <ul> <p align="left"> <font size="5" color="#333333"><b><i>235=<br> 0:>=5G=89</i></b></font></p> </ul> <p align="left">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="50%" valign="middle"> <div class="Section1"> <p class="myhajlo" align="center"> <font size="6" color="#333333"><i><b><u>#   /</u><br> </b></i></font></p> </div> </td> <td width="30%" valign="bottom"> <div class="Section1"> <ul> <p class="myhajlo" align="left"> <i><b><font size="4" color="#333333">G><C @CA8=8<br>AB0;8 C:@0W=FO<8</font></b></i></p> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <hr size="1" width="90%" noshade> <div align="left"> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="75%" valign="top"> <div align="right"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="255"> <ul> <p align="left"> <font size="4"><VAB</font> </p> </ul> </td> <td width="255"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.shtml"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">CAO :=830 7@07C</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div align="left"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p align="left"> <font size="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<nobr><i>0H:528G /.</nobr></i></font> </p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p align="left"> <a href="00.html"><i><font size="2">B=>=V<V:0 <V6 =0C:>N B0 ?>;VB8:>N 01> <br>4>2:>;0 =0FV>=0;L=>3> V<5=V C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C</font></i></a><br> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="a" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="235" valign="top"> <ul> <p class="a" align="left"> <a href="01.html"><i>I. 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CA8=8</i></a><I><br> </I><a href="16.html"><i>XVI. @8A2V9=89 ?@8:<5B=8:</i></a><I><br> </I><a href="17.html"><i>XVII. #:@0W=0</i></a><I><br> </I><a href="18.html"><i>XVIII. AB>@8G=0 =5>1EV4=VABL</i></a><I><br> </I><a href="19.html"><i>XIX. 0;8FL:89 ? T<>=B</i></a><I><br> </I><a href="20.html"><i>XX. !>1>@=VABL</i></a><I><br> </I><a href="21.html"><i>XXI. 03VG=5 A;>2></i></a><I><br> </I><a href="22.html"><i>XXII. %0E>;</i></a><I><br> </I><a href="23.html"><i>XXIII. 0F0?</i></a><I><br> </I><a href="24.html"><i>XXIV. 848 G8 T2@5W</i></a><I><br></I></p> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class="a" align="left" style="margin-top:-3px;"> <a href="25.html"><i>0<VABL 5?V;>3C</i></a> </p> <ul> <table border="0"> <tr> <td width="60%"> <b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0:>=5G=89 . .<br></b> <b>#:@045=5 V< O:</b> <b>'><C @CA8=8 AB0;8 C:@0W=FO<8</b> / <br>5@54<>20 /.&nbsp;0H:528G0. 3-T, 4>?. V 28?@. 284. L2V2, 2001. 400&nbsp;A. </td> <td width="20%"> <font size="1"><b><nobr>ISBN 966 02 1895 8</nobr><br> <nobr> "(2#:)4.018</nobr><br> <nobr> (141.4-314</nobr><br> <nobr> (103.14</nobr><br> <nobr> 223</nobr></b></font> </td> </tr> </table> </ul> </td> <td width="25%" valign="top" align="center"> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><img src="small_oblozhka_J_Nakonecnyj_UI.jpg" width="170" height="235" border="0" alt="small_oblozhka_J_Nakonecnyj_UI.jpg"></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" colspan="2"> <p style="margin-top:6px;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; # @>1>BV @>73;O40TBLAO DC=:FV>=C20==O C:@0W=AL:>3> B0 @>AV9AL:>3> 5B=>=V<V2 C WE VAB>@8G=V9 270T<>4VW, ?@>AB56CNBLAO ?5@54C<>28 V =0A;V4:8 CB2>@5==O 5B=>=V<0  #:@0W=0  V<5=V =0FVW, I> 287=0G0T WW V45=B8G=VABL. 2B>@ B0:>6 28A2VB;NT ?8B0==O 26820==O 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V 5B=>=V<0  T2@59 .<br> <br> <span lang=EN-US>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> <span lang=EN-US>In this work Ukrainian and Russian ethnonyms are examined in their historical interaction, the premises and consequences of creation of the ethnonym  Ukraine , the name of nation are also traced and that all defines its indetity. The author enligh&shy;tens the question of using the ethnonym  Jew in the Ukrainian too.</span> &nbsp; </p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p align="center">&nbsp; <table align="center" border="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="15%"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="70%"> <div align="left"> <div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"> <i><font size="2">#?>@O4=8: V @540:B>@ <cite><b>0;5@V9 "@8?0GC:</b></cite> &nbsp; <br> 1:;048=:0 <b>$54>@0 C:02>3> &nbsp;</b> <br> ><? NB5@=0 25@AB:0 <b>04VW 45>@C:</b><br>V43>B>2:0 5;5:B@>=VG=>W 25@AVW <b>!5@3VO C18:0</b><br>&nbsp;<b>5<0;> ;N459 A?@8O;> 28E>4C FVTW :=838 C A2VB. 5@54CAV< E>GC A5@45G=> ?>4O:C20B8 @540:B>@>2V 0;5@VN "@8?0GC:C, O:89 1C2 ?5@H8< C206=8< V :@8B8G=8< G8B0G5<.  24OG=VABN E>GC =0720B8 V<5=0 0@8A8 @CH5;L=8FL:>W, 8@>A;020 ><0=N:0, "0@0A0 0A;02AL:>3>, 40<0 >25=G0:0, 0 B0:>6 8@>A;020 V3CA0, <5;O=0 5AB09:0, N1><8@0 !5=8:0, 8:>;8 !B0@>2>9B0, >340=0 0204:8, "5>4>7VO !B0@0:0</b></font></i></p> </div> </div> </td> <td width="15%"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="Section1"> <p align="center">&nbsp;</div> <table class="MsoNormal" border="0" align="center"> <tr> <td width="246"> <div class="Section1"> <font size="2">&copy; 235= 0:>=5G=89, 2001</font> </div> </td> <td width="246"> <div class="Section1"> <font size="2">&copy; $54V@ C:0289, <br>EC4>6=T >D>@<;5==O, 2001</font> </div> </td> <td width="246"> <div class="Section1"> <font size="2">&copy; L2V2AL:0 =0C:>20 1V1;V>B5:0 <br>V<. . !B5D0=8:0  #:@0W=8, 2001</font> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p align="right"><A HREF="/cgi-bin/comment/comment.pl?e-library/lsl-editions/Nakonechnyj_J_Ukradene_Imja_2001/index.html?ukrainian?utf8"><img src="pencil.gif" border=0><i><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#C6CAEE" face="Garamond">70?8A:8</FONT></i></A> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title>B=>=V<V:0 <V6 =0C:>N B0 ?>;VB8:>N 01> 4>2:>;0 =0FV>=0;L=>3> V<5=V C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C - - &laquo;235= 0:>=5G=89. #:@045=5 V<'O&raquo;. - - #:@0W=0-L2V2-2001</title> <meta name="generator" content="Namo WebEditor v5.0(Trial)"> </head> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="7%"> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="70%"> <p align="center"><a name="_Toc28155190"><span style="letter-spacing:.5pt;"><font size="4"><i><b>B=>=V<V:0 <V6 =0C:>N B0 ?>;VB8:>N 01> 4>2:>;0 =0FV>=0;L=>3> V<5=V C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C</b></i></font></span></a><i><b>&nbsp;<a name="Etnomimika_mizh_naukoju_ta_politykoju_abo_dovkola_nacionalnogo_imeni_ukrajinskogo_narodu"></a></b></i>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="20%"> <div class="Section1"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a><font size="2" color="#99CCFF"> / </font><a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a></p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div class=Section1> <p style="text-indent:1%;">&nbsp;0 ?5@H89 ?>3;O4, I> <>65 1CB8 A?V;L=>3> <V6 >4=VTN 7 4V;O=>:, 0 =02VBL ?V44V;O=>:, ;V=32VAB8:8  5B=>=V<V:>N (O: G0AB8=>N >=><0AB8:8  2 7030;L=><C, =0C:8 ?@> 2;0A=V =0728)  B0 ?>;VB8G=>N 4VO;L=VABN. 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(1956&nbsp;@.) %@CI>2 ?@83>;><H82 70; 2V425@BVABN, A?>2VAB82H8, I> !B0;V= C @>:8 2V9=8 E>BV2 28A;0B8 70 <56V 10BL:V2I8=8 25AL C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4 ?>4V1=> O: 7@>18;8 7 G5G5=FO<8, :@8<AL:8<8 B0B0@0<8, :0;<8:0<8 B0 V=H8<8,  CAV A>@>: <V;L9>=V2 C:@0W=FV2,  O:18 WE =5 1C;> B0: 1030B> V O:18 1C;> 1 :C48 WE 28A;0B8 . 5;530B8 7 W74C, O:V 1C;8 ?@8G5B=V 4> :@5<;V2AL:8E B0T<=8FL, 7=0;8, I> %@CI>2 <02 =0 C207V A5:@5B=89 =0:07 7 ;VB0 1944&nbsp;@. "@820;89 G0A F59 =0:07 >3>;>HC20;8 D0;LA8DV:0B><, B0: A0<> O: =0:07 ?@> 7=8I5==O 2 0B8=V ?>;LAL:8E >DVF5@V2 01> B0T<=89 4>3>2V@ V115=B@>?0 >;>B>20. 5I>402=> :>;8H=V9 =0@>4=89 :><VA0@ 2=CB@VH=VE A?@02 # ! , :><VA0@ 45@602=>W 157?5:8 3&nbsp;@0=3C (35=5@0;-<09>@ ) 0A8;L OA=>9 @>7?>2V2, I> 2 1944&nbsp;@.  B>20@8I !B0;8= 70 2@06451=>5 >B=>H5=85 : @CAA:><C =0@>4C ?@8:070; 2KA5;8BL 2A5E C:@08=F52 : 8725AB=>9 <0B5@8, 0 :>=:@5B=55  2 !818@L . V4B2>@5==O FL>3> A5:@5B=>3> =0:07C >?C1;V:>20=> 2 ?@0FV 2V4><>3> ?@>:><C=VAB8G=>3> <>A:>2AL:>3> 4>:C<5=B0;VAB0 $5;V:A0 'CT20  !>;40BK 8<?5@88 . AL B5:AB =0:07C, O:89 ?>402 $.&nbsp;'CT2:</p> </div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="5%"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="90%"> <p><b><cite>! ( ! "<br>@8:07 !&nbsp;0078/42</cite></b></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="334"><div class=Section1> <i><cite>22&nbsp;8N=O 1944&nbsp;3>40</cite></i><cite>&nbsp;</cite></p> </div> </td> <td width="334"><div class=Section1> <p align="right"><cite>3.&nbsp;>A:20</cite></p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div class=Section1> <cite>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</cite></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center;text-indent:0cm'><cite>  # !! "#<br>#" %  !.<br>  # !! "#<br> + !. !!! </cite></p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"><cite>35=BC@=>9 @07254:>9 CAB0=>2;5=>:</cite></p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"><cite>0 ?>A;54=55 2@5<O =0 #:@08=5, >A>15==> 2 852A:>9, >;B02A:>9, 8==8F:>9, >25=A:>9 8 4@C38E >1;0ABOE, =01;N405BAO O2=> 2@06451=>5 =0AB@>5=85 C:@08=A:>3> =0A5;5==O ?@>B82 @0A=>9 @<88 8 <5AB=KE >@30=>2 !>25BA:>9 2;0AB8.  >B45;L=KE @09>=0E 8 >1;0ABOE C:@08=A:>5 =0A5;5=85 2@06451=> A>?@>B82;O5BAO 2K?>;=OBL <5@>?@8OB8O ?0@B88 8 ?@028B5;LAB20 ?> 2>AAB0=>2;5=8N :>;E>7>2 8 A40G5 E;510 4;O =C64 @0A=>9 @<88. => 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A>@20BL :>;E>7=>5 AB@>8B5;LAB2>, E8I=8G5A:8 C18205B A:>B. 'B>1K A>@20BL A=0165=85 ?@>4>2>;LAB285< @0A=>9 @<88, E;51 70:0?K20NB 2 O<K. > <=>38E @09>=0E 2@06451=K5 C:@08=A:85 M;5<5=BK ?@58<CI5AB25==> 87 ;8F, C:@K20NI8EAO >B <>18;870F88 2 @0A=CN @<8N, >@30=87>20;8 2 ;5A0E  75;5=K5 10=4K, :>B>@K5 =5 B>;L:> 27@K20NB 2>8=A:85 MH5;>=K, => 8 =0?040NB =0 =51>;LH85 2>8=A:85 G0AB8, 0 B0:65 C1820NB <5AB=KE ?@54AB028B5;59 2;0AB8. 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'5@57 5B=>=V<VG=C <V<V:@VN @>7?;82G0ABV FV <56V V 2 ?8A0==OE  2VBG87=O=8E 4>A;V4=8:V2. >A8BL A:070B8, I>, =0?@8:;04, C H:V;L=><C ?V4@CG=8:C  AB>@VO ! !  , 2840=><C 2 #:@0W=V, C:@0W=AL:V 4VB8 28G8BCNBL, O: B>  @>AV9AL:V (!) :=O7V ;53 B0 3>@ ?0=C20;8 2 8T2V. 7 ?>4V1=8E D0:BV2, ?>G5@?=CB8E, 7>:@5<0, 7 =0C:>2>-?>?C;O@=>W, ?C1;VF8AB8G=>W B0 EC4>6=L>W ;VB5@0BC@8, <>6=0 1 A:;0AB8 =5 >4=C :=83C.</p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">V4 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII&nbsp;AB>;VBBO ( AB>@VO CAV2 ) B@820T V45>;>3VG=0 AC?5@5G:0 70 5B=>=V<  CAL V 70 2A5, I> 7 =8< ?>2 O70=>, O:C 70:0@?0B5FL .. 5=5;V= A2>3> G0AC =07202 AC?5@5G:>N <V6  N60=0<8 8 A525@O=0<8 <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title="">[40]</a>. &N V45>;>3VG=C 1>@>BL1C, 4> ?52=>W <V@8, <>6=0 ?>@V2=OB8 7 1>@>BL1>N 42>E T2@>?59AL:8E VAB>@V>3@0DVG=8E H:V;  @><0=AL:>W B0 35@<0=AL:>W. !?5@5G0NBLAO, G8 F82V;V70FVO 0E>4C 28=8:;0 =0 B;V 402=L>W @8<AL:>W :C;LBC@8, G8 B> =>20 F82V;V70FVO 35@<0=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O. !C?5@5G:0 <0T ACB> :01V=5B=89 E0@0:B5@.</p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">4=0: AC?5@5G:0  N60= 8 A525@O= =5 <0T V =5 <>65 <0B8 0:045<VG=>3>, D;53<0B8G=>-A?>:V9=>3> E0@0:B5@C. !2>3> G0AC .&nbsp;@CH52AL:89 70AB5@V302, I> C:@0W=AL:89 VAB>@8: =5 <>65 28ABC?0B8 7 ?>78FV9 =59B@0;L=>3>, A:5?B8G=> =0;0HB>20=>3> 4>A;V4=8:0. 2V4A8 V=:>;8 =04<V@=0 ?>;5<VG=VABL C AC?5@5GFV, V=:>;8 =04<V@=0 :0B53>@8G=VABL AC465=L. 465 945BLAO BCB, =V 1V;LH5 =V <5=H5, ?@> ?@02> C:@0W=FV2 B0 1V;>@CAV2 =0 VA=C20==O O: >:@5<8E =0@>4V2. ;O <>A:>2AL:8E V<?5@V0;VAB8G=8E :V; B25@465==O ?@> =V18B> A?V;L=89 5B=>=V< T 70A>1>< V45>;>3VG=>3> C70:>=5==O 7030@10==O V 3=>1;5==O #:@0W=8 B0 V;>@CAVW, A>;>4:0 <@VO ?@> 2VG=5 2>;>4V==O =8<8, 70 ?@02>< =0G51B> A?04:>T<FO 8W2AL:>W 45@6028  CAV. @>?030=40 2 B0:><C ?;0=V 2 >AVW =5 2ICE0T 4>=8=V.</p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">!E5<0 VAB>@8G=>3> ?@>F5AC, 70A=>20=0 =0 V45=B8DV:0FVW ?>=OBL  CAL V  >AVO , 4> =5402=L>3> G0AC 28:;040;0AO 2 H:>;0E CAVE @5A?C1;V: ! ! <a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title="">[41]</a>. "0:0 ?@0:B8:0, 7@5HB>N, ?@>4>26CTBLAO 4> AL>3>4=V 2 >AVW V G0AB:>2> 2 #:@0W=V.</p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">57?@5F545=B=89 AV<45AOB8@VG=89 0=B8C:@0W=AL:89 B5@>@ 1V;LH>287<C, ?5@V>4 2V425@B>W D0;LA8DV:0FVW, 5;5<5=B0@=>W 1@5E=V, 6>@AB>:>3> ?>;VFV9=>-V45>;>3VG=>3> =03;O4C, :>;8 C:@0W=AL:8E VAB>@8:V2 DV78G=> 7=8IC20;8 @07>< 7 WE 701>@>=5=8<8 B2>@0<8, 2V4;CG8;8 FV;V ?>:>;V==O C:@0W=FV2 2V4 A2>3> <8=C;>3>. "@0?;OTBLAO, I> =02VBL >A2VG5=V ;N48 ?;CB0NBLAO C 287=0G5==V B0 @>7@V7=5==V 5B=>=V<V2  CAL ,  #:@0W=0 V WE ?>EV4=8E D>@<.  #?@>4>26 VAB>@VW,  O: 4C65 2;CG=> 707=0G0T C A2>W9 ?@0FV  >2V >1@VW AB0@>402=L>W #:@0W=8 4>:B>@ ;5:A0=4@0 >?0G,  <V=ONBLAO =0728 <5H:0=FV2 V B5@8B>@VW #:@0W=8, 0 F5 2?;820T =0 =5OA=VABL V ?;CB0=8=C, G>3> <8 9 A0<V 707=0T<> =0 A>1V 7V 7<V=>N AB0@>402=L>W =0728  CAL =0  #:@0W=0 <a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title="">[42]</a>.</p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">"5<>N ?@>?>=>20=>W @>72V4:8 T A?@>10 :>@>B:> 28A2VB;8B8 ?8B0==O, G><C V O: 2V41C202AO C @50;L=><C 68BBV ?@>F5A 5B=>=V<VG=>W <V<V:@VW C @>AVO=, 0 >A:V;L:8 F59 ?@>F5A =52V44V;L=89 2V4 ?@>F5AC 7<V=8 5B=>=V<0 2 C:@0W=FV2, B> @>73;O40B8<5<> WE C AC:C?=>ABV, 2 BV9 WE=V9 =5@>7@82=V9 270T<>7C<>2;5=>ABV, C O:V9 2>=8 =0A?@024V @07>< 28ABC?0NBL 2 VAB>@VW. !;V4 70C2068B8, I> E0@0:B5@ B5<8 28<030T 3CAB>3> F8BC20==O @>7<0WB8E 465@5;. 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S.&nbsp;250.</span></p> </div> <div id=ftn38> <p><a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title="">[38]</a><span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>@CH52AL:89&nbsp;. </i>28G09=0 AE5<0  @CAA:>9 VAB>@VW 9 A?@020 @0FV>=0;L=>3> C:;04C VAB>@VW AEV4=>3> A;>2 O=AB20 // !B0BL8 ?> A;02O=>2545=8N. !1., 1904. !.&nbsp;5.</span></p> </div> <div id=ftn39> <p><a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title="">[39]</a><span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>@8? O:528G&nbsp;., >;L=8FL:H9&nbsp;</i>. AB>@VO #:@0W=8. LN->@:: 84 2> (:V;L=>W 048, 1990. !.&nbsp;223.</span></p> </div> <div id=ftn40> <p><a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title="">[40]</a><span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>5=5;V=&nbsp;.. </i> A?>@5 <564C N60=0<8 8 A525@O=0<8 =0 AG5B 8E @>AA87<0. .: 74 2> <?.  20 AB>@88 8 @52=. >AA., 1848. !.&nbsp;9.</span></p> </div> <div id=ftn41> <p><a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title="">[41]</a><span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>A0T28G&nbsp;/. </i>@>1;5<0 ?>E>465==O C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C: VAB>@V>3@0DVG=89 V ?>;VB8G=89 0A?5:B // #:@0W=0: C;LBC@=0 A?04I8=0, =0FV>=0;L=0 A2V4><VABL, 45@602=VABL. 1995. 8?.&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;8.</span></p> </div> <div id=ftn42> <p><a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title="">[42]</a><span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>>?0G&nbsp;. </i>>2V >1@VW AB0@>402=L>W #:@0W=8. ">@>=B>; 4<>=B>=, 1980. !.&nbsp;3.</span></p> </blockquote> </div> </div> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155192"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">I. 0304:>20 =0720</font></i></b></span></a><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b> <i><a name="II_Zagadkova_nazva"></a></i></b></span> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  CAL ,  CAL:0 75<;O  B0:C =072C, O: 2V4><>, <0;0 45@6020, I> 28=8:;0 C 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V IX&nbsp;AB. 2 A5@54=V9 B5GVW =V?@0, A5@54 ?;5<5=V ?>;O= 7 F5=B@>< C 8T2V. 0720  CAL:0 75<;O 28=8:;0 ?>4V1=> 4> V=H8E ;VB>?8A=8E =072 (O4AL:0 75<;O, >;30@AL:0 75<;O, #3>@AL:0 75<;O) 2V4 A?V;L=>W =0728 =0@>4V2, I> 70A5;O;8 FN B5@8B>@VN, 73>4>< 5B=>=V< (=0720 =0@>4C) ?5@5B2>@82AO 2 ?>;VB>=V< (=0720 ?>;VB8G=>3> CB2>@5==O).  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V4B>4V @04O=AL:V VAB>@8:8 AB0;8 2 FL><C ?8B0==V =0 ?>78FWW, 1;87L:V BV9 C:@0W=AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW, I> 4>B@8<C20;0AO 02B>EB>==>W B5>@VW.  7 40 50 E&nbsp;@@. 2 @04O=AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW CB25@48;0AO 25@AVO ?@>  ?V245==>@CAL:5 ?>E>465==O =0728, I> ?5@H>?>G0B:>2> ?>7=0G0;0 B5@8B>@VN !5@54=L>3> >4=V?@>2 O =02:>;> 8T20 (B0: 720=0  CAL:0 5<;O C 2C7L:><C @>7C<V==V, O:0 28O2;OTBLAO 70 ;VB>?8A=8<8 40=8<8 XII XIII&nbsp;22.) <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 04O=AL:V VAB>@8:8 AB0;8 ?>2 O7C20B8 ?>E>465==O B5@<V=0 CAL 7 =072>N ?@8B>:8 =V?@0  @VG:>N >AAN 01> 7 ?@84=V?@>2AL:8< <VAB>< >4=5< G8 >4=8< V 4@C38< >4=>G0A=><a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title="">[39]</a>. >G0B:8 FL>3> ?>3;O4C 254CBL I5 2V4 CAB8=AL:>3> ;VB>?8AC 1670&nbsp;@>:C. 2B>@ ;VB>?8AC  <V6 @V7=8<8 74>3040<8 ,  G53> @048 =0H =0@>4 CAN =0@5G5AO , 7304CT, I> A5 282>4OBL  8=KO >B @5:8 3;03>;5<KO >AL <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title="">[40]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0B02@C202H8 ?>3;O48 =>@<0=VABV2 O: D0H8ABAL:V B0 1C@6C07=V, @04O=AL:V VAB>@8:8 ?8A0;8:  04O=AL:0 VAB>@V>3@0DVO >AB0B>G=> A?@>ABC20;0 0=B8=0C:>25 B25@465==O =>@<0=VABV2, =V18B> B5@<V=  CAL ?>E>48BL 2V4 =0728 =>@<0=AL:>3> ?;5<5=V, O:5 2 2-9 ?>;>28=V 9&nbsp;AB. ?@>=8:;> 2 !EV4=C 2@>?C, 70A=C20;> BCB 45@602C V 40;> W9 A2>T V< O <a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title="">[41]</a>. 0A?@024V ?>E>465==O A;>20  CAL ?>2 O70=5 7 B5@8B>@VTN 9 AB0@>402=V< =0A5;5==O< ACG0A=>W #:@0W=8, >A>1;82> 7 !5@54=V< >4=V?@>2 O<, 8T2><, '5@=V3>2><, 5@5OA;02><<a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title="">[42]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> #:@0W=AL:V 4V0A?>@=V VAB>@8:8 4>B@8<CNBLAO ?52=>3> :><?@><VA=>3> 28@VH5==O ?@>1;5<8.  !;>2> CAL, O: <>6=0 4C<0B8, =0;560;> ?5@2VA=> GC6><C ?;5<5=V, O:5 ?V418;> ?V245==V ?;5<5=0 AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:>W 3@C?8, >@30=V7C20;> A5@54 =8E 45@602C 9 A0<> 7=8:;>, @>7G8=8;>AL A5@54 A;>2 O=AL:>W AB8EVW, 70;8H82H8 ?> A>1V >4=C =072C, O:0 9 AB0;0 B5?5@ =072>N =0H>W =0@>4=>ABV 9 =>2>W 45@6028. &O =0720 CAL AB0;0 =0H8< =0FV>=0;L=8< V<5=5< V 45@60;0AO C =0A 4C65 4>23> <a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title="">[43]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V47=0G0NG8 0=B8=>@<0=AL:C ?>78FVN :@09>2>W VAB>@V>3@0DVW, 2>=8 ?8HCBL:  &5 06 =VO: =5 70?5@5GCT 206;82VABL @>;V, I> WW 2V4V3@0;8 ?5@HV :=O7V B0 WE=V 4@C68==8:8 20@O7L:>3> ?>E>465==O C D>@<C20==V 45@602=>3> ;04C 2 8W2AL:V9 45@602V <a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title="">[44]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >2VB=V C:@0W=AL:V VAB>@8:8 B@048FV9=> 4>B@8<CNBLAO 0=B8=>@<0=VABAL:>3> A?@O<C20==O. "0:, C =5I>402=> 2840=V9 @>1>BV G8B0T<>, I>  5B=>=V< CAL 28=8: =0 !5@54=V9 044=V?@O=I8=V V 265 2 IX&nbsp;AB. <VF=> 70:@V?82AO 70 8W2AL:>N 45@602>N V 1C2 H8@>:> 2V4><89 70 WW <560<8. 3>4>< =0720 @CAL, @CAL:89 26820;0AO 70 A0<>=0720==O< C:@0W=FV2. B=VG=5 287=0G5==O  @CAL:89 C @>7C<V==V  C:@0W=AL:89 B@0?;OTBLAO 265 7 XIV&nbsp;AB. V 157?5@5@2=> 715@V30TBLAO ?@>BO3>< AB>;VBL <a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title="">[45]</a>. >4V1=>W 4C<:8 4>B@8<CNBLAO V=HV ACG0A=V 4>A;V4=8:8:  =0;V7 ?8A5<=8E A2V4G5=L ?>:0702, I> =091V;LH ?@024>?>4V1=> A;V4 C2068B8 B5>@VN ?V245==>3> ?>E>465==O =0728 CAL <a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title="">[46]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5A?>4V20=> >@83V=0;L=C 25@AVN >?@8;N4=82 0:045<V: <5;O= @VF0:. 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"0:89 AB0= A?@02 40T <>6;82VABL @>AV9AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW 70 702VA>N AE>;0AB8G=8E <V@:C20=L ?@8E>20B8 V=H5 =04728G09=> 206;825 9 0:BC0;L=5 ?8B0==O: 945BLAO =5 ?@> =>@<0=AL:5, AEV4=5 G8 02B>EB>==5 ?>E>465==O 5B=VG=>3> B5@<V=0, O:5 <0T ACB> 0:045<VG=5 7=0G5==O, 0 ?@> VAB>@VN 9>3> 26820==O. >  =5 B0:5 206;825 ?>E>465==O =0728, O: B5, I> 2>=0 >7=0G0T <a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title="">[48]</a>. !0<5 VAB>@VO 26820==O B5@<V=0 CAL B0 ?>EV4=8E T >4=VTN 7 B8E DC=40<5=B0;L=8E ?@>1;5<, I> 2V4V3@020;8 V 2V4V3@0NBL 4>=8=V 25;8G57=C @>;L C AB0=>2;5==V =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV C AEV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E =0@>4V2. =0:H5 :06CG8, =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 ?8B0==O ?@> ?>E>465==O =0728 CAL, O:5 T, 2 CAO:><C @07V 2 =0H G0A, 1V;LH5 ACB> B5>@5B8G=8< ?8B0==O<, A0<0 VAB>@VO 26820==O B5@<V=0 V 9>3> A5<0=B8:0 =0;560BL 4> G8A;0 B8E =0C:>28E ?@>1;5<, I> <0NBL 28=OB:>2> 7;>1>45==5 ?>;VB8G=5 7=0G5==O. >, O: ?>10G8<> 40;V, 2A5 F5 @>7:@820T <5E0=V7< 5B=>=V<VG=>W <V<V:@VW <>A:>2AL:>3> V<?5@V0;V7<C<a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title="">[49]</a>. 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CAL 5B=VG=0 01>  2C7L:0 </font></i></b></span></a><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"> <b><i><a name="III_Rus_etnichna_abo_vuzka"></a></i></b></span> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent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a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /: ?V4:@5A;NT .&nbsp;><1@>2AL:89:  65 A0<5 O28I5, I> VAB>@8G=89 ?@>F5A A:;040TBLAO 7 B@L>E >A=>2=8E V C=V25@A0;L=8E C A2>T<C 70AO3C :><?>=5=BV2  G0AC, ?@>AB>@C 9 ;N48=8, =040T 35>3@0DVG=><C D0:B>@>2V >A>1;825 7=0GV==O C A:;04=V9 :><?>78FVW DC=:FV9 VAB>@87<C <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 1H8@=C V<?5@VN N@8:>28GV2 ;0=4H0DB=5 A5@54>28I5 28@07=> 4V;8;> =0 >:@5<V ?@8@>4=V :;V<0B8G=>-@>A;8==V 7>=8.  57 AC<=V2C, I> B5@8B>@VN 2 2@>?V, O:0 709=OB0 AEV4=8< A;>2 O=AB2><, =5>1EV4=> @>718B8 =0 ?>OA8, O:V @>7@V7=ONBLAO 70 2;0AB82VABN :;V<0BC, 3@C=BV2 V @>A;8==>3> ?>:@8BBO, V B@0:BC20B8 :>6=89 >:@5<> <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 ?V2=>GV ?@>AB>@>W !EV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W @V2=8=8, =02:>;> >23>@>40, @>7<VI0;0AO B093>20 7>=0 7 ?@>E>;>4=8< 2>;>38< :;V<0B><, 7 ?5@52060==O< E2>9=8E ;VAV2 =0 1V4=8E ?V47>;8AB8E 3@C=B0E. 0;V, ?V245==>-AEV4=VH5, 2 @09>=V B5?5@VH=L>W >A:28, @>7B0H>20=0 7>=0 7<VH0=8E ;VAV2 7 <0;>2@>609=8<8 3@C=B0<8 V 7=0G=>N ?;>I5N 1>;VB. 0 B0:8E ?@8@>4=8E C<>2 E;V1 C FV9 7>=V ;VAV2 B0 1>;VB A?>:>=2V:C @>48BLAO :5?AL:> <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. 0 ?V24=V, =02:>;> 8T20, ?@>;O3;0 7>=0 VA>AB5?C 7V 7=0<5=8B8<8 @>4NG8<8 G>@=>75<0<8, 0 I5 ?V245==VH5, 2 @8G>@=><>@ W, @>7;V3AO 5;8:89 2@07V9AL:89 AB5?, I> 15@5 A2V9 ?>G0B>: C >=3>;VW, 1V;O 5;8:>W 8B09AL:>W ABV=8, V 70:V=GCTBLAO 4>;8=>N C=0N, 1V;O ;L?V9AL:8E 3V@, B>1B> >E>?;NT 42V G0AB8=8 A2VBC. 030B> 02B>@V2 4>B@8<CNBLAO 3V?>B578 ?@> B5, I> 10BL:V2I8=>N V=4>T2@>?59FV2 1C;8 A0<5 C:@0W=AL:V AB5?8 <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>.  030B89 <0B5@V0; @V7=><0=VB=8E 465@5; ?5@5:>=CT =0A C B><C, I> AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:0 45@602=VABL 287@V20;0 =0 ?V24=V, C 1030BV9 B0 @>4NGV9 A<C7V !5@54=L>3> >4=V?@>2 O. "CB 70 B8AOGC @>:V2 4> 8W2AL:>W CAV 1C;> 2V4><5 E;V1>@>1AB2>. "5<? 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A=C202 :>=:C@5=FV9=89 @VG:>289 H;OE, O:89 2V2 G5@57 >;>3C V (5:A=C =0 >;3C, 7 B8E AB>@V= ?@>ABC202 4> 0A?V9AL:>3> <>@O, 0 72V4B8  4> 02:07C V <CAC;L<0=AL:>W 7VW. 091CB=O !C740;LI8=0->A:>2I8=0 CB2>@8;0AO A0<5 =0 FL><C 4@C3><C @VG:>2><C H;OEC, V FO 35>?>;VB8G=0 >1AB028=0 2V4V3@020;0 =5018O:C @>;L 2 WW ?>40;LH><C @>728B:C. "@5BL>N @VG:>2>-:><C=V:0FV9=>N A8AB5<>N T @VG:8 V<0= B0 0EV4=0 2V=0, I> 2?040NBL 4> 0;BV9AL:>3> <>@O.  3040=V B@8 @VG:>2V A8AB5<8 <0;8 28@VH0;L=89 2?;82 =0 E0@0:B5@, :C;LBC@C B0 =0FV>=0;L=V 0A?V@0FVW C:@0W=FV2, @>AVO= V 1V;>@CA8=V2. 540@<0 3>;>2=V @V:8  =V?@>, >;30 B0 2V=0  2V4V3@0NBL O:CAL <VAB8G=C @>;N 2 VAB>@8G=><C 68BBV F8E =0@>4V2 <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. #AV 2>4=V A8AB5<8 !EV4=>W 2@>?8 A?>;CG0;8AO <V6 A>1>N.  !8AB5<0 25@E=L>3> =V?@0,  ?8H5 8E09;> @CH52AL:89,  2 O65BLAO 4C65 BVA=> 7 A8AB5<>N 25@E=L>W >;38, 0EV4=>W 2V=8 9 A8AB5<>N ?V2=VG=8E >75@. !8AB5<0 @8? 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VG:8 =5CE8;L=> ?@8BO3C20;8 4> A515 ?>A5;5=FV2. !0<5 BCB, =04 @VG:0<8, 28=8:;8 ?5@HV @CAL:V <VAB0. #74>26 1V;LH8E @VG>:, O: 3>;>2=8E B>@3>25;L=8E H;OEV2, A:C?GC20;>AO =0A5;5==O :@0N.  >@V2=NNG8 =044=V?@O=AL:89 F5=B@ ?V245==>AEV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W F82V;V70FVW 7 V=H8<8 F82V;V70FVO<8 T2@07V9AL:8E ?@>AB>@V2, =03040T<>, I> @VG:>289 D0:B>@ 2V4V3@0202 =04728G09=> 25;8:C @>;L C @0==L>VAB>@8G=><C ?@>F5AV =0 B5@8B>@VW #:@0W=8. >4V1=> 4> 7=0G5==O V;C, 2D@0BC 9 "83@C, =4C 9 0=3C, 0 B0:>6 >2B>W V:8  20=3 > 4;O B5@8B>@VW 38?BC, ;87L:>3> !E>4C, =4VW 9 8B0N, =V?@> AB02 F5=B@>< F82V;V70FVW ?V245==>AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:8E ?;5<5=, 0 73>4>< ACA?V;LAB20 8W2AL:>W CAV. =V?@> 1C2 ?5@H 70 2A5 :><C=V:0FV9=>-B>@3>25;L=8< G8==8:><, 0 :@V< B>3>  9 >1>@>==8<, 1> @>7B0H>20=V =0 @02>15@566V >A5;V 02B>EB>==>-E;V1>@>1AL:>3> =0A5;5==O <0;8 7=0G=C >E>@>=C 2V4 =><0487<C 7V !E>4C. =V?@>2AL:0 2>4=0 <03VAB@0;L 1C;0 B0:>6 2V:=>< =0 ?@8G>@=><>@AL:>-A5@5475<=><>@AL:89 A2VB 2 5:>=><VG=>-:C;LBC@=><C, 0 73>4>< V 2 ?>;VB8G=><C 0A?5:BV. 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V= @>7@V7=OT G>B8@8 7=0G5==O A;>20  CAL :  1.&nbsp;5B=>3@0DVG=5: @CAL  ?;5< O; 2.&nbsp;A>FV0;L=5: @CAL  AB0=; 3.&nbsp;35>3@0DVG=5: CAL  >1;0ABL V 4.&nbsp;?>;VB8G=5: CAL  45@602=0 B5@8B>@VO <a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title="">[31]</a>. > ?5@5;V:C ;NG52AL:>3> 70:>=><V@=> 4>40B8 ? OB5 >7=0G5==O  F5@:>2=5: @CAL  2V@=8:8 AEV4=>W ?@02>A;02=>W F5@:28.  F5@:>2=><C 7=0G5==V A;>2>  CAL >1 T4=C20;> 2AV =0@>48, A;>2 O=AL:V V =5A;>2 O=AL:V, I> A?>2V4C20;8  @CAL:C @5;V3VN , B>1B> ?@02>A;02 O <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> AB>@8:8 2V47=0G0NBL, I> B5@<V=  CAL =09G0ABVH5 268202AO V O: 5B=>=V<, V O: =0720 45@6028 <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. 4=0: ?5@54CAV< =0720  CAL <0;0 5B=VG=5 7=0G5==O V 26820;0AO O: 71V@=5 ?>=OBBO =0@>4C, B><C 2 A;>2 O=AL:><C B5:ABV 4>3>2>@C 3>@O 7 3@5:0<8 7 945&nbsp;@>:C  CAL B0  V4 CAL:89  A?V2?040NBL.  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"0:8< G8=><, =5 <>65 1CB8 AC<=V2C, I> B5@<V=8  CAL:0 75<;O ,  CAL B0:>6 28=8:;8 2V4 =0728 =0@>4C  @CA8=V2, O:V <5H:0;8 =0 8W2I8=V. 0720  CAL:0 75<;O ,  CAL V=>4V 28:>@8AB>2CTBLAO ;VB>?8AFO<8 O: =0720 2AVTW :@0W=8, ?@>B5 157?V4AB02=> 3>2>@8B8, I> O: 5B=VG=0 2>=0 AB>ACTBLAO 2AVE ?;5<5= V =0@>4V2 8W2AL:>W 45@6028, 7=0G=0 G0AB8=0 O:8E 1C;0 =02VBL =5A;>2 O=AL:>3> ?>E>465==O <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> =0:H5 :06CG8, B0 >1AB028=0, I> 5B=VG=0 AB@C:BC@0 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 A:;0;0AO =0 ?>;V5B=VG=V9 >A=>2V, 7=09H;0 A2>T 2V418BBO V 2 ?@0:B8FV 26820==O B5@<V=0  CAL <a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title="">[35]</a>. /: C 2AO:V9 1030B>5B=VG=V9 V<?5@VW, =0720 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 DC=:FV>=C20;0 C 42>O:><C @>7C<V==V: 5B=VG=><C V 45@602=>-?>;VB8G=><C. 1>, O: ?8H5 .&nbsp; 810:>2, B5@<V=  CAL C 402=VE 465@5;0E  28ABC?0T C 42>E 7=0G5==OE: 2C7L:><C (5B=VG=><C) B0 H8@>:><C (B5@8B>@V0;L=><C) <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="">[36]</a>. =0;>3VG=V O28I0 @V7=>26820==O =072 (5B=VG=5  ?>;VB8G=5) A?>AB5@V30NBLAO C B8E 45@6020E, O:V, :@V< A2>TW 2;0A=>W, :>@V==>W, 5B=VG=>W B5@8B>@VW, 2>;>4VNBL 5B=VG=> GC6>N 75<;5N. ;O ?@8:;04C: VGGN >A?>;8B>N >;LAL:>N C 45@602=>-B5@8B>@V0;L=><C @>7C<V==V =07820;8AO, :@V< 2;0A=5 >;LIV, V W9 ?V42;04=V C:@0W=AL:V, 1V;>@CAL:V B0 V=HV 5B=VG=> GC6V 75<;V. ;5 =V:>;8 B>4V =V 8B2C, =V <C4L, =V =D;O=B8 G8, 7@5HB>N, CAL:5 2>T2>4AB2> =5 =07820;8 >;LI5N 2 5B=VG=><C @>7C<V==V. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> C=09AL:C V<?5@VN 01A1C@3V2 =07820;8 2AB@VTN (7 1867&nbsp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p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >A;V465==O ;VB>?8A=8E B5:ABV2 ?>:07CT, I> ?>=OBBO  CAL V  CAL:0 75<;O <0;8 A0<5 B0:5 42>O:5 7=0G5==O.   ;VB>?8A0E =0728  CAL V  CAL:0 75<;O 28ABC?0NBL C 42>E 7=0G5==OE: 2 H8@H><C, O:5 >E>?;NT CAV AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:V 75<;V, V 2C6G><C, O:5 2V4=>A8BLAO 4> ?V245==>W G0AB8=8 F8E 75<5;L. "5@8B>@VO CAV C 2C7L:><C 7=0G5==V, 73V4=> 7 ;VB>?8A=8<8 A2V4G5==O<8, >E>?;N20;0 75<;V 2V4 8T20 V V;3>@>40 =0 ?V245==><C 70E>4V 4> <VAB !B0@>4C1 V C@AL: =0 ?V2=VG=><C AE>4V V 4> @V: >AL V "OA<8= =0 ?V24=V. 0 FV9 B5@8B>@VW ?@>6820;8 ?>;O=8, AV25@O=8 9 C;8GV, O:V >1 T4=0;8AO 2 VI VII&nbsp;AB. ?@>B8 :>G>28:V2 <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="">[37]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0@B> 70C2068B8, I> @>AV9AL:0 V, 72VA=>, C:@0W=AL:0 @04O=AL:0 VAB>@V>3@0DVO CAV C=8:0T B5@<V=0  5B=VG=89 C A?V2AB02;5==V 4> B5@<V=0  ?>;VB8G=89 . (A>1;82> F8< 2V47=0G0TBLAO A?5FV0;VAB 7  402=L>@CAL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 .&nbsp;VE0G>2) <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>. 0B><VABL 26820NBL <5=H 28@07=C 0=B>=V<VG=C ?0@C:  2C7L:89   H8@>:89 . "0:0 @>7?;82G0AB0 D>@<0 4>72>;OT 702C0;N20B8 =09206;82VH5, 0 A0<5  5B=VG=89 0A?5:B C B;C<0G5==V =0728  CAL .  02=> 265 ?><VG5=>, I> B5@<V=  CAL C 402=L>@CAL:8E 465@5;0E 28ABC?0T 2 42>E 7=0G5==OE: 2C7L:><C B0 H8@>:><C.  7030;L=><C ?;0=V CAL  F5 B5@8B>@VO 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 V, 2V4?>2V4=>, WW =0A5;5==O (2:;NG0NG8 2AV 3@C?8 ?;5<5=, C B><C G8A;V V 45O:V =5A;>2 O=AL:V). )>4> FL>3> 2AV G0AB8=8 FVTW 45@6028 T CAAN  V >23>@>4, V 0;VAAO, V 0;8G, V 8W2, V "L<CB0@0:0=L V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4., V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;?.&nbsp; ;5 ?>@O4 7 F8< B5@<V=  CAL 4C65 G0AB> 26820TBLAO 2 B0:8E :>=B5:AB0E, 45 2V= ?@>B8AB02;5=89 ?52=8< @09>=0< 8W2AL:>W 45@6028, B>1B> CAV 2 H8@>:><C 7=0G5==V A;>20 <a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title="">[39]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 65@5;0 IX XII&nbsp;AB. 28@07=> ?>:07CNBL, I> =0728  CAL ,  CAL:0 5<;O ?5@H>?>G0B:>2> AB>AC20;8AO BV;L:8 4=V?@>2AL:>3> @02>15@566O 7 F5=B@>< C 8T2V <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title="">[40]</a>.  !59 <0;89 B@8:CB=8: <V6 =V?@><, @?5=5< V >AN  A5 F5=B@ VAB>@8G=>3> 68BBO =0H>3> =0@>4C V :@0W=0 9>3> V<5=V  A5 CAL 2;0AB820 <a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title="">[41]</a>. /: 4>2>48BL .&nbsp;>;>=AL:0-0A8;5=:>,  B5@<V=  CAL 70AB>AC20;8 ?5@5206=> I>4> 8W2AL:>3> :=O7V2AB20, V 2V= 45O:>N <V@>N 1C2 A8=>=V<>< 8W2I8=8 . 7 ;VB>?8A=8E B5:ABV2 28E>48BL,  I> 2 ?>;.&nbsp;XII&nbsp;2.  @CAL:C 75<;N AB0=>28;> BV;L:8 25;8:5 :=O7V2AB2> :8W2AL:5 2 @C:0E N@8:>28GV2, =0A;V4=8:V2 >;>48<8@0 5;8:>3> 9 /@>A;020 C4@>3> <a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title="">[42]</a>. # XI XII&nbsp;AB. ;VB>?8A8 AB@>3> 2V4>:@5<;N20;8 CAL  8W2AL:5 :=O7V2AB2>  2V4 V=H8E :=O7V2AB2.  >WE0B8 2 CAL >7=0G0;> ?>WE0B8 =0 8W2I8=C. V4 1149&nbsp;@>:>< >23>@>4AL:89 ;VB>?8A 70?8A02:  845 0@E85?8A:>? >23>@>4A:89 8D>=B 2 CAL , A51B> 2 8W2. >:C&nbsp;1165 >23>@>4AL:89 ;VB>?8A (B@5BV9) 707=0G0T I5 B>G=VH5  V E>48 83C<5= .@L52A:89 (>23>@>4AL:>3> <>=0AB8@O) 2 CAL, 2 852 3@04 <a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title="">[43]</a>. 0720  CAL O: ?>=OBBO, I> >E>?;N202 8W2I8=C B0 ?@8;53;V 75<;V, ?@>B8AB02;OTBLAO 2 CAVE @540:FVOE CAL:>3> ;VB>?8AC (?0BVW2AL:><C, 02@5=BVW2AL:><C B0 >23>@>4AL:><C) V=H8< B5@8B>@VO< 45@6028.   VAB>@8G=V9 =0CFV 402=> 265 2V47=0G5=>, I> 2 XII XIII&nbsp;AB. =0720  CAL >7=0G0;0 ?52=C :@0W=C  A0<5 :8W2AL:C 75<;N. @8:;04V2 B0:>3> A;>2>26820==O <>6=0 2:070B8 =5<0;> V ?@8G><C 2 @V7=8E @CAL:8E ?0< OB:0E <a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title="">[44]</a>. @> B5, I> =0728  CAL B0  CAL:0 75<;O ?5@2VA=> AB>AC20;0AO BV;L:8 F5=B@0;L=8E 75<5;L ACG0A=>W #:@0W=8, 2 @>AV9AL:V9 =0C:>2V9 ;VB5@0BC@V ?0=CT 15770AB5@56=0 >4=>AB09=VABL. !.&nbsp;!>;>29>2 22060T 5B=VG=8< O4@>< 8W2AL:>W 45@6028  CAL 2 =09BVA=VH><C @>7C<V==V <a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title="">[45]</a>. ;O =L>3> CAL  F5  :=O7V2AB2> 8W2AL:5, 5@5OA;02AL:5, '5@=V3V2AL:5, >;8=AL:5, !<>;5=AL:5 V "C@>2AL:5 <a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title="">[46]</a>. # A2>N G5@3C, .&nbsp;;NG52AL:89 22060T, I>  CAAN ?5@H>?>G0B:>2> =07820;0AO ;8H5 8W2AL:0 >1;0ABL <a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title="">[47]</a>. "0:89 65 28A=>2>: @>18BL B0:>6 .&nbsp;"8E><8@>2:  >6=0 7 FV;:>28B>N >A=>2>N 22060B8, I> 2 XII XIII&nbsp;AB. =0720  CAL >7=0G0;0 ?52=C >1;0ABL: 8W2AL:C 75<;N C 2C7L:><C @>7C<V==V FL>3> A;>20 <a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title="">[48]</a>. !0<0 6 =0720  CAL , O: AB0@>402=O =0720 8W2AL:>W 75<;V,  :@0W=8 ?>;O=, 2V4><0 265 7 ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 IX&nbsp;AB. <a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title="">[49]</a>. .&nbsp;@8AT;:>2 =0 ?V4AB02V 0=0;V7C B2>@C  De administrando imperii >ABO=B8=0 03@O=>@>4=>3> (X&nbsp;AB.) V B5:ABC @CAL:>-2V70=BV9AL:8E 4>3>2>@V2 4>E>48BL 28A=>2:C, I> 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V X&nbsp;AB. 8W2AL:0 45@6020 A:;040;0AO V7 >A=>2=>3> O4@0, I> 73>4>< CB2>@8;> B@8 :=O7V2AB20: 8W2AL:5, '5@=V3V2AL:5 B0 5@5OA;02AL:5, I> 720;>AO CAAN C 2C7L:><C (5B=VG=><C) @>7C<V==V FL>3> A;>20, V @5HB8 75<5;L, I> =07820;8AO  >2=VH=L>N CAAN <a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title="">[50]</a>. /4@> @CAL:>W 45@602=>ABV  AB0=>28;> ?>;O=AL:5 ?;5< O, 7402=0 2V4><5, <01CBL, =02:>;8H=V< :@0W=0< ?V4 =072>N  CAL <a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title="">[51]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4 1175&nbsp;@>:>< 02@5=BVW2AL:89 ;VB>?8A, >?8ACNG8 =0@04C 2 <VABV ;048<8@V ?VA;O 2182AB20 =4@VO >3>;N1AL:>3>, 3>2>@8BL:  =O7L =0H C1L5=, 0 45B59 C =53> =5BC, AK=>: C =53> 2 >253>@>45, 0 1@0BLO 53> 2 CA8 <a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title="">[52]</a>. 1187&nbsp;@. :=O7L C@8: :8W2AL:89 ?>A;02 C !C740;L 4> :=O7O A52>;>40 A20B0B8 9>3> 4>G:C 5@ECA;02C 70 A2>3> A8=0 >AB8A;020. A52>;>4 73>482AO, 402 25;8:5 ?@840=5 V 2V4?CAB82 WW  2 CAL . =O7L C@8: A?@0282 ?8H=5 25AV;;O, O:>3>  =5ABL 1K20;> 2 CA8 , 0 ?>BV< B8E, I> ?@8257;8 5@ECA;02C V7 !C740;O  /:>20 A20B0 8 A 1>O@K >4?CAB8; :> A52>;>4C 2 !C740;L . ">1B> ;048<8@>-!C740;LAL:0 75<;O BCB 28@07=> =5  CAL . # >23>@>4AL:8E ;VB>?8A0E >23>@>4 V 9>3> 75<;O GVB:> ?@>B8AB02;ONBLAO  CAV  ?V24=N, 8T2C.  @>B8AB02;OTBLAO :8O=0<-@CA8=0< V =0A5;5==O >23>@>4AL:>W 75<;V  A;>25=8. ;O =>23>@>4FV2 WE0B8 4> 8T20 >7=0G0;> WE0B8 =0  CAL , 0 ?>25@B0;8AO 2>=8 4> A515 2  >23>@>4 , 0 =5 2  CAL:C 5<;N . "5 6 A0<5 E0@0:B5@=5 4;O =0A5;5==O ?V2=VG=>-AEV4=>W CAV, 4;O 2;048<8@>-AC740;LAL:>3> (02@5=BVW2AL:>3>) ;VB>?8AC.  CO2V AC740;LFV2 :8W2AL:89 :=O7L, ?>25@B0NG8AL V7 ?>E>4C 2 >AB>2>-!C740;LAL:C 75<;N 4> A515 2 8W2, W45  2 CAL . ;O AC740;LAL:>3> ;VB>?8AFO  CAL  V245=L, @84=V?@>2 O, 8W2, 0 2V= A0<  68B5;L 75<;V !C740;LAL:>W <a href="#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title="">[53]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> .&nbsp; 810:>2 =03>;>HCT:  !;>20<8  CAL:0 75<;O >7=0GC20;0AO ;8H5 ?V245==>-AEV4=0 G0AB8=0 @CAL:8E 75<5;L, @84=V?@>2AL:0 CAL, O:0 >1V9<0;0 ;VA>AB5?>2C A<C3C 2V4 8T20 4> C@AL:0 <a href="#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title="">[54]</a>. # F8B>20=V9 @>1>BV 810:>2 70DV:AC202 70 @>:0<8 ?>2V4><;5==O @CAL:8E ;VB>?8AFV2 XII&nbsp;AB. ?@>  CAL O: ?@> ?V245==C >1;0ABL.  ?0BVW2AL:><C ;VB>?8AV F5 @>:8: 1140, 1141, 1144, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1152, 1154, 1155, 1174, 1175, 1177, 1180, 1187, 1190, 1195; 2 02@5=BVW2AL:><C ;VB>?8AV @>:8: 1139, 1204, 1205, 1249; C >23>@>4AL:><C I&nbsp;;VB>?8AV @>:8: 1142, 1218, 1257. 5@5;V: F59 =5?>2=89 <a href="#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title="">[55]</a>. 0728  CAL V  CAL:0 75<;O ,  =0 ?>3;O4 >AB><0@>20,  C 2C7L:><C, 5B=VG=><C @>7C<V==V 70AB>A>2C20;8AO BV;L:8 4> B5@8B>@VW 8W2AL:>3>, '5@=V3V2AL:>3> B0 5@5OA;02AL:>3> :=O7V2AB2, 73>4>< 2>=8 ?>H8@8;8AO =0 >;8=L V 0;8G8=C <a href="#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" title="">[56]</a>.  $0:B8G=> =0720 CAL 2V4=>A8;0AO ?>G0B:>2> BV;L:8 4> >;O=AL:>W 5<;V, <V6 =V?@>< =0 AE>4V, >AAN =0 ?V24=V 9 @?5=5< =0 ?V2=>GV. "5@5=8 ?>70 >;O=AL:>N 5<;5N =5 >E>?;N20;8AO =072>N CAL. C;8 F5 75<;V, O: :065 >=AB0=B8= >@DV@>@>4=89, ?>70 CAAN. V2=VG=VHV (<>A:>2AL:V) 75<;V, 70 !C740;LAL:8< ;VB>?8A><,  1C;8 28;CG5=V 7-?V4&nbsp; ?>=OBBO @CAL:8E 75<5;L <a href="#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" title="">[57]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >;8 V=HV B5@8B>@VW =07820;8  CAL:>N 75<;5N , B> F59 B5@<V= @>7C<V;8 ;8H5 C 7030;L=><C ?>;VB8G=><C 7=0G5==V  45@6020. "5@<V=8  CAL:0 75<;O ,  CAL 2 5B=VG=><C 7=0G5==V =5 >E>?;N20;8 O:VAL V=HV B5@8B>@VW. !C740;L, 5;8:89 >23>@>4 ;VB>?8A =5 =07820T  CAAN , 0;5  AB028BL WE 4> =5W C ?@>B8;56=VABL <a href="#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" title="">[58]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 7 =0728  CAL 28=8:;0 ?@8:<5B=8:>20 D>@<0  @CAL:89 , =0?@8:;04,  ?@0240 @>CAL:0 ,  @>CAL:>8 75<;V . 1097&nbsp;@>:C :8O=8 725@=C;8AO 4> >;>48<8@0 >=><0E0:  >;8<AO :=O65, B>15 8 1@0B><0 B2>8<0, =5 <>75B5 ?>3C18B8 CAL:KO 75<;8 <a href="#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" title="">[59]</a>. /: AB25@46CT .&nbsp;'5@5?=V=,  CAA:0O 75<;O ,  CAL ,  @CAA:85 :=O78 ,  @CAA:85 ?>;FK ,  @CAA:0O 4@C68=0 ,  @CAA:85 AK=K  CAV FV 28A=>2:8 ?>2 O7CNBLAO 7 ?V245==>-@CAL:8<8 (C:@0W=AL:8<8) 75<;O<8 <a href="#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" title="">[60]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0A>=>2 2V47=0G0T:  >AB>2>-!C740;LAL:0 75<;O, O: V O70=L, ?@>B8AB02;OTBLAO CAV V ?V245==8< ;VB>?8A><, V ?V2=VG=>-AEV4=8< <a href="#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" title="">[61]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >AB8A;02, A8= .@VO, @>AB>2AL:>3> :=O7O (<.&nbsp; >AB>2 @>7B0H>20=5 2 F5=B@V ACG0A=>W >AVW) 1C2 V7 30=L1>N 283=0=89 7OA;02>< V7 8T20. V= ?@89H>2 4> 10BL:0 2 !C740;L V, 240@82H8 G>;><, ?>A:0@682AO:  !;KH0;J 5A<L, >65 E>I5BL B515 2AO CA:0O 75<;O 8 '5@=K8 ;>1C:K, 8 B0:> <>;L2OBL: 8 =0AJ 5ABL >157G5AB2>20;J [7OA;02]; 0 ?>94K =0 =L . N@38 [.@V9] 65, 2J A>@><c AK=0 A2>53> A60;82J A>1c, @5G5:  B0:> ;8 <=c G0AB8 =cBC 2J CA:>9 75<;8 8 <>8<J 4cB5<J <a href="#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" title="">[62]</a>. ">1B>: =5<0T =V <5=V, =V <>W< 4VBO< H0=8 2 CAL:V9 75<;V. CAL:0 75<;O C :=O7O .@VO  F5 B5@8B>@VO ACG0A=>W #:@0W=8. V4 1154&nbsp;@. 2 ?0BVW2AL:><C ;VB>?8AV G8B0T<>:  "><L 65 ;cB5 ?>945 N@38 (.@V9) AL @>AB>2FK 8 AL AC740;LFK 8 AL 2Ac<8 4cBL<8 2 CAL .  7=>2C 6, VB8 2  CAL >7=0G0T ?@O<C20B8 =5 :C48 V=45, 0 A0<5 =0 B5@8B>@VN ACG0A=>W #:@0W=8. V4 1180&nbsp;@.:  KH54H5 65 5<C (!2OB>A;02C '5@=V3V2AL:><C) 87L !C740;LA:>9 75<;c, 8 ?CAB8 1@0B0 A2>53>, A52>;>40, 8 ;30 AK=0 A2>53>, 8 /@>?>;:0, 2L CAL, 0 A0<L AK=><L AL >;>48<5@><L ?>945 >2C3>@>4C 5;8:><C . "CB 28@07=> @>7<56>2CTBLAO ?>=OBBO  CAL (#:@0W=0) V  !C740;LAL:0 75<;O  B5?5@VH=O A5@F528=0 >AVW. >;>2=89 :=O689 >A5@54>: FVTW 75<;V  >;>48<8@ =0 ;O7L<V (B5?5@ <VAB> ;048<8@  F5=B@ >4=>9<5==>W >1;0ABV) B56, 728G09=>, =5 220602AO CAAN. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  >;>48<8@FK 65, =5B5@L?OI5 3>;>40, @cH0 8E0;:C [A2>T<C :=O7N]:  <8@8AO [7 >1;O30NG8<8 <VAB> @>AB>2FO<8], ;N1> ?@><KH;O9 > A>1c . = 65 >B2cI02L @5G5:  ?@028 5AB5 E>I5B5 4c;O ?>38=>CB8.  ?>5E0 2L CAL [B>1B> 2 #:@0W=C] <a href="#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" title="">[63]</a>. > >;>48<8@0 ?@8E>48;8 :C?FV  87 &0@3>@>40, 8 >B 8=8E AB@0=, 87 CA:>9 75<;8 8 0G5 0B8=8= <a href="#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" title="">[64]</a>. "CB 28@07=> CAL:0 75<;O ?>AB02;5=0 <V6 &0@3>@>4>< V 0B8=AL:8< 70E>4><. "0:8< G8=><, ;VB>?8A8 A2V4G0BL, I> =V >23>@>4AL:0 75<;O, =V !<>;5=AL:0, =V !C740;LAL:0 (0;VAAO) 4> XIII&nbsp;AB. CAAN =5 =07820;8AO <a href="#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" title="">[65]</a>. /:I> 7 >AB>20 G8 !C740;O EB>AL 28@CH02 4> 8T20, '5@=V3>20 01> 5@5OA;020, B> 3>2>@8;8:  45 2 CAL . >4=>3> @07C ?>W74:>N 2  CAL =5 =0720=> ?>4>@>6 C O:5AL V=H5 <VAF5.  # XII&nbsp;AB>;VBBV 2 75<;V >AB>2>-!C740;LAL:V9 ?V4 CAAN @>7C<V;8 27030;V ?V245==89 70EV4 B5?5@VH=L>W >AVW 2 71V@=><C @>7C<V==V <a href="#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" title="">[66]</a>. >A:20 2 CO2V ;VB>?8AFO I5 9 =0 ?>G0B:C XIII&nbsp;AB. B56  =5 CAL. "0:, =0?@8:;04, ?V4 1213&nbsp;@>:>< ;VB>?8A5FL ?@> >4=>3> :=O7O @>7?>2V40T B0::  = 65 845 7 >A:28 2 CAL <a href="#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" title="">[67]</a>. 8W2AL:5 2V9AL:> ?>ABV9=> =07820TBLAO  @CAL:8< 2V9AL:><. # ;VB>?8AV 70 1159&nbsp;@V:  @CAL:V :=O7V @>7C<VNBLAO, O: ?V245==V (C:@0W=AL:V) :=O7V. @>B8 =8E 28ABC?0NBL  A8;0 @>AB>2LA:0O V  ?><>GL <C@><LA:0O <a href="#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" title="">[68]</a>. B>6, CAV  ;VB>?8AFV XII&nbsp;AB., 2:;NG0NG8 =>23>@>4AL:8E, ?V4  @CALN <0;8 =0 C207V A0<5 >4=V?@>2 O <a href="#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" title="">[69]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 ;VB>?8A=8<8 40=8<8, 2 8W2AL:V9 45@602V, 2 X XI&nbsp;AB., VA=C20;> ?>=04 24&nbsp;<VAL:V ?>A5;5==O. "V <VAB0, O:V 1C;8 @>7B0H>20=V ?>70 <560<8 5B=VG=>W CAV, =5 =07820NBLAO @CAL:8<8 <VAB0<8. > B0:8E <VAB, O:V =5 2E>48;8 2 ?>=OBBO CAL C  2C7L:><C (5B=VG=><C) @>7C<V==V, 70@0E>2C20;8: >23>@>4 5;8:89, >;>48<8@-=0-;O7L<V, >AB>2, !C740;L, O70=L.  VAB0 >;>48<8@>-!C740;LAL:>3> V O70=AL:>3> :=O7V2AB2 28:;NG0;8AL V7 ?>=OBBO CAV C  2C7L:><C @>7C<V==V <a href="#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" title="">[70]</a>.  FL>3> ?@82>4C 7=0=89 4>A;V4=8: 402=L>@CAL:>W ?8A5<=>ABV !5@3V9 8A>FL:89 70C20682:  304CNG8 ?@> CAL:C 75<;N B0 8W2, =5 <>65<> =5 725@=CB8 C203C =0 45O:V =54>@5G=>ABV. VB>?8A5FL 2:;02 2 CAB0 ;530 (912&nbsp;@.) :@8;0BV A;>20 ?@> 8W2:  !5 1C48 <0B8 3@04><J @CALA:8<J . >A8BL G0AB> F59 28A;V2 @>7C<VTBLAO 9 B;C<0G8BLAO =52V@=> V ?>2 O7CTBLAO 7 ?V2=VG=8<8 <VAB0<8. VA;O A:070=>3> 28I5 ?@> CAL:C 75<;N B0 WW 7=0G5==O O: ?>;VB8G=>3>, ?0=V2=>3> O4@0 8W2AL:>W CAV 7>2AV< =5?@028;L=>N T 4C<:0, I> 2 =02545=><C ;VB>?8A=><C 28A;>2V 945BLAO ?@> <VAB0 2AVTW 45@6028, C B><C G8A;V 9 ?V2=VG=V, ?V7=VH5  @>AV9AL:V. 57?5@5G=>, BCB <>28BLAO ?@> <VAB0 CAL:>W 75<;V C 2C7L:><C @>7C<V==V, 2V4 =0728 O:>W ?>E>48BL ?@8A2V9=89 ?@8:<5B=8:  @CALA:8<J (4020;L=89 2V4<V=>: <=>68=8 G>;>2VG>3> @>4C) <a href="#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" title="">[71]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 8A;V2  <0B8 3>@>4>2 @CAA:8E C XX&nbsp;AB. AB02 26820B8AO C 4CAV @>AV9AL:>W V<?5@AL:>W :>=F5?FVW 45@6028.  >@>BL10 1V;>320@4V9FV2 70 8W2 1918 1919 @@. 74V9A=N20;0AO ?V4 30A;>< 70E8ABC  <0B5@V @>AV9AL:8E <VAB . 540@5<=> 35=5@0; ;59B5=0=B @54>2 ?V4 G0A ?5@53>2>@V2 7 C:@0W=AL:8< 35=5@0;>< .&nbsp;@02A>< 31&nbsp;A5@?=O 1919&nbsp;@. 2 8T2V 70O282 >AB0==L><C, I>  852  <0BL @CAA:8E 3>@>4>2, =8:>340 =5 1K; C:@08=A:8< 8 =5 1C45B . "0:8< G8=><, :>@>B:0 ;VB>?8A=0 D@070-V4V><0 ?5@5B2>@8;0AO 2 ?>;VB8G=C ?;0BD>@<C 7030@10==O #:@0W=8 >AVTN. V4?>2V4=> 4> FL>3> 30A;0 2V4><89 C:@0W=>D>1  @>AV9AL:89 ?8AL<5==8: .&nbsp;C;30:>2, >?8ACNG8 8W2 B0<B8E G0AV2, =02>48BL A;>20 A2>3> 15;5B@87>20=>3> 35@>O ?>;:>2=8:0 )5B:V=0, 7 O:8<8 2V= 725@B0TBLAO 4> @>AV9AL:8E >DVF5@V2-4@C68==8:V2, I> <0NBL 70E8I0B8 AB>;8FN D>@<0;L=> C:@0W=AL:>3> 35BL<0=0  8W2  2V4 2V9AL: !.&nbsp;5B;N@8:  8?@02409B5 4>2V@ O <0B5@V @>AV9AL:8E <VAB, I> 38=5 , 0 35=5@0; 0@BC7>2 D>@<C202 C 8T2V 4@C68=8 4;O >1>@>=8  <0B5@V @>AV9AL:8E <VAB <a href="#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" title="">[72]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> B65, 7@>7C<V;8< T 7<VAB A;V2 ?>G0B:>2>3> ;VB>?8AC:  B:C40 TABL ?>H;0 CA:0O 75<;O, :B> 2J 852c =0G0 ?5@2c5 :=O68B8, >B:C40 CA:0O 75<;O AB0;0 TABL . VB>?8A5FL BCB <0T =0 C207V, 728G09=>, :8W2AL:5 >4=V?@>2 O. B=VG=5 7=0G5==O B5@<V=0  CAL ?>H8@N202AO ;8H5 =0 =0A5;5==O 8W2AL:>W 75<;V, O:5 =07820;> A515  N4V5 CALA:>9 5<;V ,  CAL 01>  CA8=8 . @> >AB0==V9 B5@<V= ?>3>2>@8<> >:@5<> 73>4><. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # A2>W9 DC=40<5=B0;L=V9 ?@0FV  >E>465==O CAV <5;O= @VF0:, 0=0;V7CNG8 VAB>@VN B5@<V=0  CAL , 4>E>48BL 28A=>2:C:  /@>A;02 ?>G02 B0:>6 ?5@5B2>@N20B8 CAL V B5@8B>@V0;L=C A?V;L=VABL H;OE>< >A0465==O :=O6>W <0=4@V2=>W 4@C68=8 =0 :8W2AL:V9, G5@=V3V2AL:V9 V ?5@5OA;02AL:V9 75<;OE. /: @57C;LB0B B0:8E 4V9 =0728  CAL V  CAL:0 75<;O , I> 70A2V4G5=V 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XI&nbsp;AB. V ?>1CBC20;8 2 XV, 26820;8AO B5?5@ C =>2><C 7=0G5==V, 0 A0<5 28:;NG=> I>4> V245==>W CAV (=8=VH=O #:@0W=0) <a href="#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" title="">[73]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4 1250&nbsp;@>:>< ;VB>?8A C B0:89 A?>AV1 3>2>@8BL ?@> :=O7O 0=8;0:  0=8;>28 ><0=>28GN :=O7N 1K2HC 25;8:C, >1;0402HC CA:>N 75<;5N, K52>< 8 >;>48<5@><, 8 0;8G5< <a href="#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" title="">[74]</a>. V4 :V=5FL XII&nbsp;AB., :>;8 30;8FL:>-2>;8=AL:89 :=O7L ><0= AB8A;02>28G AB02  A0<>45@6F5< 2A5O CA8 <a href="#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" title="">[75]</a>, V  0;8G8=0 =07820TBLAO 265 G0AB8=>N CA8 <a href="#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" title="">[76]</a>. @V< ?>H8@5==O =0728 CAL =0 75<;V 0;8FL:>->;8=AL:>W 45@6028, =5 7=0T<> 6>4=>3> V=H>3> 28?04:C, O:89 2:07C202 18 =0 B5, I> 2>=0 AB>AC20;0AO 1 O:8E>AL V=H8E B5@5=V2. 7 70=5?04>< 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 2 XIII&nbsp;AB. =0720  CAL B0:8< G8=>< ?5@59H;0 4> 0;8FL:>->;8=AL:>3> :=O7V2AB20. 5 <>6=0 C=8:=CB8 ?8B0==O ?@> ?@8G8=C  G><C A0<5 >4=V 75<;V =07820;8 CAAN C  2C7L:><C @>7C<V==V, 0 V=HV 75<;V =07820;8 CAAN C  H8@>:><C . A=>2=>N ?@8G8=>N 1C2 D0:B>@ 5B=VG=>3> ?>4V;C.  !2V4><VABL =0FV>=0;L=>W T4=>ABV V 2 XII&nbsp;AB. =5 1C;0 ?>2=>N V 7030;L=>N: CAL:>N 75<;5N A?5FV0;L=> =07820;0AO ?V245==0 CAL (7>:@5<0 8W2AL:0 75<;O) =0 ?@>B8203C ?V2=VG=V9 B0 70EV4=V9 <a href="#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" title="">[77]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >=OBBO CAV 5B=VG=>W, O: A2V4G0BL 465@5;0, VA=C20;> ?@>BO3>< CAVTW :=O6>W 4>18.  &5 =5 5D5<5@=5 ?>=OBBO, O:5 ?@><09=C;> 2 O:><CAL-B0< >4=><C 465@5;V. &5 ?>=OBBO ABV9:5, <VF=5, 4>1@5 2V4><5 2AV< 157 28=OB:C @CAL:8< ;VB>?8AFO<, G8 1C;8 2>=8 :8O=0<8, 2;048<8@FO<8, 30;8G0=0<8 G8 =>23>@>4FO<8. >=OBBO CAV (2 @>7C<V==V @84=V?@>2AL:>W CAV) H8@>:> 28:>@8AB>2C20;>AO 2 O:>ABV 35>3@0DVG=>3> >@VT=B8@C, 22060;>AO, I> =>23>@>4FO< G8 AC740;LFO< =5 ?>B@V1=> 1C;> 6>4=8E ?>OA=5=L, :>;8 A:070=>  84>H0 2 CAL <a href="#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" title="">[78]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "5, I> =0728  CAL B0  CAL:0 75<;O AB>AC20;8AO BV;L:8 F5=B@0;L=8E 75<5;L ACG0A=>W #:@0W=8, ?V4B25@46CTBLAO B0:8<8 >4=>7=0G=8<8 ;VB>?8A=8<8 A2V4G5==O<8, O:8E 70?5@5G8B8 06 =VO: =5 240ABLAO <a href="#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" title="">[79]</a>.  V4AC<>2CNG8 ?>2V4><;5==O 465@5;, <>6=0 ?5@5:>=0B8AO, I> 1V;LHVABL WE =07820NBL CAAN, CAL:>N 75<;5N ?5@5206=> 8W2I8=C. )>4> H8@>:>3> @>7C<V==O FVTW =0728, B> 2>=0 <0T @8B>@8G=89 E0@0:B5@ V 2V4=>A8BLAO 4> B5@8B>@V9, ?V42;04=8E 8T2C, 0 =5 4> 5B=>AC 45@6028 <a href="#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" title="">[80]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> %>G, O: 10G8<>, <>A:>2AL:0 VAB>@V>3@0DVO 287=0T B0:5 42>O:5 26820==O B5@<V=0  CAL 2 5?>EC 8W2AL:>W 45@6028, ?@>B5, I>1 703;048B8 9>3> =51060=89 7<VAB, O:89 ?>;O30T 2 B><C, I> CAAN 2 5B=VG=><C ?;0=V >A:>2I8=0 =V:>;8 =5 =07820;0AO, AB0;0 24020B8AO 4> >1EV4=>3> <0=52@C. # XIX&nbsp;AB. 1C;> =02<8A=5 283040=> V H8@>:> @>7?>2AN465=>, 7>:@5<0 7 ;53:>W @C:8 VAB>@8:0 >3>4V=0 ( 3V?>B570 >3>4V=0 ), @O4 HBCG=8E, VAB>@8G=> 01A>;NB=> 157?V4AB02=8E B5@<V=V2. "0:V B5@<V=8, O:  CAL >AB>G=0O, CAL 0?04=0O, CAL !525@=0O, CAL .3>2>AB>G=0O, CAL .3>70?04=0O, CAL .6=0O, CAL '5@;5=0O ,  F5 ?V7=VHV <C4@0FVW @540:B>@V2 VAB>@8G=8E 465@5; <a href="#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" title="">[81]</a>. # AB0@8E B5:AB0E WE =5<0. =H8<8 A;>20<8, B5@<V=8 8W2AL:0 CAL, V245==0 CAL V ?>EV4=V 2V4 =8E =0 7@07>:: ?V245==>@CAL:V :=O7V, ?V245==>@CAL:V <VAB0 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4., 0 B0:>6 V2=VG=0 CAL, V2=VG=>-AEV4=0 CAL, >AB>2>-!C740;LAL:0 CAL, 01>, =0?@8:;04, >A:>2AL:0 CAL B0 ?>EV4=V 2V4 =8E, I> 70@07 ?>ABV9=> V ?>2AN4=> 26820NBLAO C ;VB5@0BC@V,  F5 =5 I> V=H5, O: A?5FV0;L=0 28304:0, I> <0T =0 <5BV ?V4:@V?8B8 ?@5B5=7VW =0 :8W2AL:C A?04I8=C.  "@510 ?V4:@5A;8B8, I> ?>H8@5=5 70@07 A?>;CG5==O  8W2AL:0 CAL =5 28ABC?0T =V @07C 2 A5@54=L>2VG=8E ;VB>?8A0E <a href="#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" title="">[82]</a>. 1;C4=8< T 0@3C<5=B, I>, <>2;O2, B5@<V=8 8W2AL:0 CAL B0 >A:>2AL:0 CAL AB0;8 7 ?;8=>< G0AC B5@<V=0<8 =0C:>28<8. &V 0=B8VAB>@8G=V B5@<V=8 0=B8=0C:>2V 70 A2>TN ACBBN. #B2>@5=V 2 XIX&nbsp;AB. F0@AL:8<8 V45>;>30<8 4;O ACB> ?>;VB8G=8E ?>B@51, 2>=8 A;C68;8 V A;C60BL =5 VAB>@8G=V9 =0CFV, 0 FV;O< 7030@1=8FL:>W V<?5@V0;VAB8G=>W ?>;VB8:8.   2 >1K45==>< A>7=0=88, 8 2 8AB>@8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 B5@<8=  852A:0O CAL =0AB>;L:> ?@>G=> C:>@5=5=, GB> 53> 8A:CAAB25==>ABL 8 0=0E@>=8G=>ABL ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 >A>7=0NBAO. 564C B5< 3>AC40@AB2> ?>4 =0720=85<  852A:0O CAL (8 4065  @52=OO CAL ) =5 ACI5AB2>20;> =8:>340! 0H8 40;5:85 ?@54:8 1K;8 1K =5A:070==> C482;5=K, CA;KH02 B0:>5 =08<5=>20=85 AB@0=K, 2 :>B>@>9 2>;59 A;CG0O 8< 4>25;>AL 68BL, ?>A:>;L:C =07K20;8 55  CAA:>9 75<;59 ,  CALN , 0 A51O, 55 =0A5;5=85, A>18@0B5;L=K<  @CAL 8;8 :064K9 >B45;L=>   @CA8=>< .  852A:0O CAL  B5@<8= ?@>8AE>645=8O :=86=>3> 8 CG5=>3> 8 2545B A2>5 =0G0;> =5 87 8AB>G=8:>2, 0 A> AB@0=8F 8AB>@8G5A:8E B@C4>2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=K XIX&nbsp;25:0 <a href="#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" title="">[83]</a>. 0HV ;VB>?8AFV, O: V B>3>G0A=V V=>75<=V 02B>@8, =V:>;8 4> =0728 CAL =5 4>4020;8 ?@8:<5B=8:0 8W2AL:0 G8 ?@8:<5B=8:0 >AB>2>-!C740;LAL:0 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;?. CAL 1C;0 ;8H5 >4=0 T48=0 B0 =5?>4V;L=0, V 2AV 4>1@5 7=0;8, I> ?V4 F8< B5@<V=>< B@510 @>7C<VB8. >AV9AL:0 VAB>@V>3@0DVO 70:@V?8;0 2 VAB>@8G=V9 ;VB5@0BC@V FN HBCG=C =072C  8W2AL:0 CAL (C 7=0G5==V >AVO), I> 28:;8:0;> 2 =0C:>2><C A2VBV, 7>:@5<0 70EV4=><C, FV;:>28B5 10;0<CBAB2> 2 B5@<V=>;>3VW.  0@>465=89 2 ;>=V @>AV9AL:>W =0C:8, B5@<V=  8W2AL:0 CAL , O: =5 482=>, 7=09H>2 ?>?C;O@=VABL V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW <a href="#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" title="">[84]</a>. /: ?8H5 .&nbsp;8AO:- C4=8FL:89:  >3;O48 9 V=B5@?@5B0FVW, I> WE B@048FV9=> 70E8I0T @>AV9AL:0 =0C:0, AB0;8 7030;L=>?>H8@5=V, V W< 4>2V@ONBL, =5 ?5@52V@ONG8 WE=VE 70A=>2:V2. >=F5?FV9, I> 2V41V30NBL 2V4 >@B>4>:AVW, =5 2060BL I>4> WE=L>W =0C:>2>W >13@C=B>20=>AB8, 0;5 02B><0B8G=> 28:;NG0NBL 7-?V4 @>73;O4C, O: 1CFV< B> B5=45=FV9=V 9  =0FV>=0;VAB8G=V <a href="#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" title="">[85]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @V< 5B=VG=>3> V ?>;VB8G=>3>, B5@<V=  CAL <02 I5 =5018O:5 F5@:>2=5 7=0G5==O. 7 ?@89=OBBO< >;>48<8@>< 5;8:8< 988&nbsp;@. E@8AB8O=AB20 =0 CAV @>7?>G0;0AO >@30=V70FVO &5@:28. 7 V70=BVW ?@89H;0 AN48 VT@0@EVO: 0B@V0@E &0@3>@>4C (>=AB0=B8=>?>;O) ?>AB0282 C 8T2V @CAL:>3> <8B@>?>;8B0, O:><C 1C;8 ?V4?>@O4:>20=V @CAL:V T?8A:>?8, 0 W<, C A2>N G5@3C, A2OI5=8:8 V <>=0E8 (G5=FV). ;020 CAL:>W ?@02>A;02=>W F5@:28 AB02 =>A8B8 B8BC; <8B@>?>;8B0 8W2AL:>3> V AVO CAV. &59 B8BC;, 4> @5GV, 715@V30TBLAO 2 #:@0W=V 4>=8=V 2 F5@:>2=V< C68B:C. 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CAA:0O 5<;O 8 >1@07>20=85 B5@@8B>@88 4@52=5@CAA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20. .: 74 2>  !!! , 1951. !.&nbsp;29.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" title=""><span lang="RU">[62]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;! . !1., 1843. ".&nbsp;2, 2K?.&nbsp;3. !.&nbsp;41.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" title=""><span lang="RU">[63]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;! . ., 1927. ".&nbsp;1, 2K?.&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;373.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" title=""><span lang="RU">[64]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;>25ABL 2@5<5==KE ;5B / !B. 8 :><. <i>.&nbsp;!.&nbsp;8E0G520</i>. .; .: 74 2>  !!! , 1950. ".&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;242.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" title=""><span lang="RU">[65]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>"@5BLO:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i> 4@52=59H8E @CA0E 8 8E 75<;5 // !;02O=5 8 CAL. .: 0C:0, 1968. !.&nbsp;179.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" title=""><span lang="RU">[66]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;! . ., 1927. 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".&nbsp;1, 28?.&nbsp;2.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" title=""><span lang="RU">[69]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>C7L<8=&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>25 :>=F5?F88 =0G0;0 CA8 2 >25AB8 2@5<5==KE ;5B // AB>@8O !!! . 1969. !&nbsp;6. !.&nbsp;105.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" title=""><span lang="RU">[70]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i> K10:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>@>1;5<0 >1@07>20=8O 4@52=5@CAA:>9 =0@>4=>AB8 2 A25B5 B@C4>2 .&nbsp;.&nbsp;!B0;8=0 // >?@>AK 8AB>@88. 1952. !&nbsp;9. !.&nbsp;47 48.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" title=""><span lang="RU">[71]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>8A>FL:89&nbsp;!.&nbsp;.</i> 8W2AL:0 ?8A5<=0 H:>;0 X XII&nbsp;AB. (> VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>W ?8A5<=>ABV). L2V2; 8W2; LN->@:, 1998. !.&nbsp;56.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" title=""><span lang="RU">[72]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>0H:528G /</i>. 8W2 C F5@:>2=> =0FV>=0;L=V9 V45>;>3VW CAV-#:@0W=8 // V742> %@8AB>25 2000. 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".&nbsp;178. !.&nbsp;63.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" title=""><span lang="RU">[77]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>;048<8@A:89-C40=>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>17>@ 8AB>@88 @CAA:>3> ?@020. ., 1900. !.&nbsp;27.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" title=""><span lang="RU">[78]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&nbsp; K10:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>@>1;5<0 >1@07>20=8O 4@52=5@CAA:>9 =0@>4=>AB8 2 A25B5 B@C4>2 .&nbsp;.&nbsp;!B0;8=0 // >?@>AK 8AB>@88. 1952. !&nbsp;9. !.&nbsp;53.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" title=""><span lang="RU">[79]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>(0A:>;LA:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> >?@>A > ?@>8AE>645=88 8<5=8  CAL 2 A>2@5<5==>9 1C@6C07=>9 =0C:5 // @8B8:0 =>259H59 1C@6C07=>9 8AB>@8>3@0D88: !1. .: 0C:0, 1967. !.&nbsp;164.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" title=""><span lang="RU">[80]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>8A>FL:89&nbsp;!.&nbsp;</i>. 8W2AL:0 ?8A5<=0 H:>;0 X XII&nbsp;AB. (> VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>W ?8A5<=>ABV). L2V2; 8W2; LN->@:, 1998. !.&nbsp;53.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" title=""><span lang="RU">[81]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;#:070B5;L : ?5@2K< >AL<8 B><0< >;=>3> A>1@0=8O CAA:8E 5B>?8A59. B4. 2B>@>9. #:070B5;L 35>3@0D8G5A:89. !1., 1907. <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155194"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">IV. 0;VAAO</font></i></b></span></a><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b> <i><a name="IV_Zalissja"></a></i></b></span> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent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p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> AB>@8G=0 4>;O DV==>-C3@V2 ?>@V2=O=> 7 V=4>T2@>?59FO<8 G8 <>=3>;>-BN@:0<8 A:;040;0AO <5=H A?@8OB;82>. "8AOG>;VBBO<8 2>=8 25;8 15710@2=5, =5?><VB=5 68BBO, V :>;8 2>9>2=8GV <>=3>;>-BN@:8 AB0;8 4;O 1030BL>E =0@>4V2  >6>N :0@>N , B> ?@> O:CAL 7>2=VH=N 0:B82=VABL DV==>-C3@V2 VAB>@VW <0965 =VG>3> @>7?>2VAB8.  B>9 G0A, O: V=4>T2@>?59AL:8E E;V1>@>1V2 2018;8 @>4NGV 75<;V V ?><V@=5 ?V4A>==O, DV==>-C3>@AL:V <8A;82FV 703;81;N20;8AL 2 E>;>4=V ?>E<C@V 701>;>G5=V ?CIV 2@07V9AL:>3> :>=B8=5=BC, G8<@07 1V;LH5 2V440;ONG8AL 2V4 2>3=8I 4@52=VE F82V;V70FV9. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> CAL:V ;VB>?8AFV =07820;8 DV==>-C3>@AL:V ?;5<5=0 7030;L=>N =072>N  GC4L <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. 0720  DV==8 T =072>N =V<5FL:>N V >7=0GCT <5H:0=FO 1>;>B8AB>W, 2>;>3>W =87>28=8, 0 A0<>=072>N GC4V T A;>2> AC><0;09=. @>BO3>< 42>E B8AOG @>:V2, O: A2V4G8BL 0@E5>;>3VO, 0@50; @>7A5;5==O GC4AL:8E ?;5<5= C !EV4=V9 2@>?V 70;8H02AO =57<V==8<. > =L>3> =0;560;> ?V2=VG=5 V A5@54=T @8C@0;;O, CAO B5@8B>@VO =0 ?V2=VG 2V4 25@E=L>W >;38, 2A5 A5@54=T >2>;66O, 06 4> ?V2=VG=>W G0AB8=8 B5@8B>@VW ACG0A=>W !0@0B>2AL:>W >1;0ABV B0 >1;0ABL >;3>>:AL:>3> <568@VGGO  F5=B@ ACG0A=>W >AVW.  $V=8, Suomalainen, <0=4@C20;8 AC10@:B8G=>N B093>N 7V A2>3> 28EV4=>3> ?C=:BC 2 !81V@C. >=8 709=O;8 75<;V <V6 0;BV9AL:8< <>@5< V 25@EV2 O< >;38, I> 73>4>< AB0;8 A5@F5< >AVW <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 402=8=C ;VA>2V 451@V AB0=>28;8 =04V9=C ?5@5?>=C V, 728G09=>, A;C68;8 :>@4>=>< <V6 @V7=8<8 5B=VG=8<8 3@C?0<8 =0A5;5==O. 5;8G57=89 =5?@>EV4=89 ?@0;VA, 70;8H:8 O:>3> 4>=8=V 2V4><V O: @O=AL:V (AB0@>402=T 451@O=AL:V) ;VA8, 2V4>:@5<;N202 GC4L 2V4 V=4>52@>?59AL:>3> A2VBC <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. &O <560 1C;0  A2>3> @>4C :8B09AL:>N ABV=>N, =02VBL =5?@8ABC?=VH>N, =V6 >AB0==O <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. 0 CAV, 2 8T2V B0 '5@=V3>2V, B5@8B>@VN <V6 >;3>N B0 :>N =07820;8 0;VAL:>N ( 0;5AL:0 75<;O ), B>1B> B0:>N, I> <VAB8BLAO 70 ;VA>< <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. =>4V 0;VAAO =07820;8  5@E=L>N 75<;5N . # >23>@>4V, 28E>4OG8 7 2;0A=>W 35>3@0DVG=>W B>G:8 7>@C, WW =07820;8  >=877O< <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0720  0;VAL:0 75<;O B@0?;OTBLAO C  04>=I8=V , 45 <8B@> >=A:>9 725@B0TBLAO 4> A2>WE 2>T2>4 7V A;>20<8:   845B : =0< 2 0;5AA:CN 75<;N . 0;VAAO C  04>=I8=V <0T A2>W< F5=B@>< 265 >A:2C:  >945<& 2> A2>N 0;5AA:CN 75<;N : A;02=><C 3@04C >A:25 <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ">G=C 40BC ?@8;CG5==O 0;VAL:>W 75<;V 4> AD5@8 2?;82C CAL:>W 45@6028 2AB0=>28B8 206:>, 2 CAO:><C @07V F5 2V41C;>AO 4>A8BL ?V7=>, 45AL =5 @0=VH5 X XI&nbsp;AB. <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a> @> F59 ?5@V>4 <0T<> =04B> A:C?V B0 C@82G0ABV 40=V, B><C I> :8W2AL:8E ;VB>?8AFV2 =5 FV:028;8 ?>4VW 2 3;CEV9 ?V2=VG=>-AEV4=V9 ?@>2V=FVW. >A8BL A:070B8, I> ;8H5  7 4204FOB8E @>:V2 XI&nbsp;AB>;VBBO 40NBL =0HV AB0@V ;VB>?8A8 45O:V 2V4><>ABV ?@> @>AV9AL:89 ?V2=VG=>-AEV4 <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. /:I> @0=VH5 9 ?@>=8:0;8 AN48 >:@5<V A;>2 O=AL:V 3@C?8, B> F5 ?@>=8:=5==O <0;> :0?V;O@=89 E0@0:B5@ V =5 2V4V3@020;> 6>4=>W VAB>B=>W @>;V. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # <>=>3@0DVW, ?@8A2OG5=V9 FV9 B5<V, .&nbsp;>@N=>20 ?V4:@5A;NT, I>  =0 B5@8B>@VW 568@VGGO ?>:8 I> =52V4><89 =V >48= A;>2 O=AL:89 ?0< OB=8: @0=VH5 X&nbsp;AB.&nbsp;=.&nbsp;5. <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. "@820;89 G0A 0;VAL:0 75<;O 1C;0 <0;>?@8201;82>N 4;O :8W2AL:8E :=O7V2.  V47=0G0NG8AL AC2>@8< :;V<0B><, =0A5;5=0 1V4=8<8 DV=AL:8<8 ?;5<5=0<8 (5AL, 5@O), 2>=0 22060;0AO =09>AB0==VH8< C4V;>< <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. 8W2AL:V :=O7V 4828;8AO =0 0;VAAO O: =0 48:C B0 <0965 GC6C :@0W=C, O: =0 I>AL  70 ?>@V2=O==O< >;C18=AL:>3>,   2@>45 "C@:5AB0=0 <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> > :V=FO XI&nbsp;AB. 0;VAAO 1C;> 3;CE8< 70:CB:>< =0 7042V@:0E CAL:>W 45@6028. V440;5=VABL 2V4 B>4VH=L>W >A=>2=>W 0@B5@VW !EV4=>W 2@>?8 (0;B8:0  =V?@>  '>@=5 <>@5) @>18;> 0;VAAO ?>;VB8G=8< V 5:>=><VG=8< 703C<V=:><.  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AV 2>=8 2E>4OBL C A;>2=8:>289 D>=4 @>AV9AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28: >;>340, O70=L, =530, 0<0, %>;<>3>@8, 8G5340,  OB:0 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4. <a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="">[26]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> A>1;82> 715@53;8 A2>T ?5@2VA=5 =09<5=C20==O @VG:8 B0 >75@0, O:V 3CAB> @>7AVO=V =0 B8E B5@5=0E. )>1 =5 2?0AB8 C <>=>B>==VABL, 4;O V;NAB@0FVW =02545<> 7 :;0A8G=>3> 4>A;V465==O .&nbsp;#20@>20 3V4@>=V<VG=V =0728 ;8H5 7 /@>A;02AL:>W B0 >AB@><AL:>W 3C15@=V9. </p> <p style="text-indent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nbsp;B.&nbsp;4. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # >AB@><AL:V9 3C15@=VW. VG:8: 8:VHV:0, CE0, !5;L<0, "CB:0, CAB0O, (0G0, >@T30, >=70, !>BL, T:A0, "T170, >:H0, T@0, VABT30, T70, "><0, !T=4T30, >@10, V;T=:0, T4>70, 04>30, T@TEB0, (C@<0, (CO, =30@L:0, TAB0, 0A<0, ><70, T70, "><30, >;O, =4>10, >:<0, >30, !>;4>30, CAL, T<4>EB0, >GC30, TGT=30, (C@<H0, VG0, (V@<>:H0, (<V;O, #7>;0, 5@6T=TF, V;L=0, T:><0, (09<0, V6<0, "C=10;, (C40, !C@BN3, <0, 0:H0, TEB><0, #=60 B0 V=.; ?>A5;5==O: 0;8G 5@AL:89, >AB@><0, V=TH<0, (C=30, 'CE;><0, "T<B0, %><:V=>, 0:V, #@5=L V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4. <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !?>AB5@V30NG8 70 @VG:0<8, I> <0NBL =0728 7 C3@>-DV=AL:8<8 ACDV:A0<8 -<0 V -20, I> >7=0G0NBL  ?>BVG>: ,  @VG:0 ,  2>40 ,  4>E>48<> 28A=>2:C, I> ?;5< O, O:5 4020;> FV 9<5==O, @>7?>2AN46C20;>AO :>;8AL 7 ?V2=VG=>3> AE>4C 5;8:>@>AVW 40;5:> =0 ?V245==89 70EV4, 2:;NG0NG8 >AB@><AL:C, 0;C7L:C, ;048<8@AL:C, >A:>2AL:C 3C15@=VW V 72V4A8 ?5@5E>4OG8 =02VBL C 10A59= =V?@0, 0 A0<5 2 >1;0ABL 9>3> 25@EV2 W2 V ;V28E ?@8B>:, 70:V=GCNG8 5A=>N <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>. !B>A>2=> =0A5;5=8E ?C=:BV2, B> WE, >A>1;82> ?VA;O @52>;NFVW, 1030B> ?5@59<5=>20=>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @8:;04>< <0=VW ?5@59<5=C20=L <>65 A;C68B8 4>;O >4=VTW 7030;L=>2V4><>W C >AVW <VAF52>ABV. > 1725&nbsp;@. 2>=0 <0;0 GC4AL:C =072C !00@AL:0 870.  1725&nbsp;@.  &0@A:>5 A5;>.  1918&nbsp;@.  5BA:>5 A5;>.  1937&nbsp;@. <VAF52VABL ?5@59<5=C20;8 2 <VAB> CH:V=. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /:I> <VAF52VABL 4> @5HB8 ?>7102;OTBLAO A2>3> =0A5;5==O, B> =5 <>6CBL 70B@8<0B8AO BV 6 =0728, O:V ?>1CBC20;8 :>;8AL. 0720 <>65 2B@8<0B8AO ;8H5 ?@8 157?5@5@2=V9 A?04:>T<=>ABV =0A5;5==O, ?@8 157?>A5@54=V9 ?5@540GV =072 7 CAB 2 CAB0. 15@565==O GC4AL:>W =><5=:;0BC@8 4;O 4@V1=8E >75@, @V: V <0;>?><VB=8E C@>G8I (O: 3>@0, ?>;5) A2V4G8BL ?@>  715@565==O A0<>3> BC1V;L=>3> =0A5;5==O, 2V4 O:>3> ?5@59<0;8 A;>2 O=>@CAL:V =>2>A5;8 2AV FV GC6V @CAL:V9 <>2V V<5=0 <a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title="">[29]</a>. /: AB25@46CT .&nbsp;>:@>2AL:89,  I>18 AB2>@8B8 A2>N 35>3@0DVG=C =><5=:;0BC@C 4;O FV;>3> :@0N, B@510 1C;> A84VB8 2 FL><C :@0N 4C65 3CAB> V 4C65 4>23>. !;>2 O=AL:V :>;>=V70B>@8 2@V70;8AL C FN 3CIC <0;5=L:8<8 >AB@V2:0<8 2AC?5@5G B25@465==N, I> ;8H5 70;8H:8,  >AB@V2:8 BC1V;L=>3> =0A5;5==O 715@53;8AO =0 7030@10=8E A;>2 O=AL:>N :>;>=V70FVTN B5@8B>@VOE <a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title="">[30]</a>. 0 A;>20<8 VAB>@8:0 AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:>W 35>3@0DVW 0@A>20,  35>3@0DVG=V =0728 70;8H0NBLAO ?0< OB=8:>< B><C 7=8:;><C =0A5;5==N, O:5 AB2>@8;> WE, V 2 B><C @>7C<V==V WE A2V4>FB2> ?@> =0A5;5==O B0 5B=>3@0DVG=5 =0H0@C20==O FVTW G8 BVTW 75<;V =570?5@5G=5 V 157AC<=V2=5 <a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title="">[31]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 ?5@5:>=;82V A;V48, 70;8H5=V GC4AL:8<8 ?;5<5=0<8 2 35>3@0DVG=8E =0720E, 725@B0T C203C ;NG52AL:89.  0 H8@>:><C B5@5=V,  ?8H5 2V=,  2V4 :8 4> V;>3> <>@O <8 7CAB@VG0T<> B8AOGV =5A;>2 O=AL:8E =072 <VAB, AV;, @V: B0 C@>G8I. 02VBL ?;5<V==V =0728 5@V V 5AV =5 I57;8 157A;V4=> 2 F5=B@0;L=V9 5;8:>@>AVW: BCB 7CAB@VG0TBLAO 1030B> AV; V @VG>:, O:V <0NBL WE=V =0728. B65,  @>18BL 28A=>2>: ;NG52AL:89,  DV=AL:V ?;5<5=0 1C;8 A?>:>=2VG=8<8 <5H:0=FO<8 2 A0<><C F5=B@V =8=VH=L>W 5;8:>@>AVW <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>. "0:8< G8=><, 70;VAL:5 <568@VGGO :8 V >;38 ?@>BO3>< B@820;>3> G0AC =0;560;> 4> GC4AL:>3> <>2=>3> A2VBC. > 28=8:=5==O CAL:>W 45@6028  DV=AL:V ?;5<5=0 70A5;O;8 ACFV;L=> 2AN >1;0ABL :8 V 5@E=L>W >;38. &5 O:@07 B0 >1;0ABL, O:0 2 B5?5@VH=V9 G0A 22060TBLAO :>@V==>N 5;8:>@>AVTN <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !?>G0B:C 7 CAV W748;8 =0 0;VAAO 40;5:8< >:@C6=8< H;OE><  G5@57 >23>@>4. "V;L:8 =01030B> ?V7=VH5 ?@>:;02AO H;OE G5@57 !<>;5=AL:. @8@>4=>N >A>1;82VABN 0;VAAO 1C;0 A8;L=0 701>;>G5=VABL B5@8B>@VW. 5;8G57=0 :V;L:VABL >75@ V 1>;VB, 3CAB> ?>@>7:840=8E ?> 2AL><C :@0N, AB0=>28;0 A5@9>7=C ?5@5H:>4C 4;O @>728B:C E;V1>@>1AB20 V 28:;8:0;0 7=0G=V B@C4=>IV ?@8 A?>@C465==V ACE>?CB=8E H;OEV2 A?>;CG5==O.  > ?>;>28=8 XII&nbsp;AB. =5 ?><VB=> ?@O<>3> A?>;CG5==O 40;5:>3> 0;VAAO 7 8T2>< <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>.  4> FL>3> G0AC 0;VAAO =5 AB0=>28;> >AV1=>3> C4V;C, 0 2E>48;> 4> A:;04C '5@=V3V2AL:>3> B0 5@5OA;02AL:>3> :=O7V2AB2. </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>0@A>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i></span> <span lang=RU>G5@:8 @CAA:>9 8AB>@8G5A:>9 35>3@0D88. 5>3@0D8O =0G0;L=>9 (5AB5@>2A:>9) ;5B>?8A8. 0@H020, 1885. !.&nbsp;44.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>&nbsp;592VA >@<0=. </i>2@>?0: AB>@VO. .: A=>28, 2000. !.&nbsp;236.</span> </p> <p style='line-height:10.0pt'> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>"@5BLO:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> $8==>-C3@K, 10;BK 8 A;02O=5 =0 =5?@5 8 >;35. .; .: 0C:0, 1966. !.&nbsp;109.</span> </p> <p style='line-height:10.0pt'> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>>340=>28G&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. /7K: 75<;8. /@>A;02;L, 1956. !.&nbsp;23.</span> </p> <p style='line-height:10.0pt'> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span lang="RU">[5]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>;NG52A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> !>G8=5=8O:  8 B. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 956. 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".&nbsp;, G.&nbsp;. !.&nbsp;294.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span lang="RU">[24]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>N102A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>1@07>20=85 >A=>2=>9 3>AC40@AB25==>9 B5@@8B>@88 5;8:>@CAA:>9 =0@>4=>AB8. .: 74 2>  !!! , 1929. !.&nbsp;11.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span lang="RU">[25]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>0@A>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> G5@:8 @CAA:>9 8AB>@8G5A:>9 35>3@0D88. 5>3@0D8O =0G0;L=>9 (5AB5@>2A:>9) ;5B>?8A8. 0@H020, 1885. !.&nbsp;255.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span lang="RU">[26]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>KB:8=&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> $8==>-C3>@A:85 708<AB2>20=8O 2 @CAA:>< O7K:5 // CAA:0O @5GL. 1972. !&nbsp;3. !.&nbsp;131.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span lang="RU">[27]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>#20@>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;!. </i>5@O=5 8 8E 1KB ?> :C@30==K< @>A:>?:0< // "@C4K ?5@2>3> 0@E5>;>38G5A:>3> AJ5740 2 >A:25. ., 1871. ".&nbsp;3. !.&nbsp;643 644.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span lang="RU">[28]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>8;N:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> G5@:8 ?> 8AB>@88 @CAA:>9 :C;LBC@K. !1., 1896. '.&nbsp;</span> <span lang=EN-US>I</span>. !.&nbsp;40 41. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span lang="RU">[29]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>N102A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> 1@07>20=85 >A=>2=>9 3>AC40@AB25==>9 B5@@8B>@88 5;8:>@CAA:>9 =0@>4=>AB8. .: 74 2>  !!! , 1929. !.&nbsp;11 12.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span lang="RU">[30]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>>:@>2A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> >7=8:=>25=85 >A:>2A:>3> 3>AC40@AB20 8  5;8:>@CAA:0O =0@>4=>ABL // AB>@8:-<0@:A8AB. 1930. ".&nbsp;18 19. !.&nbsp;18.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span lang="RU">[31]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>0@A>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>G5@:8 @CAA:>9 8AB>@8G5A:>9 35>3@0D88. 5>3@0D8O =0G0;L=>9 (5AB5@>2A:>9) ;5B>?8A8. 0@H020, 1885. !.&nbsp;257.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span lang="RU">[32]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&nbsp;;NG52A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>!>G8=5=8O:  8 B. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1956. ".&nbsp;I. !.&nbsp;294.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span lang="RU">[33]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>'5@=O520&nbsp;.</i> >340 8 :0: AB0;0 >;30 @CAA:>9 @5:>9. ., 1904. !.&nbsp;1.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span lang="RU">[34]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>;NG52A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> !>G8=5=8O:  8 B. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1956. ".&nbsp;I. !.&nbsp;286.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155195"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">V.  !B0@H89 1@0B </font></i></b></span></a><font size="4">&nbsp;<a name="V_Startshyj_brat"> </a></font> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="I_Imja.html#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;" align="left"> 8A;V2  AB0@H89 1@0B 4>=5402=0 2 VAB>@V>3@0DVW B0 ?C1;VF8AB8FV B@510 1C;> A?@89<0B8 O: ?A524>=V< 01> A8=>=V< A;>20  @>AVO=8= . /: 70AV1 V45>;>3VG=>W H>2V=VAB8G=>W ?@>?030=48 28A;V2  AB0@H89 1@0B AB02 C ! !  H8@>:> @>7?>2AN46C20B8AO 7 1936&nbsp;@., 0 7 1938 @. @>7?>2AN48;8 28A;V2  25;8:89 @CAA:89 =0@>4 <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. # ?@0FV @>AV9AL:>3> VAB>@8:0 .&nbsp;>;V=0  5;8:89 @CAA:89 =0@>4 AB25@46CTBLAO:  0@>48 ! !  ?8H0NBLAO A2>W< AB0@H8< 1@0B><, ?5@H8< A5@54 @V2=8E C 1@0B5@AL:V9 AV< W =0@>4V2 <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. >A:20 4>:;0;0 G8<0;> 7CA8;L, I>1 <VF=> 7 T4=0B8 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O  AB0@H89 1@0B 7 @>AV9AL:8< 5B=>=V<><.  0@BV9=V 2>64V ?>;N1;O;8 <0=V?C;N20B8 A;>20<8 7 @>48==>W AD5@8  =091V;LH89 B8@0= XX&nbsp;AB. =078202AO  10BL:>< =0@>4C , @>AV9AL:89 =0@>4 1C2 4;O 2AVE V=H8E  AB0@H8< 1@0B>< , :><C=VAB8G=0 ?0@BVO V<5=C20;0 A515  @V4=>N <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. &V:02>, I> ?5@H8<, EB> 2682 <5B0D>@C  @>4=K5 1@0BLO AB>A>2=> C:@0W=FV2 B0 @>AVO=, 1C2 60=40@<AL:89 ?>;:>2=8: 10@>= >@D <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. @>3>;>HC20;0AO @V2=VABL B@L>E  T48=>:@>2=8E AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:8E  =0@>4V2-1@0BV2 , 0;5 F5=7C@0 AC2>@> AB568;0, I>1 ?5@5;V: F8E =0@>4V2 9H>2 =5 70 015B:>N: @>AV9AL:89  AB0@H89 1@0B 702648 <02 1CB8 =0 ?5@H><C <VAFV <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. /: 2V47=0G82 .&nbsp;VAL,  1@0B=V A;>2 O=8 ( @>4=K5 ?>:>;5=LO ) 10G0BLAO >A:2>N =5 2 >4=V9 ?;>I8=V 7 =5N, 0 VT@0@EVG=>  ?> 25@B8:0;V , =0 157C<>2=> =86G><C I01;V <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. !B>A>2=> C:@0W=FV2 V45>;>30<  AB0@H>1@0BAB20 ?>B@V1=> 1C;> 7@>18B8 B0:V B@8 :@>:8:  !?>G0B:C @>AVO= 284V;8B8 7 G8A;0 V=H8E 5B=VG=8E <5=H>AB59, 7@>18B8 ?>@O4 7 C:@0W=FO<8 B8BC;L=>N =0FVTN. >BV< =040B8 @>AV9AL:><C =0@>4C @>;L  AB0@H>3> 1@0B0 ,  ?5@H>3> A5@54 @V2=8E .  ;8H5 =0 B@5BL><C 5B0?V 7@>18B8 @>AV9AL:C <>2C B0 :C;LBC@C ?0=V2=>N 2 #:@0W=V <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. '5@57 B5, I> ?>=OBBO  AB0@H89 1@0B BVA=> ?>T4=0=5 7 ?5@51V3>< D>@<C20==O @>AV9AL:>W 5B=VG=>W A?V;L=>B8 B0 7 2V4?>2V4=8<8 ?@>F5A0<8 2 1V;>@CAV2 V C:@0W=FV2, B> =5 <>6=0 C=8:=CB8 @>73;O4C 45O:8E <0;>7=0=8E H8@>:V9 ?C1;VFV, 0;5 ?@8=F8?>28E 4;O @>7C<V==O VAB>@VW ?8B0=L 5B=>35=57C AEV4=8E A;>2 O=.  5B=>35==><C 0A?5:BV B5@<V=  AB0@H89 1@0B @50;L=> >7=0G02, I> C:@0W=FV B0 1V;>@CA8, 2 720==V  <>;>4H8E 1@0BV2 , T ?>EV4=8<8 2V4 @>AVO=. =H8<8 A;>20<8, 5B=>35=57 C:@0W=FV2 B0 1V;>@CAV2 =0G51B> 2V41C202AO ?V7=VH5 2V4 @>AV9AL:>3>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0A?@024V VAB>@8G=0 E@>=>;>3VO A2V4G8BL O:@07 ?@> ?@>B8;56=5. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  >A;V465==O ?>E>465==O >:@5<8E AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:8E =0@>4V2 =0;568BL 4> G8A;0 =091V;LH 70?>;VB87>20=8E 2 VAB>@VW !EV4=>W 2@>?8. 0 60;L, 2>=> D>@<C20;>AO V 28@VHC20;>AO ?5@5206=> ?>;VB8:0<8, 0 =5 =0C:>2FO<8. /: =0A;V4>:, VAB>@8G=0 VAB8=0 28O28;0AL =0ABV;L:8 28:@82;5=>N, I> =09<>;>4H89 A5@54 AEV4=8E A;>2 O= 5B=>A 1C2 ?@>3>;>H5=89  AB0@H8< 1@0B>< <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 8B0==O D>@<C20==O B@L>E AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:8E =0@>4V2 T 28=OB:>2> 0:BC0;L=8< V AL>3>4=V.  :BC0;V70FVO FVTW ?@>1;5<0B8:8 ?>A8;NTBLAO B0:>6 ?>78FVTN ?52=8E :V;, O:V 28ABC?0NBL 70 @5V=B53@0FVN #:@0W=8 2 @0<:0E ?>AB@04O=AL:>3> A?V2B>20@8AB20. O4 <>A:>2AL:8E 02B>@V2 =0<030TBLAO 4>25AB8 VA=C20==O  ?5@28==>W 45@6028 , ?5@28==>W CAV, V7 O:>W =V18B> 28>:@5<8;8AL 73>4>< B@8 AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:V 45@6028, V 40B8, B0:8< G8=><, O:5AL VAB>@8G=5 >13@C=BC20==O V45W @50=V<0FVW ! ! , ?>;VB8G=>W V=B53@0FVW B@L>E AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:8E =0@>4V2.  FVTN <5B>N >13@C=B>2CTBLAO <VDVG=5 AB0@H8=AB2> @>AV9AL:>3> =0@>4C   AB0@H>3> 1@0B0 <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. #:@0W=AL:V VAB>@8:8 4>FV=N20;8 ?>;VB8G=C 203C ?8B0==O 5B=>35=57C AEV4=8E A;>2 O=.  &5 ?8B0==O <0T B0:V 40;5:>AO3;V ?@0:B8G=V =0A;V4:8 ?>;VB8G=>3> E0@0:B5@C, I> FO ACB> =0C:>20 VAB>@8G=0 ?@>1;5<0 1C;0 2?@>4>26 4>238E ;VB 6828< 4>:07>< =0 B5, O: VAB>@8G=0 ?@0240 <>65 1CB8 65@B2>N ?>;VB8G=>3> =0B8A:C 7 1>:C 70V=B5@5A>20=>3> @568<C <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !0<V @>AV9AL:V VAB>@8:8 A:0@60BLAO, I> ?8B0==O ?@> ?>E>465==O @>AV9AL:>3> =0@>4C =5 <0T 4>AB0B=L>3> @>72 O70==O.  4020;>AO 1, I> 7>2AV< =5>1EV4=> CB2>@5==O @>AV9AL:>W 45@6028 72 O70B8 7 CB2>@5==O< @>AV9AL:>3> (25;8:>@CAL:>3>) =0@>4C =5 ;8H5 2 <>=>3@0DVG=V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, 0 9 2 7030;L=8E >3;O40E B0 =02G0;L=8E ?V4@CG=8:0E. 28G09=> A?@020 >1<56CTBLAO B8<, I> 2 ?V4@CG=8:0E 2:07CTBLAO =0 28=8:=5==O =5 25;8:>@>AV9AL:>3> =0@>4C, 0 C:@0W=AL:>3> B0 1V;>@CAL:>3>. '8B0G52V, >G5284=>, ?@>?>=CTBLAO 7@>18B8 28A=>2>:, I> O:I> 265 CB2>@8;8AO C:@0W=AL:89 B0 1V;>@CAL:89 =0@>48, B> ?>28=5= 28=8:=CB8 V 25;8:>@>AV9AL:89. ;5 O:, 70 O:8E C<>2 V :>;8 2V41C2AO F59 4C65 206;8289 D0:B, ?@> F5 =5 3>2>@8BLAO <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 1725&nbsp;@. 2 5B5@1C@7V 1C;> 70A=>20=> :045<VN =0C: ?V4 =072>N  :045<VO =0C: V :C@9>7=8E EC4>65AB2 . 0@BCNG8, ?V7=VH5 :070;8, I> FO 482=0 =0720 ?>OA=NTBLAO B8<, I> 2V4 @>AV9AL:8E CG5=8E-?@8@>4>7=02FV2 28<030TBLAO =0C:0, 2 B>9 G0A O: 2V4 CG5=8E-3C<0=VB0@VW2 V ?5@54CAV< VAB>@8:V2   :C@9>7=V EC4>65AB20 . /: 265 3>2>@8;>AO, 70 1@0:>< 2;0A=8E :20;VDV:>20=8E =0C:>28E :04@V2 4> :045<VW H8@>:> 70?@>HCNBLAO V=>75<FV  3>;>2=8< G8=>< =V<FV. 0 7<V=C C:@0W=AL:><C :C;LBC@=><C 2?;82C XVII&nbsp;AB. ?@8E>48BL E28;O =V<5FL:>3> :C;LBC@B@535@AB20. !?@020 4>E>48BL 4> B>3>, I> ?5@H89 @>AV9AL:89 VAB>@8G=89 6C@=0;, O:89 AB0;0 284020B8 :045<VO 7 1732&nbsp;@., 2840TBLAO =V<5FL:>N <>2>N ( Sammlung Ru&szlig;ischen Geschichte ). V<5FL:V VAB>@8:8 V;;5@, (;>F5@ V !B@VBB5@ G><CAL 2V4@07C 70AC<=V20;8AO C A;>2 O=AL:><C ?>E>465==V @>AVO=. @>B8 B0:>W ?>78FVW 3>AB@> 28ABC?8;0 F0@8FO 0B5@8=0 II, O:0 A0<0 2 FV9 A?@02V 27O;0AO 70 ?5@>. > 2V4?>2V4=8E 45@602=8E CAB0=>20E 1C;> @>7VA;0=> B0T<=89 F8@:C;O@, 2 O:><C C@O4>2> 70?52=N20;>AO, I> @>AVO=8, O:: 25AL, <5@O, <C@><0, T A;>2 O=0<8 V ?>E>4OBL 2V4 AB0@>402=VE >:A>;O=V2, B>1B> =0@>4V2 @>7AVO=8E, 2V4 G>3>, <>2;O2, V 28=8:;8 =0728 >AAVO, @>AVO=8. 0;V 2 FL><C C:07V-F8@:C;O@V F0@8FO ?8A0;0:  !?>:CA;828< (A>1;07=8B5;L=K<) 2840ABLAO CAV9 >AVW, 0 I5 ?@89<5B5 B;C<0G5==O ?0=0 !B@VBB5@0 ?@> ?>E>465==O @>AV9AL:>3> =0@>4C 2V4 DV=V2 <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. VA;O B0:>3> <>=0@H>3> >:@8:C =0C:>25 4>A;V465==O @>AV9AL:>3> ?>E>465==O =04>23> 7030;L<C20;>AO. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 6 2 XIX&nbsp;AB. 7 =0C:>2>N >1 T:B82=VABN AB02 @>73;O40B8 5B=>35=57 @>AVO= ?@>D5A>@ 5B5@1C@7L:>3> C=V25@A8B5BC >ABO=B8= 025;V=. !2>3> G0AC 9>3>  T@5B8G=V B25@465==O 28:;8:0;8 E28;N20==O A5@54 @>AV9AL:>W 3@><04AL:>ABV.  =5A?@>AB0. 025;V= ?8A02:  >7:@89<> ?5@H89 =0H ;VB>?8A, O:89 ?8A0=89 2 CAO:><C @07V =5 ?V7=VH5 XI&nbsp;AB>@VGGO. #:;040G 9>3> 7=0T <0;>@>AVO= V ?5@5G8A;OT @V7=V 2V44V;8 FVTW 30;C7V @CAL:>3> ?;5<5=V; =07820T ?V2=VG=>-70EV4=V 30;C7V B>3> 6 ?;5<5=V: :@828GV2 (1V;>@CAV2) V A;>2 O=, 7304CT I5 @048<8GV2 V 2 OB8GV2, O:V ?>E>4OBL 2V4 ;OEV2; 0;5 =02482>286 25;8:>@CAV2 2V= 7>2AV< =5 7=0T. 0 AEV4 2V4 70EV4=8E @CAL:8E ?;5<5=, 45 B5?5@ 682CBL 25;8:>@CA8, 682CBL, 70 ;VB>?8A><, DV=AL:V ?;5<5=0, G0AB:>2> VA=CNGV V 70@07, G0AB:>2> 265 7=8:;V. 5 6 1C;8 B>4V 25;8:>@CA8? @> =8E 2 ?5@5;V:C ?;5<5=, O:V 682CBL 2 ACG0A=V9 >AVW, =5 7304CTBLAO =V A;>2><&  V=H>3> 1>:C, <8 7=0T<>, :>;>=V70FVO DV=AL:>3> AE>4C ?>G0;0AO 7 XII&nbsp;AB>@VGGO. "0:8< G8=><, <8 <0T<> 2AV ?V4AB028 ?@8?CA:0B8, I> 25;8:>@CA8 A:;0;8AO 2 >:@5<C 30;C7L =5 @0=VH5 XI&nbsp;AB>@VGGO <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. >=F5?FVN .&nbsp;025;V=0 ?@> 28=8:=5==O @>AVO= C XI&nbsp;AB>@VGGV ?V4B25@46CNBL =>2VB=V 40=V 0@E5>;>3VW, 0=B@>?>;>3VW B0 5B=>;>3VW. 3V4=> 7 F8<8 40=8<8, A;>2 O=AL:V ?;5<5=0, I> 70A5;O;8 B5@8B>@VN ACG0A=>W #:@0W=8 (2>;8=O=8, 45@52;O=8, ?>;O=8, 1V;V E>@20B8, C;8GV, B825@FV, AV25@O=8), =V:C48 =5 ?5@5<VIC20;8AO V AB0;8 ?@54:0<8 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C. ;5<5=0, I> 709<0;8 B5@8B>@VN ACG0A=>W V;>@CAVW (4@53>28GV, :@828GV, @048<8GV), AB0;8 ?@54:0<8 1V;>@CAL:>3> =0@>4C.  5@E=T >4=V?@>2 O B0 >1;0ABV ACG0A=>W V;>@CAVW, O: 28@07=> A2V4G0BL <0B5@V0;8 3V4@>=V<V:8 B0 0@E5>;>3VW, 4> ?@8E>4C A;>2 O= 1C;8 70A5;5=V 10;B><>2=8<8 ?;5<5=0<8. &V ?;5<5=0 =5 ?>:8=C;8 <VAFL A2>3> ?@>6820==O V ?>ABC?>2> 1C;8 0A8<V;L>20=V A;>2 O=0<8 <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. ;L<5=AL:V A;>25=8 CB2>@8;8 >:@5<89 ?A:>2>-=>23>@>4AL:89 5B=>A, O:89 C XV XVI&nbsp;AB. 1C2 G0AB:>2> 7=8I5=89, 0 G0AB:>2> =0A8;L=> 0A8<V;L>20=89 >A:2>N.  2 0;VAAV =0 >A=>2V 7<VHC20==O A;>2 O=AL:8E :>;>=VABV2 7 DV=0<8 CB2>@82AO 7 G0A>< =09<>;>4H89 AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:89 5B=>A  @>AVO=8. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  V=:C10FV9=><C ?5@V>4V 5B=>35=57C @>AVO= =0 0;VAAV 28=8:;0 =87:0 :=O7V2AB2, A5@54 =8E =092V4><VH5  ;048<8@>-!C740;LAL:5. 5<;O ;04V<V@>-!C740;LAL:>3> :=O7V2AB20 1C;0 70A5;5=0 25;8:8< DV==>-C3>@AL:8< ?;5<V==8< >1 T4=0==O< <5@O.  >;>=V70FVO FL>3> :@0N, O:0 ?>G0;0AO =0?@8:V=FV X&nbsp;AB., ?@825;0 4> >1@CAV==O <5@V B0 D>@<C20==O BCB 73>4>< 25;8:>@CAL:>W =0@>4=>ABV <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. 1@CAV==O <5@V ?>;O30;> 2 ?@89=OBBV E@8AB8O=AL:>W 2V@8 V <>2=>W 0A8<V;OFVW. &5 ?V4B25@46CNBL 0@E5>;>3VG=V B0 7>:@5<0 0=B@>?>;>3VG=V 465@5;0.  !?@020 >;3>-:AL:>3> 10A59=C 28@VHCTBLAO ?>@V2=O=> ?@>AB>. !;>2 O=AL:89 5;5<5=B C 4>1C A5@54=L>2VGGO C DV78G=8E @8A0E =0A5;5==O 4C65 =525;8:89.  ACG0A=C 5?>EC A?V22V4=>H5==O DV==>-C3>@AL:>3> V A;>2 O=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O 7<V=NTBLAO =0 :>@8ABL A;>2 O=AL:>3>. 4=0: @V7:>W 7<V=8 =0A5;5==O BCB =5 1C;> <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. V4><89 @>AV9AL:89 2G5=89 V 3@><04AL:89 4VOG .&nbsp;V;N:>2 AB25@482:  AV <8 =0 >:> 3>B>2V 287=0B8 DV=AL:V @8A8 2 B8?V 25;8:>@CA0 <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5O:V 02B>@8 ?>;N1;ONBL 3>2>@8B8, I> 2V4 <5@V 70;8H82AO BV;L:8 ?@8:<5B=8:  <5@7L:89 O: A8=>=V< G>3>AL ?;N302>3>, >1@84;82>3>, 0 A0<  =0@>45FL 2 O:89AL GC45A=89 A?>AV1 @0?B>< I57. "0:8< A?>A>1>< =0<030NBLAO >1V9B8  A>@>< O7;825 ?8B0==O ?@> @>;L <5@V B0 V=H8E GC4AL:8E ?;5<5= (<>@420, 25AL, <C@><0) C D>@<C20==V @>AVO=.  VB>?8A5FL, O:89 A?>G0B:C 7304CT ?@> <5@N, 73>4>< =V18 ?@> =5W 701C20T. /:18 <5@O=8 28A5;8;8AO 2 V=HC >1;0ABL 01> 1C;8 1 7=8I5=V =0 <VAFV, ;VB>?8A 7=02 18 ?@> F5, B0 7=8:=5==O FL>3> ?;5<5=V 4;O @CAL:8E ;N459 74V9A=8;>AO 7>2AV< =5?><VB=>. @>B5 7<VHC20==O @CAL:8E ?>A5;5=FV2 7 DV=AL:8<8 BC1V;LFO<8 =5 ?@>9H;> 157A;V4=> 4;O @>AVO= <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  FL>3> ?@82>4C .&nbsp;@5:>2 28A;>282AO B0::  !;>2 O=AL:0 :C;LBC@0 28O28;0AO ABV9:VH>N V ?5@51C20;0 =0 7=0G=> 28I><C @V2=V, =V6 <5@O=AL:0. &8< ?>OA=NTBLAO D0:B I57=5==O <5@V B0 7;8BBO WW 7 @CAL:8< =0A5;5==O< >AB>2>-!C740;LAL:>W 75<;V <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> .&nbsp;025;V= 28AC=C2 7=0<5=8BC B57C, I> O:@07  >1@CAV==O DV=V2 A:;040T V=B8<=C, 2=CB@VH=N VAB>@VN @>AV9AL:>3> =0@>4C, O:0 4>AV 70;8H0TBLAO O:>AL C BV=V, <0965 701CB0; 0 ?@>B5, A0<5 2 =V9 V ;568BL :;NG 4> 2AL>3> E>4C @>AV9AL:>W VAB>@VW <a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title="">[20]</a>. # ?>4V1=89 A?>AV1 28A;>282AO .&nbsp;;NG52AL:89:  8B0==O ?@> 270T<>4VN @CAV V GC4V, ?@> B5, O: >18420 ?;5<5=V, 7CAB@V2H8AL, 2?;8=C;8 >48= =0 >4=>3>, I> >4=5 ?;5< O 70?>78G8;> 2 V=H>3> V I> ?5@540;> V=H><C, =0;568BL 4> G8A;0 FV:028E V 206:8E ?8B0=L =0H>W VAB>@VW <a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title="">[21]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> #G0ABL <5@V 2 5B=>35=57V @>AVO= @>AV9AL:8<8 VAB>@8:0<8, O: ?@028;>, =5 70?5@5GCTBLAO.  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"0<1>2AL:0 V 5=75=AL:0 3C15@=VW  >1@CAV;0 <>@420: ?5@5:>=CT 7>2=VH=89 283;O4 B0<B5H=VE A5;O= V 35>3@0DVG=V =0728 <a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="">[24]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >@8D5W @>AV9AL:>W VAB>@VW .&nbsp;!>;>29>2 B0 .&nbsp;;NG52AL:89 22060;8, I> 3>2>@8B8 ?@> AD>@<>20=89 @>AV9AL:89 5B=>A <>6=0 ;8H5 7 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XII&nbsp;AB., B>1B> 7 G0AC =4@VO >3>;N1AL:>3>.   >A>1V =4@VO 25;8:>@>A 2?5@H5 28ABC?82 =0 VAB>@8G=C 0@5=C ,  ?8A02 .&nbsp;;NG52AL:89. > A0<5 B>4V  ?5@5A5;5=FV 7 @V7=8E >1;0AB59 AB0@>W 8W2AL:>W CAV, ?>3;8=C2H8 BC1V;LFV2-DV=V2, CB2>@8;8 BCB :><?0:B=C <0AC, >4=>@V4=C 9 4V;>28BC, V7 A:;04=8< 3>A?>40@AL:8< ?>1CB>< V 4540;V A:;04=VH8< A>FV0;L=8< A:;04><,  BC <0AC, O:0 AB0;0 75@=>< 25;8:>@CAL:>3> ?;5<5=V <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="">[25]</a>.  B0:8< B25@465==O< ?>3>46CTBLAO 1V;LHVABL 4>A;V4=8:V2.  0A5;5==O V2=VG=>-!EV4=>W CAV, O:5 CB2>@8;>AO G5@57 7<VHC20==O, 270T<=C 0A8<V;OFVN A;>2 O= ;VA>2>W A<C38 V DV=V2, ?5@5B2>@NTBLAO 2 >A>1;82C =0@>4=VABL  25;8:>@CAA>2 <a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="">[26]</a>. B65, 2 XI XII&nbsp;AB. <>;>4V AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:V 5B=>A8 (?A:>2>-=>23>@>4FV, 1V;>@CA8 V @>AVO=8), 2V430;C78;8AO 2V4 ?@>2V4=>3> @CAL:>-C:@0W=AL:>3> 5B=>AC 8W2AL:>W V<?5@VW. >2V <>;>4V 5B=>A8 ?>AB0;8 2 ?@>F5AV A;>2 O=V70FVW, 0 B>G=VH5  @CA8=V70FVW ;VA>28E >1H8@V2 !EV4=>W 2@>?8, A?>:>=2V:C 70A5;5=8E 10;B0<8 B0 DV=0<8. V A:070=>3> 28?;820T, I> @>AVO=8 06 =VO: =5 <0NBL ?V4AB02 =07820B8AO  AB0@H8< 1@0B>< . /:I> 9B8 70 ;>3V:>N VAB>@VW,  B> A0<5  AB0@H89 1@0B ?>28=5= 1C2 >2>;>4VB8 @>4>2>N, >A=>2=>N A?04I8=>N  8T2><, 0 <>;>4HV 1@0B8 HC:0B8 A2>N 4>;N 45AL 2 V=H8E <VAFOE. ;0A=5 C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4 AB02 15770?5@5G=8< A?04:>T<F5< 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>. 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A:V;L:8 @>AV9AL:89 5B=>A 7 O282AO =0 VAB>@8G=V9 0@5=V =5 @0=VH5 XII&nbsp;AB., B> ?@5B5=7VW >DVFV9=>W >A:28 =0 8W2AL:C CAL O: =0 ?5@HC @>AV9AL:C 45@602C 283;O40NBL 01AC@4=8<8. 465 28E>48BL, I> @>AV9AL:0 45@6020 7 O28;0AO @0=VH5 A0<8E @>AVO= <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>. 0@>4, O:89 265 7 IX&nbsp;AB. =078202AO  CAAN , =5 <02  =VG>3> A?V;L=>3> 7 <>A:>2AL:8< =0@>4><, >A:V;L:8 28=8:=5==O <>A:>2AL:>3> =0@>4C 2V4=>A8BLAO =09@0=VH5 4> XII&nbsp;AB.: G>B8@8 AB>@VGGO @>74V;ONBL BV 420 =0@>48 265 =0 ?>G0B:C VAB>@VW <a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title="">[29]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0O2=VABL 2 5?>EC @>7:2VBC 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 =0 B5@8B>@VW 0;VAAO 02B>EB>==>3> GC4AL:>3> =0A5;5==O AB028BL 25;8:>45@602=8E VAB>@8:V2 C :;>?VB;82C A8BC0FVN.  >4=>3> 1>:C, 7@>18B8 7 FL>3> =0;56=89 28A=>2>: W< =5 <>6=0, 1> @>7E8BCNBLAO >A=>28 >DVFV9=>W VAB>@8G=>W 4>:B@8=8, 0 7 V=H>3>  D0:B8, O: 2V4><>, @VG C?5@B0, V 3>2>@OBL A0<V 70 A515. ;CG=> >E0@0:B5@87C202 F5 42>WAB5 AB0=>28I5 0:045<V: .&nbsp;>:@>2AL:89:  B>6, B5, I> DV=8 A:;040;8 :>@V==5, >AV;5 V 1V;LH>N G8 <5=H>N <V@>N :C;LBC@=5 =0A5;5==O <091CB=>W >A:>2VW& I>4> FL>3>, ?> ACBV, =5 1C;> @>71V6=>AB59 C 1C@6C07=8E VAB>@8:V2. ;5 @>AV9AL:V VAB>@8:8,  ?@>4>26CT .&nbsp;>:@>2AL:89,  ?>402H8 FV;:>< ?5@5:>=;8289 <0B5@V0;, ?@>A8;8 ?>BV< A2>3> G8B0G0 =5 @>18B8 7 FL>3> <0B5@V0;C 28A=>2:V2, O:V 2>=8 2=CB@VH=L>, 157 6>4=>3> AC<=V2C @>18;8,  F59 :><VG=89 ?@89>< =5 <>65, 728G09=>, =V:>3> >14C@8B8, O: =5 >14C@N202 2V=, 7@>7C<V;>, V G8B0GV2-ACG0A=8:V2. >6;82>, I> A0<5 F5 9 =0HB>2E=C;> =09=>2VH8E 02B>@V2 =0 V=HC B0:B8:C: 01> ?>2=>3> 70<>2GC20==O A0<>3> AN65BC, 01> 157A>@><=>3> ?V4A>2C20==O G8B0G52V (V 70 4C@=O 9>3> 22060NBL!) 28A=>2:V2, ?@O<> ?@>B8;56=8E D0:B0< <a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title="">[30]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> )5 ><>=>A>2 :>;8AL ?8A02, I> GC4L 7 402=VE G0AV2  2 T48=89 =0@>4 7 =0<8 A>2>:C?;5==0 <a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title="">[31]</a>. 8 265 7304C20;8 ACG0A=8:0 ><>=>A>20, V<?5@0B>@AL:>3> VAB>@V>3@0D0 V;;5@0 V 9>3> ?@>=>@<0=AL:89 B2V@  Origines gentis et nominis Russorum ( >E>465==O ?;5<5=V B0 V<5=V @>AV9AL:>3> ). # FV9 ?@0FV V;;5@ 4>2>482, I> :>@V==8< =0A5;5==O< >A:>2VW T DV=AL:V ?;5<5=0, V 70 B5 9>3> B2V@ 1C2 701>@>=5=89, 0 =04@C:>20=V ?@8<V@=8:8 <0965 2AV 7=8I5=V <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>.  :>@8D5W @>AV9AL:>W VAB>@VW, V 2AV >1 T:B82=V 4>A;V4=8:8, B0: G8 V=0:H5, 287=0NBL 2?;82 GC4V =0 @>AV9AL:89 5B=>35==89 ?@>F5A (.&nbsp;025;V=, .&nbsp;>@A0:>2, .&nbsp;N102AL:89, .&nbsp;>:@>2AL:89, .&nbsp;"@5BLO:>2, .&nbsp;>@N=>20, .&nbsp;C<V;L>2 B0 V=) <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. %0@0:B5@=8< T B0:5 28A;>2;N20==O:  5;8:>@>AV9AL:0 =0@>4=VABL CB2>@8;0AL V7 7<VH0==O @V7=8E A;>2 O=AL:8E ?;5<5=, I> @>7A5;8;8AO C !EV4=V9 2@>?V, <V6 A>1>N B0 7 V=>@>4FO<8, ?5@5206=> DV=AL:>3> :>@5=O <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>. 48= V7 =092840B=VH8E @>AV9AL:8E VAB>@8:V2 !.&nbsp;!>;>29>2 ?8H5, I> @>AVO=8 AD>@<C20;8AO O: =0@>4 V7 42>E, 70 9>3> A;>20<8, ?;5<5=:  A;>2 O=AL:>3> V DV=AL:>3> <a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title="">[35]</a>. =0;>3VG=> 28A;>2;N202AO V .&nbsp;>AB><0@>2:  !;>2 O=AL:V ?@8H5;LFV 7<VH0;8AO 7 BC1V;LFO<8 AEV4=>-DV=AL:>3> ?;5<5=V, V 7 B0:>W AC<VHV CB2>@82AO 25;8:>@CAL:89 =0@>4 <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="">[36]</a>. .&nbsp;>:@>2AL:89, @>73;O40NG8 A?>A>18 702>N20==O GC4AL:>3> 0;VAAO @CAL:>N 4@C68=>N, 7@>182 7=0<5==89 28A=>2>::  >AV9AL:C V<?5@VN =07820;8  BN@<>N =0@>4V2 . 8 7=0T<> B5?5@, I> FVTW =0728 70A;C3>2C20;0 =5 ;8H5 45@6020 ><0=>28E, 0 9 WW ?>?5@54=8FO, 2>BG8=0 ?>B><:V2 0;8B8. 65 >A:>2AL:5 25;8:5 :=O7V2AB2>, =5 ;8H5 >A:>2AL:5 F0@AB2>, 1C;>  BN@<>N =0@>4V2 . 5;8:>@>AVO ?>1C4>20=0 =0 :>ABOE  V=>@>4FV2 , V ;5425 >AB0==V 1030B> 2BVH5=V B8<, I> 2 68;0E 25;8:>@>AV2 B5G5 80% WE :@>2V <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="">[37]</a>. @83>;><H;825 B25@465==O >:@>2AL:>3> ?@> 80% GC4AL:>W :@>2V @C9=CT >A=>2=V 70A048 25;8:>45@602=>W VAB>@V>3@0DVW, 7>:@5<0, @>18BL <VDVG=>N V45N ?0=A;02V7<C V  AB0@H51@0BAB20 .  0 B5@8B>@VW !C740;LAL:>3>, ;04V<V@AL:>3>, >A:>2AL:>3> :=O7V2AB2 >A=>2=8< =0A5;5==O< 1C;8 DV=AL:V ?;5<5=0  <5@O, 25AL, <C@><0 B0 V=HV. >=8 1C;8 ?>3;8=CBV ?@8H5;LFO<8 7 ?V24=O, E@8AB8O=V7>20=V, 2B@0B8;8 A2>N <>2C V AB0;8 3>2>@8B8 <>2>N :>;>=V70B>@V2. .&nbsp;.&nbsp;>:@>2AL:89, >@B>4>:A0;L=89 <0@:A8AB, I> =5 =040202 7=0G5==O =0FV>=0;L=8< ?@>1;5<0<, 220602, I> 25;8:>@CA8 T 5B=VG=>N AC<VHHN, 2 O:V9 DV=0< =0;560BL 4/5, 0 A;>2 O=0<  1/5 <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !?@>1C =59B@0;V7C20B8 B25@465==O .&nbsp;>:@>2AL:>3> 7@>182 5B=>3@0D .&nbsp;5;5=V=. V= :0B53>@8G=> 70?5@5GC202 1C4L-O:C ?><VB=C @>;L C3@>-DV=V2 2 5B=>35=57V @>AVO= <a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title="">[39]</a>. 1927&nbsp;@. 2 5@;V=V 2V= 28402 =V<5FL:>N <>2>N 5B=>3@0DVG=C ?@0FN  Russische (ostslavische) Volkskunde , 2 O:V9 >13@C=BC202 A2>N ?>78FVN. &V:02>, I> 2 @>AV9AL:><C ?5@5:;04V, O:89 ?>O282AO 06 1991&nbsp;@., A;>2> Russische 7=8:;>. 0;8H8;0AO =0720  >AB>G=>A;02O=A:0O MB=>3@0D8O , =0G51B> VA=CT O:89AL T48=89 AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:89 =0@>4. 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XX&nbsp;AB. 1V;LH>28:8 I5 4>?CA:0;8 :@8B8:C 25;8:>45@602=8E V45>;>3V2. 0?@8:;04, !.&nbsp;">;AB>2 ?8A02, I> B25@465==O 5;5=V=0  T 0=B8=0C:>2>N A?@>1>N B5=45=FV9=> V=B5@?@5BC20B8 D0:B8 2 =0<030==V AB2>@8B8  =0C:>2C 107C 4;O @>728B:C @>AV9AL:>3> H>2V=V7<C <a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title="">[43]</a>. @>B5 =57010@>< 5;5=V= >B@8<02 <>6;82VABL ?C1;VG=> >1V720B8 A2>WE :@8B8:V2  1CE0@8=FO<8 V  2>@>30<8 =0@>4C . !0<5 B>4V 7 4>?><>3>N >@30=V2  @>7?>G02AO B>B0;L=89 @>73@><  H:>;8 .&nbsp;>:@>2AL:>3> : @>AV9AL:0 VAB>@V>3@0DVO C ! !  ?>25@=C;0AO =0 AB0@V 25;8:>45@602=V ?>78FVW. >:@>2AL:89 1C2 7027OB8< 28:@820G5< @>AV9AL:>3> V<?5@V0;V7<C, @>AV9AL:>3> :>;>=V0;V7<C, @>AV9AL:>3> A0<>45@602AB20. ;O >:@>2AL:>3>  <>A:>2AL:89 V<?5@V0;V7< VA=CT 265 2 XVI&nbsp;AB., :>;8  1C2 70E>?;5=89 ?V245==89 :V=5FL 25;8:>3> @VG:>2>3> H;OEC V7 2@>?8 2 7VN, 2V4 070=V 4> AB@0E0=V V ?>G0;0AO A?@>10 70E>?8B8 ?V2=VG=89 :V=5FL, 28EV4 =0 0;BV9AL:5 <>@5. >:@>2AL:89 28:@820T ?>@>:8 @>AV9AL:8E F0@V2: A8DV;VB8:0 5B@0&nbsp;I, =54>;N4:0 20=0 @>7=>3> <a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title="">[44]</a>. 0965 >4=>G0A=> 7 ?C1;V:0FVTN 5;5=V=0 7 O28;0AO @>1>B0 <>2>7=02FO B0 5B=>3@0D0, 5<V3@0=B0 :=O7O "@C1TF:>3>   ?@>1;5<5 @CAA:>3> A0<>?>7=0=8O . # FV9 @>1>BV =03>;>HCTBLAO, I> @>AV9AL:0 =0@>4=0 (5B=>3@0DVG=0) :C;LBC@0  T >A>1;820 7>=0 , 2 O:C, :@V< A0<8E @>AVO=, 2E>4OBL I5 C3@>-DV=AL:V  V=>@>4FV , @07>< 7 BN@:0<8 2>;7L:>3> 10A59=C <a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title="">[45]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "@C1TF:>9 AB25@46CT, I> =0@>4=89 :>ABN< @>AVO= T =5 A;>2 O=AL:8<, 0 @04H5 C3@> DV=AL:8<.   @CAA:><-D8=A:>< :>ABN<5 5ABL =5A:>;L:> E0@0:B5@=KE >1I8E G5@B (;0?B8, :>A>2>@>B:8, 65=A:89 3>;>2=>9 C1>@), =58725AB=KE @><0=>35@<0=F0< 8 A;02O=0< <a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title="">[46]</a>. :@V< =5A;>2 O=AL:>3> ;0?BO, :=O7L "@C1TF:>9 2:07CT I5 =0 =5A;>2 O=AL:C ? OB8B>=>2C 30<C =0@>4=8E @>AV9AL:8E ?VA5=L V ?52=V V=HV =5A;>2 O=AL:V >7=0:8 D>;L:;>@C, I> =0;560BL 4> >1@O4>2>ABV (2V4ACB=VABL @CA0;L=>3> F8:;C, :>;O4>:, :C;LBC 5@C=0, =0O2=VABL DV=AL:>3> :C;LBC 15@578 70<VABL V=4>T2@>?59AL:>3> 4C10 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4.). > FL>3> <>6=0 4>40B8 E0@0:B5@ ?0< OB>: 0@EVB5:BC@8, O:V A2V4G0BL, I> >A=>2=8< 0@EVB5:BC@=8< B8?>< 1C;8 H0B@>2V 1C4V2;V 9 E@0<8 B0 7@C1=V V 1030B>7@C1=V 1C4>28 7  ?>4:;5BO<8 8 :@K;LF0<8  1C4V2;V, O:V B@0?;ONBLAO ;8H5 =0 GC4AL:V9 5B=>3@0DVG=V9 B5@8B>@VW. >2AV< =57=0=V 2 >AVW =V :>;O40, =V 25A=O=:8, =V CA0;G8= 5;8:45=L, =V C?0;> V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4. 0@B> 707=0G8B8, I> ?VA;O ?@8T4=0==O 0EV4=>W #:@0W=8 F59 65 5;5=V= 7<CH5=89 1C2 =0?8A0B8, I> B0:89 B8? >4O3C, O:  A0@0D0= V  ;0?BV , GC689 4;O C:@0W=FV2.  0720  A0@0D0=  =>20, ?5@AL:0. !0@0D0= ?5@H>?>G0B:>2> 1C2 G>;>2VG8<, 0 =5 6V=>G8< >4O3><; 2V= <02 @C:028, O:V ?>BV< 2B@0B82. >AV9AL:8< =0FV>=0;L=8< :>ABN<>< A0@0D0= 7@>182AO 265 2 O:>ABV 42>@O=AL:>3> <>A:>2AL:>3> :>ABN<0, 0 =5 @0=VH5. 5 4828=0, I> F59 B8? >4O3C GC689 C:@0W=FO<& 0 #:@0W=V =5 1C;> ;0?BV2, ?;5B5=8E 7 45@52=>W :>@8& WE @>7?>2AN465==O A5@54 @>AVO= ?>OA=N20;>AL 28=OB:>2> =54>AB0B=VABN H:V@8 V 27030;V =04728G09=>N 1V4=VABN =0A5;5==O <a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title="">[47]</a>. @>1;5<0 CG0ABV C3@>-DV=V2 C @>AV9AL:><C 5B=>35=57V =V:>;8 2 >AVW =5 1C;0 ACB> =0C:>2>N: =04B> 4><VHC20;8AO BCB ?>;VB8G=V V=B5@5A8. # 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XIX&nbsp;AB. ?>;LAL:89 ?C1;VF8AB, 5B=>3@0D V VAB>@8: $.&nbsp;CEV=AL:89 28ABC?82 7V A2>TN A:0=40;L=>N B5>@VTN, O:C, <V6 V=H8<, 4>1@>78G;82> A?@89=O2 0@; 0@:A. $.&nbsp;CEV=AL:89 =0<0302AO 4>:070B8, I>  <>A:0;V =5 =0;560BL =5 BV;L:8 4> A;>2 O=, 0 9 4> V=4>T2@>?59FV2 27030;V. #  <>A:0;V2 ,  =0 ?>3;O4 CEV=AL:>3>,  ?0=CT =5T2@>?59AL:0 70 B8?><, 45A?>B8G=0 D>@<0 ?@02;V==O, ?>1CBCT 07V0BAL:0 :>;5:B82VABAL:0 >1I8=0, VA=CT =0E8; 4> :>GV2=8FB20. /: ?;5< O  BC@0=AL:5 2>=8 =570:>==> ?@82;0A=8;8 A>1V =072C  CAL , O:0 ?> ?@02C =0;568BL BV;L:8 C:@0W=FO<. >20 @>AVO=, 70 B25@465==O< CEV=AL:>3>,  7V?A>20=0 F5@:>2=>A;>2 O=I8=0, 0 B><C FO <>20 ?>7102;5=0 GVB:> 28@065=8E 4V0;5:B=8E @8A, =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 CAVE @5HB0 A;>2 O=AL:8E <>2 <a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title="">[48]</a>. !E>68E ?>3;O4V2 4>B@8<CTBLAO 0=3;>-?>;LAL:89 VAB>@8: .&nbsp;0H:T28G. >AVO= 2V= <0T 70 <0965 G8AB8E C3@>-DV=V2, O:V ?VA;O E@8AB8O=V70FVW ?@89=O;8 A;>2 O=AL:C <>2C, 0;5 =5 225;8 4> A2>3> A:;04C O:>3>AL VAB>B=>3> :><?>=5=B0 ?@0A;>2 O=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O <a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title="">[49]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> CEV=AL:89, 0H:T28G B0 WE >4=>4C<FV A?8@0;8AO =0 2V4><89 70A=>2>:, I> 5B=>35=57 (?>E>465==O =0@>4C) V 3;>BB>35=57 (?>E>465==O <>28) @V4:> 71V30NBLAO. &5  @V7=V ?@>F5A8. >H8@5=89 ?>3;O4, I> 5B=>A V <>20 T B>B>6=8<8, O: ?>:07CNBL VAB>@8G=V ?@8:;048, =5 2V4?>2V40T 4V9A=>ABV.  /:I> F5 1C;> 1 A?@024V B0:, ?>=OBBO 5B=>AC 27030;V =5 ?>B@V1=5  4>A8BL 1C;> 1 ?>=OBBO <>28 <a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title="">[50]</a>. @5HB>N, F5 ?V4B25@46CTBLAO 1030BL<0 4>:070<8. 0?@8:;04, C=0A;V4>: VA?0=V70FVW 01>@835=V2 &5=B@0;L=>W V V245==>W <5@8:8 70@>48;8AO G8A;5==V VA?0=><>2=V 5B=>A8: <5:A8:0=FV, 0@35=B8=FV, G8;V9FV, :C18=FV, 25=5AC5;LFV, :>;C<1V9FV B0&nbsp;V=. 0E>?;5==O >@BC30;VTN 25;8G57=>W G0AB8=8 V245==>W <5@8:8 ?@825;> 4> CB2>@5==O B0< ?>@BC30;><>2=>3> 1@078;V9AL:>3> =0@>4C. 0<>@AL:0 5:A?0=AVO 0=3;V9FV2 ?@825;0 4> CB2>@5==O @O4C 0=3;><>2=8E =0@>4V2: 0<5@8:0=AL:>3>, :0=04AL:>3>, 02AB@0;V9AL:>3>, =>2>75;0=4AL:>3> B0 V=. # @57C;LB0BV 0@01AL:>3> 702>N20==O 1030B> =0@>4V2 V2=VG=>W D@8:8 V 5@54=L>W 7VW ?5@59H;8 =0 0@01AL:C <>2C.  0@01AL:>3> ?>;:>2>4FO <@0 V1= 0;L A0, O:89 702>N202 C VII&nbsp;AB. 1030B><V;L9>==89 38?5B, 1C;> 2AL>3> B@8 7 ?>;>28=>N B8AOGV 25@H=8:V2. 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OB45AOB @>:V2 C5AL 38?5B 703>2>@82 0@01AL:>N <>2>N. =0;>3VG=V ?@>F5A8 2V41C20;8AO ?V4 G0A CB2>@5==O BN@:AL:>W AV< W <>2, <>=3>;LAL:>W AV< W <>2 B>I>. @8?CA:0NBL, I> 70 B0:8< 27V@F5<, H;OE>< :=O7V2AL:>-2V9AL:>2>W B0 <>=0AB8@AL:>W :>;>=V70FVW, 1C;> 0A8<V;L>20=5 BC1V;L=5 GC4AL:5 =0A5;5==O 0;VAAO. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >6=0 2V47=0G8B8, I> VA=CT 3@C?0 @>AV9AL:8E <>2>7=02FV2 (.&nbsp;!5@51@5==V:>2, .&nbsp;8B:V=, .&nbsp;C7=TF>2, .&nbsp;'5;VI52 B0&nbsp;V=.), O:V ?>OA=NNBL 45O:V A?5F8DVG=V >A>1;82>ABV @>AV9AL:>3> D>;L:;>@C B0 <>28 A0<5 GC4AL:8<8 2?;820<8. >2>7=025FL .&nbsp;52V 28AC=C2 B5>@VN DV==>-C3>@AL:>3> AC1AB@0B0 (<>2=>W ?V4>A=>28) @>AV9AL:>W <>28. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> $V==>-C3>@AL:8<8 2?;820<8 ?>OA=NNBL B0:5, =0?@8:;04, O28I5 @>AV9AL:>W <>28, O: 0:0==O, =5@>7@V7=5==O  0 V  > 2 =5=03>;>H5=><C ?>;>65==V:  2>40-2040 ,  >A:20-0A:20 . 0@0;5;L 7=0E>4OBL C <>@4>2AL:V9 <>2V. $V==>-C3>@AL:8<8 2?;820<8 ?>OA=NNBL F>:0==O, =5@>7@V7=5==O  F V  G .  >AV9AL:0 <>20, =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 V=H8E V=4>T2@>?59AL:8E V A;>2 O=AL:8E <>2,  ?8H5 .&nbsp;C@02;L>2,  =5 ;8H5 =5 A:>@>B8;0 G8A;> 2V4<V=:V2, 0 =02?0:8, 2 =0A A?>AB5@V30TBLAO B5=45=FVO 71V;LH5==O WE G8A;0: 7 O2;ONBLAO =V18 420 @>4>2V 2V4<V=:8 (2:CA G0O 8 AB0:0= G0N) V 420 ?@89<5==8:>2V (682C 2 ;5AC 8 ?>N > ;5A5).  7 CAVE <>2 A2VBC A0<5 DV==>-C3>@AL:V E0@0:B5@87CNBLAO 25;8:8< G8A;>< 2V4<V=:V2: C3>@AL:89  21 22, ?5@<AL:89  17 18, DV=AL:89  15 17. &5 40T ?52=C ?V4AB02C 10G8B8 BCB DV==>-C3>@AL:89 2?;82. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 V=H8E A;>2 O=AL:8E <>2, @>AV9AL:0 <>20 ?>A;V4>2=VH5 ;V:2V4C20;0 @>7@V7=5==O @>4C C D>@<0E <=>68=8, 0 2 45O:8E 3>2V@:0E  @>7G8=OTBLAO :0B53>@VO A5@54=L>3> @>4C.  2 FL><C 10G0BL DV==>-C3>@AL:89 2?;82 =0 @>AV9AL:C <>2C, 1> DV==>-C3@8 =5 7=0NBL :0B53>@VW @>4C <a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title="">[51]</a>. > DV==>-C3>@AL:>3> <>2=>3> 2?;82C ;V=32VAB8 70@0E>2CNBL ?>H8@5=V 2 @>7<>2=V9 <>2V 28@078 7 G0AB:0<8 - B> , - :0 . 0?@8:;04,  0 @K10-B> 60@5=0O ,  273;O=8-:0! . >=AB@C:FVW  O <0N 2 V=H8E V=4>T2@>?59AL:8E V A;>2 O=AL:8E <>20E 2V4?>2V40T @>AV9AL:0 :>=AB@C:FVO  C <5=O 5ABL .  &59 72>@>B 2;0AB8289 DV==>-C3>@AL:8< <>20< V 9>3> @>7?>2AN465==O 2 @>AV9AL:V9 <>2V ?>OA=NNBL WE 2?;82>< <a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title="">[52]</a>.  @O4 V=H8E <>2=8E O28I C D>=5B8FV B0 A8=B0:A8AV, O:V ?>OA=NNBLAO DV==>-C3>@AL:8<8 2?;820<8. /: 18 B0< =5 1C;>, B0:V 2?;828 ?@>AB56CNBLAO 28@07=>, B0: I> =5 <>6=0 =5 ?>3>48B8AO, I> BCB VA=CNBL 270T<>2?;828.  @>7@O4C 270T<>2?;82V2 =02545<> B0:89 ?@8:;04: 1960&nbsp;@. =0 7CAB@VGV 7 D@0=FC7L:>N 45;530FVTN .&nbsp;%@CI>2 ?>>1VFO2 ?>:070B8 0E>4>2V  @CAA:CN :C7L:8=C <0BL . 02:>;> FL>3> A:0=40;L=>3> 28A;>2;N20==O @>73>@=C;0AO 1C@E;820 48A:CAVO =0 B5<C, I> F59 D@075>;>3V7< >7=0G0T.  ?>E>48BL  :C7L:8=0 <0BL V7 GC4AL:>W <>28, 45 A;>2>  :C7L> >7=0G0T ;VA>2>3> G>@B0 (;5H53>) <a href="#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title="">[53]</a>. !C:C?=VABL 28I528:;045=8E 40=8E 40;0 ?V4AB02C /.&nbsp;0AB5@=0:>2V 7@>18B8 B0:89 28A=>2>::  @E5>;>3VG=V, 0=B@>?>;>3VG=V, VAB>@8G=V B0 5B=>3@0DVG=V <0B5@V0;8 4>:07CNBL, I> >:@5<VH=VABL C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C 2V4 <>A:>2AL:>3> VA=C20;0 ?> 2AV G0A8. >=0 28O2;OTBLAO 2 >:@5<><C AB8;V 68BBO, 2 4CE>2=V9 B0 <0B5@V0;L=V9 :C;LBC@V, 2 ?A8EVFV, 4CE>2=V9 AB@C:BC@V B0 2 3;81>:> 2V4GCB=V9 =0FV>=0;L=V9 V=482V4C0;L=>ABV& >2AV< V=H8< H;OE><, 7 V=H>3> :>@5=O, ?V4 2?;82>< V=H8E :;V<0B8G=8E C<>28= B0 35>3@0DVG=>3> ?>;>65==O 9H>2 @>728B>: <>A:>2AL:>3> =0@>4C. >3> =09402=VH>N 5B=VG=>N 107>N 1C;8 ?@0C3>@AL:V 1@>4OGV ?;5<5=0 72V@>;>2V2 B0 718@0GV2 <a href="#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title="">[54]</a>. 02VBL @>AV9AL:V =0FV>=0;VAB8 287=0NBL, I>  DV=AL:0 ?> =0BC@V B0 :@>2V A:;04>20 G0AB8=0 @>AV9AL:>3> =0A5;5==O E0@0:B5@87CTBLAO :>@>B:>3>;>2VABN, H8@>:8< ;8F5<, 28?=CB8<8 28;8FO<8, <0;8<8 >G8FO<8, A5@54=V< 7@>AB><, :>@>B:8<8 =>30<8, A2VB;8< 2>;>AAO< V A2VB;8<8 >G8<0 <a href="#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title="">[55]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 3V4=> 7 C:@0W=AL:>N VAB>@8G=>N B@048FVTN (.&nbsp;@CH52AL:89, .&nbsp;)5@10:V2AL:89, .&nbsp;'C10B89), 70@07 VAB>@8:>< /.&nbsp;0H:528G5< @>7@>1;5=0 2@V2=>2065=0, ;>3VG=0 V ?5@5:>=;820 :>=F5?FVO 5B=>35=57C AEV4=8E A;>2 O=.  >A=>2V WW ;568BL V45O =5>4=>G0A=>3> B0 =570;56=>3> @>728B:C >:@5<8E =0@>4V2 B0 B5>@VO AC1AB@0BC (?V4>A=>28). /.&nbsp;0H:528G, I>1 C=8:=CB8  A?@>B82C 2 5B=>=V<VW , C2>48BL A8<2>;VG=V ?>7=0G5==O, O:V 287=0G0NBL >:@5<V =0FVW.  ;LD0  A8<2>;V7CT C:@0W=AL:C =0FVN,  15B0  =>23>@>4-?A:>2AL:C,  30<<0  @>AV9AL:C,  45;LB0  1V;>@CAL:C. AV =0FVW <0NBL 4><VH:8 V=>5B=VG=8E AC1AB@0BV2:  0;LD0 2:;NG0T V@0=AL:89 AC1AB@0B B0 =>@<0=AL:89 AC?5@AB@0B,  15B0  10;BAL:89 AC1AB@0B V =>@<0=AL:89 AC?5@AB@0B,  30<<0  C3@>-DV=AL:89 AC1AB@0B,  45;LB0  10;BAL:89 AC1AB@0B <a href="#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" title="">[56]</a>. $>@<C20==O C:@0W=AL:>3> 5B=>AC ( 0;LD0 ) 2V41C;>AO @0=VH5, =V6 V=H8E AEV4=>A;>2 O=AL:8E =0@>4V2 ( 15B0 ,  45;LB0 V  30<<0 ). "0:>W 6 4C<:8 4>B@8<CNBLAO 45O:V <>;>4V 2VBG87=O=V VAB>@8:8.  @> C:@0W=FV2, O: 5B=>-:C;LBC@=> :>=A>;V4>20=C FV;VABL, <>6=0 3>2>@8B8 7 CB2>@5==O< ?5@H>W C:@0W=AL:>W 45@6028 8W2AL:0 CAL, B>1B> 7 %&nbsp;AB. 0A:V;L:8 ;>=4>=FV, ?0@860=8, ?@060=8 G8 <5H:0=FV =T7=> X XIII&nbsp;AB. 1C;8 2V4?>2V4=> 0=3;V9FO<8, D@0=FC70<8, G5E0<8 G8 ?>;O:0<8, =0ABV;L:8 ACG0A=V W< <5H:0=FV 8T20, '5@=V3>20, 0;8G0 1C;8 C:@0W=FO<8 <a href="#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" title="">[57]</a>. 2@>?59AL:0 VAB>@VO A2V4G8BL, I> 1V;LHVABL 25;8:8E =0@>4V2 2@>?8 ?>G8=0NBL 2;0A=C =0FV>=0;L=C VAB>@VN 7 ?>AB0==O A2>WE =570;56=8E 45@602 C IX X&nbsp;AB. 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'.&nbsp;3/4. !.&nbsp;46.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="20%"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="60%"> <p align="center"> <a name="VI_Drevnerusskaja_narodnosc"><span style="letter-spacing:.6pt;"><b><i><font size="4">VI.  @52=5@CAA:0O =0@>4=>ABL </font></i></b></span></a><font size="4"><a name="VI_Drevnerusskaja_narodnosc"> &nbsp;</a></font> </p> </td> <td width="20%"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !:>@8AB02H8AL ?>A;01;5==O< F0@AL:>W F5=7C@8, 8E09;> @CH52AL:89 1904&nbsp;@. >?C1;i:C202 A2>N 7=0<5=8BC @>72i4:C  28G09=0 AE5<0  @CAA:>W iAB>@iW 9 A?@020 @0Fi>=0;L=>3> C:;04C iAB>@iW AEi4=>3> A;>2O=AB20 <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. # Fi9 =525;8:i9 70 >1AO3>< ?@0Fi 74i9A=5=>  A<i;8289 i 3@C=B>2=89 =0@8A @>7<56C20==O 25;8:>@CAL:>3> B0 C:@0W=AL:>3> iAB>@8G=8E ?@>F5Ai2 <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. "5<0 @>7<56C20==O 2:070=8E ?@>F5Ai2 =0;560;0 i 4>Ai =0;568BL 4> =09203><iH8E ?@>1;5< C:@0W=AL:>W iAB>@i>3@0DiW.  ;NG>2>N ?@>1;5<>N iAB>@iW !Ei4=>W 2@>?8 27030;i B0 #:@0W=8 i >AiW 7>:@5<0 T :C;LBC@=>-iAB>@8G=0 A?04I8=0 25;8:>:=O6>3> 8T20. 1 T:B82=5 28@iH5==O FL>3> ?8B0==O  >1>2 O7:>20 ?5@54C<>20 ?>1C4>28 <iF=>3> iAB>@8G=>3> DC=40<5=BC =570;56=>W #:@0W=8 <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # A2>W9 @>72i4Fi .&nbsp;@CH52AL:89 ?i4402 @0Fi>=0;L=><C 0=0;i7>2i B@048Fi9=C  728G09=C AE5<C iAB>@iW >AiW, 01>, B>G=iH5, iAB>@iW !Ei4=>W 2@>?8, O:C =0 ?>G0B:C XIX&nbsp;AB. A8AB5<0B87C202 ;iB5@0B>@, 6C@=0;iAB i >DiFi9=> ?@842>@=89 iAB>@i>3@0D .&nbsp;0@0<7i=. 5;8:>45@602=0 AE5<0 =0I04:0 B0B0@AL:>3> <C@78  0@0<7i=0  7=0G=>N <i@>N A?8@0;0AO =0 <iD>;>3iG=i CO2;5==O <>A:>2AL:8E F5@:>2=8E :=86=8:i2 XV XVI&nbsp;AB. <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a> 5@54CAi< =0 CO2;5==OE <8B@>?>;8B0 0:0@iO, 28:;045=8E C <iD>B2>@Gi9 :><?i;OFiW  =830 !B5?5==0O F0@A:>3> @>4>A;>28O <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. 5;8:89 2?;82 =0 0@0<7i=0 <02  !8=>?A8A I=>:5=BiO i75;O.  >A>18AB8E :>= N=:BC@=8E <i@:C20=L C  !8=>?A8Ai i75;L  7>1@0782 <>A:>2AL:5 F0@AB2> A?04:>T<F5< 8W2AL:>W CAi <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  !E5<0 0@0<7i=0, ?>1C4>20=0 =0 A5@54=L>2iG=i9 35=50;>3iG=>-48=0AB8G=i9 i45W ?0=i2=>W 25@Ei2:8 B0 =0 ?>ABi9=><C 7<iHC20==i 5B=>=i<iG=8E ?>=OBL  CAL i  >AAiO , <0;0 25;8G57=89 2?;82 =0 ?>40;LH89 @>728B>: @>Ai9AL:>W iAB>@i>3@0DiW <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. 0965 42iABi @>:i2 >A=>2=i WW 4>3<8 G5@57 15;5B@8AB8:C, ?@5AC, 0 3>;>2=5  G5@57 H:>;C, F5@:2C, 0@<iN 2B>2:<0GC20;8AO C A2i4><iABL O: @>AiO=, B0: i C:@0W=Fi2 i 1i;>@CAi2. 0  728G09=C AE5<C >@iT=BC20;8AO i ?@>4>26CNBL 157:@8B8G=> >@iT=BC20B8AO i=>75<=i iAB>@8:8.  > FiTW AE5<8 G5@57 4>235 C6820==O 728:;8, 0 H:i;L=0 B@048FiO WW A:@i?8;0 <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. .&nbsp;0@0<7i= 28@>182 =5 C<>3;O4=C :01i=5B=C :>=F5?FiN, 0 4i9>289 <iD @>Ai9AL:>W 45@602=>W i45>;>3iW. $0:B8G=89 1i: A?@028 =5 ?@825@B02 9>3> >A>1;82>W C2038  0@0<7i=0 Fi:0282 ;8H5 7040=89 7030;L=89 Ei4 ?>4i9 <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. ;O @>Ai9AL:>W iAB>@i>3@0DiW, ?>?@8 4@0<0B8G=i 45@602=i V ?>;iB8G=i ?5@BC@10FiW, AE5<0 0@0<7i=0 7030;>< 70;8H0TBLAO i 4>Ai =54>B>@:0=>N  A2OI5==>N :>@>2>N <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. V4><>, I> ?0=V2=i :>;0 >AiW ?>ABi9=> =0<030;8AO i<?5@AL:>-iAB>@8G=8<8 <iD0<8 2?;820B8 =0 4CHi ?>=52>;5=8E =0@>4i2, 7>:@5<0 C:@0W=AL:>3>. >;iB>;>38 2i47=0G0NBL, I> @>Ai9AL:0 45@6020 ?@>BO3>< 2i:i2 <0;0 i45>:@0B8G=89 E0@0:B5@, B>1B> 2;040 2 >AiW A?8@0;0AO =5 =0 A8AB5<C 70:>=i2, 0 =0 ?52=C A8AB5<C i459: A0<>45@602AB2>, ?@02>A;02 O, ?0=A;02i7<, <0@:A87<-;5=i=i7<, T2@07V9AB2> B>I>. I45>:@0B8G=0 45@6020 2i42>48BL Gi;L=5 <iAF5 iAB>@i>3@0DiW: >AB0==O <0T =02G0B8, ?>OA=N20B8 9 28?@024>2C20B8 4iW ?>;iB8G=>3> @568<C. 030B>B><=0 :0@0<7V=AL:0  AB>@8O >AC40@AB20 >AA89A:>3> 1C;0 =0?8A0=0 A0<5 2 ?>B@i1=><C F0@87<>2V i45>:@0B8G=><C 4CAi. !2>N ?@0FN 0@0<7V= 2i@=>?i440=> ?@8A2OB82  >AC40@N 8<?5@0B>@C ;5:A0=4@C 02;>28GC, A0<>45@602FC 2A5O >AA88 , 0 ?5@54<>2C @>7?>G02 ?i4;5IC20;L=8< 72>@>B><:  A5<8;>AB8259H89 >AC40@L! . 0 28Ei4  AB>@88 0@0<7i=0 A2>3> G0AC 2i43C:=C2AO 4>H:C;L=>N 5?i3@0<>N CH:i=: </p> <p style='margin-top:13.2pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt'> <i> 53>  AB>@88 87OI=>ABL, ?@>AB>B0<br> >:07K205B =0<, 157 2AO:>3> ?@8AB@0AB8O,<br> 5>1E>48<>ABL A0<>2;0AB8O  <br>  ?@5;5AB8 :=CB0.</i> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> =O6C CAL .&nbsp;0@0<7i=, =5 2030NG8AL, 45:;0@0B82=> >3>;>A82 ?5@H>N @>Ai9AL:>N 45@602>N.  @0C:@0W=AL:0 70 :0=>=0<8 T2@>?59AL:>W iAB>@iW 45@6020 8W2AL:0 CAL 1C;0 >3>;>H5=0 i<?5@AL:8<8 iAB>@8:0<8 ?5@H>N @>Ai9AL:>N 45@602>N <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. !0< 0@0<7i=, O: i B>3>G0A=89 @>Ai9AL:89 42>@O=AL:89 AB0=, =i C:@0W=Fi2, =i 1i;>@CAi2 =5 287=0202 >:@5<8<8 =0@>40<8. "0:89 ?>3;O4, O: 2i4><>, ?0=C202 >DVFV9=> 4> :i=FO F0@AL:>W i<?5@iW.  # 7>2Ai< 28=OB:>2i< AB0=>28Ii 7=0E>48;8AO 2 >AiW C:@0W=Fi, A0<5 iA=C20==O O:8E O: =0@>4C 2;04>N 70?5@5GC20;>AO <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  28G09=0 AE5<0  F59  2>72KH0NI89 >1<0=  3@C=BCTBLAO =0 70A=>2:0E, I> ?@02>=0ABC?=8F5N ?>;iB8G=>W B0 :C;LBC@=>W A?04I8=8 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 1C;0 >A:20 B0 I> =0728  CAL i  >AiO >7=0G0NBL >4=5 i B5 6. @CH52AL:89, 0=0;i7CNG8 :0@0<7i=AL:C AE5<C, 2AB0=>282, I> 2>=0 T :><1i=0FiTN :i;L:>E AC?5@5G;828E ?>=OBL: iAB>@iW 45@602=>W >@30=i70FiW >AiW, iAB>@iW B>3>, I> 2i41C20;>AO =0 B5@8B>@iW >AiW, iAB>@iW B@L>E AEi4=>A;>2 O=AL:8E =0@>4i2 i, =0@5HBi iAB>@iW @>Ai9AL:>3> =0@>4C <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. !:>=AB@C9>20=0  728G09=0 AE5<0 2 0;>3iG=89, E8<5@=89 A?>Ai1: A?>G0B:C @>73;O40TBLAO iAB>@iO !5@54=L>3> >4=i?@>2 O B0 ?@8;53;8E ?@8G>@=><>@AL:8E AB5?i2 i @8<C 70 42i B8AOGi @>:i2, 4> 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XII&nbsp;AB. i4B>4i Ei4 ?>4i9 C >4=i?@>2 W 7=5=0FL:0 >1@820TBLAO, iAB>@8G=0 AF5=0 @0?B>2> <i=OTBLAO i 4> @>73;O4C, 70 28A;>2>< @CH52AL:>3>, =5A?>4i20=>  ?@8H820TBLAO 0;iAL:5 568@iGGO. 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'5@57 70A>18 <0A>2>W i=D>@<0FiW, H:>;C, =0C:>2C, ?>?C;O@=C i EC4>6=N ;iB5@0BC@8 WE H8@>:>, =0?>;53;82> B0 =52?8==> @>7?>2AN46C20;8, I>1 ?5@5B2>@8B8 C =52i4 T<=89 5;5<5=B iAB>@8G=>W A2i4><>ABi. #:@0W=AL:>N B0 1i;>@CAL:>N <>20<8 =5 <i3 7 O28B8AO =09<5=H89 B5:AB AB>A>2=> CAi, 157 7304:8 ?@> >A2OGC20=C B570<8 <02@>4i=AL:C 402=L>@CAL:C =0@>4=iABL.  4<i=iAB@0B82=> =0A046C20=0 :>=F5?FiO 402=L>@CAL:>W =0@>4=>ABi, I> =0G51B> 1C;0 40;5:>N ?>?5@54=8F5N T48=>3> @04O=AL:>3> =0@>4C, ?i4682;N20;0 i;N7iN >@30=iG=>W T4=>ABi @>Ai9AL:>W 45@6028, ?@8E>2CNG8 WW i<?5@AL:C ACBL. @8 FL><C 5:A?0=AiO >A:28 =0 C:@0W=AL:i 75<;i =018@0;0  ?@8AB>9=>3> 283;O4C 2>77 T4=0==O  T48=>3> @CAL:>3> =0@>4C <a href="#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" title="">[72]</a>. /: FV;:>< A;CH=> 70C206CT 4>A;V4=8: .&nbsp; O1GC::  >AV9AL:V :>;>=V70B>@8 B@0:BCNBL C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4 O:  ?>1VG=89 ?@>4C:B VAB>@8G=>3> @>728B:C , B0:5 A>1V  VAB>@8G=5 =5?>@>7C<V==O , @57C;LB0B  7>2=VH=L>W V=B@838 (?>;LAL:>-=V<5FL:>-02AB@V9AL:>-C3>@AL:>-684V2AL:>W), B8<G0A>< O: @>AVO=8 T :>;8 =5 T48=8<, B> ?@8=09<=V 3>;>2=8< A?04:>T<F5< 8W2AL:>W CAV,  25;8:8< =0@>4>< ( 1>3>=>AF5< 2 F0@AL:V G0A8),  >?;>B>< A2VB>2>3> @52>;NFV9=>3> @CEC 2 G0A8 A>2TBAL:V, B>1B> =0@>4>< 7V A?5FV0;L=>N VAB>@8G=>N <VAVTN  >1 T4=0B8 4>2:>;0 A515 CAVE A;>2 O= ( A;>2 O=>DV;LAB2> ), T2@>?59FV2 V 07VOBV2 ( T2@07V9AB2> ), 25AL A2VB (1V;LH>28FL:0  A2VB>20 @52>;NFVO ) <a href="#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" title="">[73]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> %>G0 402=L>@CAL:C =0@>4=iABL ?@>3>;>H5=> A?i;L=8< 5B=iG=8< ?@54:>< B@L>E A;>2 O=AL:8E =0@>4i2, 0;5  =0A?@024i 2>=0 :20;iDi:CTBLAO ;8H5 O: @>Ai9AL:89 5B=>A   @CAA:85 ,  @CAA:89 =0@>4 i&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4.  48=89 :>@i=L ( 402=L>@CAL:0 =0@>4=iABL ) 28O2;OTBLAO =0 ?@0:B8Fi =5 =0H8< :>@5=5<, 0  A?i;L=89 ?@54>:  7>2Ai< =5 A?i;L=8<, 0 ;8H5 ?@54:>< @>Ai9AL:>3> =0@>4C <a href="#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" title="">[74]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 ?>G0B:C 70-E&nbsp;@p. <8=C;>3> AB>;VBBO A5:@5B0@ & ><?0@BiW #:@0W=8 0;0=GC: 701>@>=82 7304C20B8 B5@<i=  8W2AL:0 CAL . # H:i;L=89 :C@A iAB>@iW 2 #:@0W=V 22>482AO =>289 B5@<i=  402=L>@CAL:0 45@6020 . >289 B5@<i= =02 O7C202AO C:@0W=AL:8< H:>;O@0< i ABC45=B0<, I>1 =5 70;8H8B8 2 WE=i9 iAB>@8G=i9 A2i4><>ABi =02iBL A?><8=C ?@> iA=C20==O O:>WAL >:@5<>W 8W2AL:>W CAi B0 WW =0@>4C. "0: 2i4 28A>:>?>AB02;5=8E ?@842>@=8E <>=0@EiABi2 0@0<7i=0 B0 >3>4i=0 4> 28A>:>?>AB02;5=>3> :><C=iAB0 0;0=GC:0 ?@>ABO3;0AO i45>;>3iG=0 ;i=iO 70?5@5G5==O iA=C20==O C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C 2 :=O6C 8W2AL:C 4>1C. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 8@5:B>@ I=AB8BCBC 5B=>3@0DiW ! !  iAB>@8: .&nbsp;@><;59 2830402 =0 7@07>: B5@<i=i2  N3>A;02AL:89 =0@>4 ,  G5E>A;>20FL:89 =0@>4 I5 i=H89 5B=>=i<iG=89 B5@<i=  @04O=AL:89 =0@>4 . 02 F59  =0@>4 CB2>@N20B8AO 7 @i7=8E 5B=>Ai2, 0;5 A?i;L=8< 4;O =L>3> <0;0 1CB8, 7@>7C<i;>, @>Ai9AL:0 <>20. 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B0 @>AV9AL:0  B>A:0 70 25;8G=>N B0 <>3CB=L>N V<?5@VTN, >B0 =>AB0;L3VO 70 2B@0G5=>N 25;8:>45@602=VABN, >B5 3>;>AV==O =04 B0: 720=8<8  >A:>;:0<8 (A0<5 B0: @>AVO=8 482;OBLAO =0 :>;8H=V A2>W  @5A?C1;V:8 ) <VDVG=>3> A2>3>  BKAOG5;5B=53> 3>AC40@AB20 (0465 >A:>2I8=C =02VBL V7 25;8:>N =0BO6:>N =5 <>6=0 1C;> 1 =0720B8 AL>3>4=V A?04:>T<8F5N =0H>W 8W2AL:>- CAL:>W 45@6028),  CA5 F5, =0 60;L, @>73>@B0TBLAO =8=V =5 ?@>AB> =0 ?A8E>;>3VG=><C @V2=V. A8E>;>3VG=C ?52=C O:CAL  @>73C1;5=VABL @>AVO= <>6=0 1C;> 1 C FL><C :>=B5:ABV =02VBL O:>AL ?>-;N4AL:><C 7103=CB8 (730409<>, O:>N B@02<>N 4;O A2V4><>ABV =V<FV2 >15@=C;0AO 2B@0B0 =8<8 :>;>=V9 ?VA;O I->W A2VB>2>W 2V9=8 B0 5@A0;O). 4=0: C 40=><C @07V V45BLAO ?@> BC @>AV9AL:C  =>AB0;L3VN 70 2B@0G5=>N V<?5@VTN, :>B@0 157?>A5@54=L> ?@>5:BCTBLAO =0 ?;>I8=C :@5<;V2AL:>W ?>;VB8G=>W ?@0:AB>;>3VW B0 AB@0B53VG=8E V=B5=FV9 @5<;O <a href="#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" title="">[77]</a>. >A8;0NG8AL =0 :>;8AL =i18B> T48=89 402=L>pCAL:89 =0p>4, ACG0A=i ?p8E8;L=8:8  T48=>W B0 =54i;8<>W =0<030NBLAO 715p53B8 i<?5piN, 70 p5:><5=40FiO<8 .&nbsp;!>;65=iF8=0, 1>409 2 <560E WW A;>2 O=AL:>3> O4p0. 304CNBLAO BCB A;>20 5=V=0:  '5@=>A>B5=FK 8 8E ;0:58 =07K20NB >AA8N 25;8:>9 A;02O=A:>9 45@602>9 25@>OB=> B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> 2 MB>9 25;8:>9 45@6025 ?@0:B8:C5BAO A0<>5 25;8:>5 C3=5B5=85 A;02O=A:8E =0@>4=>AB59 <a href="#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" title="">[78]</a>. /: ?8H5 ACG0A=89 :8W2AL:89 4>A;V4=8:,  ?5@54CAV< 20@B> 725@=CB8 C203C =0 682CGVABL :;0A8G=>3> V<?5@AL:>3> <VDC ?@> 8W2AL:C CAL O: B0:C A>1V ?@>B>- >AVN, B0 ?@> T48=89  (402=L>)@CAL:89 =0@>4, 2V4 O:>3> =5A?@8OB;82V VAB>@8G=V >1AB028=8 2V4:>;>;8 C:@0W=AL:C V 1V;>@CAL:C 3V;:8  :>B@V, >4=0:, 25AL G0A ?@03=C;8 V 4>AV ?@03=CBL 7 T4=0B8AO 7=>2C 7  7030;L=>@CAL:8< 45@52><  CAC?5@5G A2>W<  =0FV>=0;VAB8G=8< 5;VB0<. # =570;56=V9 #:@0W=V F59 <VD ?5@5AB02 1CB8 >DVFV9=8< V 7=0G=>N <V@>N 2B@0B82 2?;82>2VABL, E>G V =5 7=8: >AB0B>G=>. # ?>;53H5=><C, CB8;VB0@=>-?@>?030=48ABAL:><C 283;O4V 2V= ?>1CBCT I5 A5@54 G0AB8=8 5;VB  C @>7<0WB8E :207V-?>;VB>;>3VG=8E :>=F5?FVOE =0 :HB0;B  ?@02>A;02=>-A;>2 O=AL:>W A?V;L=>B8 ,  T2@07V9AL:>3> ?@>AB>@C ,  V=B53@0FVW 2 ! 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T.&nbsp;1. S.&nbsp;30.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span lang="RU">[25]</span></a> <span lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</span> <span lang=RU><i>8;;5@&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i> #:@08=A:89 2>?@>A 2 ?>;8B8:5 2;0AB59 8 @CAA:>< >1I5AB25==>< <=5=88 (2B>@0O ?>;>28=0 XIX&nbsp;2.). !1.: 74 2> ;5B59O, 2000. !.&nbsp;72 73.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span lang="RU"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155197"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">VII. A>@C6=89 5B=>=V<</font></i></b></span></a><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b> <i><font size="4"><a name="VII_Osoruzhnyj_etnonim"></a></font></i></b></span> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >?5@54=L> 265 3>2>@8;>AO, I> ?>;VB>=V<  CAL =5 28<0302 O:>3>AL 4>40B:>2>3> CB>G=5==O. CAL 1C;0 >4=0, V 2AV 7=0;8, I> ?V4 FVTN =072>N @>7C<VB8. >4=>3> @07C 2 @CAL:8E ;VB>?8A0E =5 28ABC?0T, B0: ?>H8@5=5 70@07, VAB>@8G=> =5:>@5:B=5 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O 8W2AL:0 CAL.  0720  8W2AL:0 CAL T HBCG=>N, 283040=>N @>AV9AL:8<8 VAB>@8:0<8, O: 0=B8B570  >A:>2AL:V9 CAV <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5 <5=H 7C<8A=5 70?;CB0=8< T 5B=VG=5 V< O B8BC;L=>3> =0@>4C CAV. >;8 2V@8B8 ?V4@CG=8:0<, 0 A0<5 7 =8E >B@8<CT V=D>@<0FVN ?@> <8=C;5 1V;LHVABL ;N459 V, 27030;V, =0FVN D>@<CNBL ?V4@CG=8:8 7 VAB>@VW, B> B8BC;L=5 =0A5;5==O 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 =07820;> A515 V=:>;8  @CA , 0 V=:>;8  @CAA8 . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !0<5 F59 H8@>:> 26820=89 7 XIX&nbsp;AB. F0@AL:8<8 VAB>@8:0<8 B5@<V=  @CAAK =0?>;53;82> ?@>?03CTBLAO 2 ACG0A=8E H:V;L=8E ?V4@CG=8:0E, 1CFV<B> 2V= T AB0@>402=V< C728G0T=8< B5@<V=>< I5 7 G0AV2 8W2AL:>W 45@6028. AL O:, =0?@8:;04, F5 @>18BLAO: </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  5@HV VAB>@8G=V 2V4><>ABV ?@> CAL, ?@> =0@>4  @CA 01>  @>A =0;560BL 4> XI&nbsp;AB. =. 5.  C !5@54=L><C @84=V?@>2 W, 45 2 =V?@> 2?040T @VG:0 >AL, V @>7<VIC20;>AL A;>2 O=AL:5 ?;5< O @CAL. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5 1C45<> =5?>:>WB8AO B8<, I> 2 =072V FL>3> =0@>4C ?>ABV9=> 7<V=NNBLAO 1C:28  > B0  C ( @>A , @VG:0 >AL V  @CA , CAL)  B0: 7<V=N20;8AO FV 1C:28 V 2 A5@54=V 2V:8 ( CAA:0O 75<;O ,  @0240 >AL:0O ), V 2 =0H G0A <8 B56 3>2>@8<> 42>O:>:  @CAA:89 O7K: ,  >AA89A:0O @5A?C1;8:0 . @> @CAV2 VI&nbsp;AB. ?8HCBL, I> F5  <C6V 25;8G57=>3> 7@>ABC . V7=VH5, C IX X&nbsp;AB.AB., >?8AC20;8 @CAV2 B0::  CA8 <C6=V 9 E>@>1@V& ;5< O @CAV2 >G>;N20;> A>N7 ?@84=V?@>2AL:8E A;>2 O=AL:8E ?;5<5=. > IX&nbsp;AB. ?V4 2;04>N @CAV2 >?8=82AO FV;89 @O4 A;>2 O=AL:8E ?;5<V==8E A>N7V2 <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 2B>@8 ?V4@CG=8:0 70:;8:0NBL =5  =5?>:>WB8AO, I> 2 =072V FL>3> =0@>4C 7<V=N20;8AO 1C:28 , 1> O:0 BCB =V18B> 4@V1=0 @V7=8FO. 0A?@024V @V7=8FO ?@8=F8?>20. "5@<V=8  @CAA8 01>  @CA8 T 70 ?>E>465==O< AEV4=8<8 (0@01AL:8<8, ?5@AL:8<8). # D>=5B8G=><C >D>@<;5==V AEV4=8E <>2 =0720 3>;>2=>3> =0@>4C CAV 72CG8BL ?5@5:@CG5=>. 5B>G=>N T V 2V70=BV9AL:0 70 ?>E>465==O< =0720  @>A8 <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  V70=BV9AL:V 3@5:8 70<V=8;8 2 V<5=V CAL 72C:  C 72C:><  > V =07820;8 @CAL:8E =0@>4>< >AA 01> >AA0<8, 0 WE :@0W=C  >AAVTN. &L><C 7=0E>4OBL 420 ?>OA=5==O: 01> 3@5:8, ?> 2G5=><C 4><8A;C, >B>B>6=N20;8 CAL 7V 7304:>N ?@>@>:0 75:V;O ?@> =0@>4 >H, 01> 2>=8 ?5@59=O;8 28<>2C 2V4 O:>3>AL BN@:>-B0B0@AL:>3> ?;5<5=V, =0?@8:;04, 2V4 E>70@, 1>  C BN@:>-B0B0@8 28<>2;ONBL G0A0<8 O:  > <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 CAV 2 :=O6C 5?>EC V ?V7=VH5 B0:8E =072 =5 26820;8.  =:>;8 2 ;VB5@0BC@V 7CAB@VG0T<> B5@<V=  @CAAK , 283040=89 2G5=>N VAB>@V>3@0DVTN: 2 465@5;0E =52V4><89 <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. B65, 5B=>=V<VG=V 2V4><>ABV, I> WE ?>40T @>AV9AL:89 H:V;L=89 ?V4@CG=8:, T =5?@02482V.  =0 B0:><C 10;0<CBAB2V 28E>2CNBLAO ?>:>;V==O H:>;O@V2. #AV FV 6>=3;N20==O =0720<8 G8=OBLAO 4;O B>3>, I>1 =5 =0720B8 4V9A=89 5B=>=V< B8BC;L=>3> =0@>4C CAV. &8< 5B=>=V<><, ?@> I> ?V4@CG=8: =02VBL =5 7304CT, 1C;> A;>2>  @CA8= . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V7=>?;5<V==5 =0A5;5==O CAV,  =091V;LH>W =0 B>9 G0A 2 2@>?V 45@6028,  5B=VG=> 4V;8;>AO =0 42V G0AB8=8: =0  @CA8=V2 V =0 @5HBC =0@>4=>AB59. 2060TBLAO, I> A0<0 =0720 (5B=>=V<)  @CA8= ?>E>48BL 2V4 =0728 :@0W=8  CAL , E>G0 <>6;820 72>@>B=0 ?>A;V4>2=VABL. >;8 ?V4 45@602=5 ?>=OBBO  CAL 2E>48;0 2AO B5@8B>@VO, I> ?V4;O30;0 :=O6V9 2;04V, 7 3>;>2=8< >A5@54:>< C 8T2V, B> ?V4 5B=VG=5 ?>=OBBO  @CA8=  BV;L:8 =0A5;5==O >4=V?@>2 O (75<;O ?>;O=), 0 73>4>< 2>=> ?>H8@8;>AL =0 =0A5;5==O ?@8;53;8E 75<5;L. 0 =0A5;5==O 0;VAAO F59 B5@<V= =V:>;8 =5 ?>H8@N202AO. '5@57 B5 5B=>=V<  @CA8= 4;O @>AV9AL:>W VAB>@V>3@0DVW T >A>@C6=8<.  5@5:;040NG8 =0 @>AV9AL:C <>2C AB0@>:8W2AL:V ;VB>?8A8, =0O2=89 2 >@83V=0;L=><C B5:ABV 5B=>=V<  @CA8= ?5@5:;0402AO O:  @CAA:89 ! # B>9 65 G0A 26820==O AB>A>2=> 4>18 8W2AL:>W CAV ?>=OBL  C:@0W=FV ,  C:@0W=AL:89 22060;>AO 28O2><  1C@6C07=>3> =0FV>=0;V7<C V AC2>@> ?5@5A;V4C20;>AO <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. # A5@54=L>2VG=8E G0A0E 5B=>A8 728G09=>, ?>2AO:45=L =07820;8 A515 @>7<0WB>:  ;N4L<8 ,  BCB5H=V<8 ,  <C68:0<8 , 0 O: 71V@=8< V<5=5<   3@><04O=0<8 01>  ?V440=8<8  ?@8=0;56=8<8 4> :>=:@5B=>3> 45@602=>3> 72 O7:C. V6=0@>4=V C3>48 28<030;8 V=H>3>  B>G=>W 5B=VG=>W =0728. "><C 2?5@H5, V F5 =5 28?04:>2>, 5B=>=V<  @>CA8=J C ;VB>?8A0E 7CAB@VG0TBLAO C AB0BBOE <V6=0@>4=8E 4>3>2>@V2 CAV 7 V70=BVTN 911 945&nbsp;@@. 0?@8:;04:  0I5 :B> >C18ABL :@BKO =0 @CA8=L (BCB @CA8=  ?@54AB02=8: CAV, =5 E@8AB8O=8=; E@8AB8O=8=  3@5:),  8;8 E@8AB8O=8= @CA8=0 (AB0BBO G5B25@B0 4>3>2>@C 912&nbsp;@. 70 ?0BVW2AL:8< ;VB>?8A=8< A?8A:><). 1>:  0I5 ;8 :;NG8BAO >C:@0AB8 @CA8=C >B 3@5: GB>, 8;8 3@5G8=C >B @CA8=0 (7 4>3>2>@C 945&nbsp;@.)<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>.   5I5 >C1LTBL :@5ABO=8= @CA8=0 8;8 @CA8= :@5ABKO=0 (AB0BBO B@8=04FOB0 4>3>2>@C 945&nbsp;@. 70 ?0BVW2AL:8< ;VB>?8A=8< A?8A:><). 1>, 265 70 02@5=BV9AL:8< ;VB>?8A=8< A?8A:><:  0I5 >C40@8BL <5G5< 8;8 :>?L5< 8;8 :0F5< ;N1> >@C6L5< @CA8= 3@5G8=0 8;8 3@LG8=L @CA8=0 <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> B65, C <V6=0@>4=><C 4>3>2>@V ;530 7 3@5:0<8 911&nbsp;@. B5@<V=  @CA8= 73040=89 AV< @07V2, C <V6=0@>4=><C 4>3>2>@V 3>@O 944&nbsp;@.  HVABL @07V2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> %@8AB8O=AB2> ?@89H;> =0 CAL 7 V70=BVW, V ?@>BO3>< 4>23>3> ?5@V>4C 28I0 @CAL:0 F5@:>2=0 VT@0@EVO A:;040;0AO 7 ?@8A;0=8E 3@5:V2. >;8 7 O282AO =0@5HBV ?5@H89 02B>EB>==89 8W2AL:89 <8B@>?>;8B, B> ?@> =L>3> ;VB>?8A5FL 7 3>@4VABN A:0702:  8B@>?>;8BJ ;0@8>=J CA8=J .  3>;>2=>3> 4CE>2=>3> F5=B@C CAV  8T2>-5G5@AL:>3> <>=0AB8@O  289H;8 ?5@HV :04@8 02B>EB>==>3> T?8A:>?0BC. 024O:8 4VO;L=>ABV 8T2>-5G5@AL:>3> <>=0AB8@O C CAL:V9 F5@:2V  4> A5@548=8 XI&nbsp;AB. 1V;LHVABL 0@EVT@5W2 A:;040;8  @CA8=8 <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. # CAB8=AL:><C ;VB>?8AV ?V4 1225&nbsp;@. 70?8A0=>:   B>6 ;VB> ?>A2OI5=L 1KABL <8B@>?>;8B VT2C 8@8; CA8=, CG5=K9 V ?>1>6=K9 . V4 1355&nbsp;@.:  >A2OI5= 1KABL =0 <8B@>?>;VN K82A:CN ;5:AV9 CA8= >B $V;>D5O ?0B@VO@E0 . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /: ?>E>465==O E>@>=V<0  CAL , B0: V ?>E>465==O 5B=>=V<0  @CA8= <0T ?5@5206=> 42>O:5 B;C<0G5==O: VA=CT =>@<0=AL:0 B5>@VO V @>7<0WBV 25@AVW, I> FN =>@<0=AL:C B5>@VN 70?5@5GCNBL. )> 6 4> ?@0:B8:8 26820==O 5B=>=V<0  @CA8= 2 5?>EC 8W2AL:>W 45@6028, A5@54 4>A;V4=8:V2 @>71V6=>AB59 =5<0T. AV AE>4OBLAO =0 B><C, I> @CA8=  F5 ?V245=5FL (N60=8=) V7 ?>;O=<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>.  CAL  A5 75<;O ?>;O=, CA8=8  A5 ?>;O=5 <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. 1> I> @CA8=  27030;V :>@V==89 68B5;L ?V245==>W 8W2AL:>W CAV<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>.  CA8=  :8O=8=, =0?@8:;04, <8B@>?>;8B ;0@V>=,  2 @>7C<V==V, 728G09=>, =5 20@O3>-@CAA0, 0 C@>465=FO 8T20 01> >4=V?@>2 O <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>.  CA8=  68B5;L 8W2I8=8,  7304:0 ?@> @CA8=0 2  >23>@>4AL:V9 @024V ?@8@>4=0 ?@8 B><C A?V;:C20==V, O:5 VA=C20;> <V6 >23>@>4>< B0 8T2>< 2 X XII&nbsp;AB>@VGGOE <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. !;>2=8: AB0@>C:@0W=AL:>W <>28, =02>4OG8 2V4?>2V4=V ?@8:;048, AB25@46CT:  CA8=  =0720 C:@0W=FO D5>40;L=>W 4>18 <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # =0H8E =091;86G8E VAB>@8G=8E ACAV4V2  ?>;O:V2  I>4> 26820==O 5B=>=V<0  @CA8= B56 =5<0T =5287=0G5=>ABV. # ?>;LAL:V9 =0C:>2V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, O: V 2 ?>1CB>2><C <>2;5==V, 5B=>=V<  @CA8= ?@>BO3>< AB>;VBL 268202AO V 26820TBLAO C 7=0G5==V ACG0A=>3> B5@<V=0 C:@0W=5FL. , O: 2V47=0G0T ?>;LAL:89 4>A;V4=8:,  =0;568BL 4> B8E 28=OB:>28E 5B=VG=8E =072, O:V =5 2<VICNBL C A>1V =VG>3> =0A<VH:C20B>3> 01> >1@07;82>3> <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. ;O C:@0W=FV2 ?>;O: 1C2  ;OE>< , V=>4V  ;OH:>< , G0A0<8  ;OHC@>N . ;O ?>;O:V2 C:@0W=5FL 702648 1C2 BV;L:8  @CA8= <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>. 5@HV ?>;LAL:V ;VB>?8AFV  0@B8= 0;L, 0 70 =8< 04;C15:  =07820NBL :@0W=C =0 AEV4 2V4 :>@4>=V2 >;LIV  Ruthenorum regnum (:>@>;V2AB2> @CA8=V2). ?8A:>? :@0:V2AL:89 0B2V9 ?8A02 1150&nbsp;@. 5@=0@4>2V 7 ;T@2>:  Gens ruthena multitudine innumerabili ceu sideribus adequata (?;5< O @CA8=V2 A2>TN 157G8A;5==>N :V;L:VABN 045:20B=5 7>@O<). B65, 2 5?>EC CAV 5B=>=V<  @CA8= 26820;8 O: A0<V 68B5;V B5?5@VH=L>W #:@0W=8, B0: V AC<V6=V =0@>48. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 0EV4=V9 2@>?V 265 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XI&nbsp;AB. 2 ;0B8=><>2=8E 465@5;0E 7 O282AO ?5@5:;04 =0728  @CA8= C D>@<V Rutheni.  ;0B8=8 Ruthenia ?5@59H;0 =0 >7=0G5==O @CA8=V2 4> =V<FV2, D@0=FC7V2, 0=3;V9FV2  Ruthenen, Ruthenes, Ruthenians. 8A;V2 Ruthenus T ;0B8=AL:>N D>@<>N 3@5FL:>3> Routhenos, I> ?5@540T A;>2>  @CA8= . # =>2>3@5FL:V9 28<>2V <i>th (theta)</i> 2V4?>2V40;0 72C:>2V <b>s</b>, 0 <i>e (eta)</i>  72C:>2V <b>i</b>. CA8=  3@5FL:5 <i>Routhenos</i>. # ;0B8=AL:V9 B@0=A:@8?FVW <i>th (theta)</i> ?5@54020;>AL G5@57 <b>th</b>, 0 <i>e (eta)</i>  G5@57 <b>e</b>,  72V4A8 <b>Ruthenus</b>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @>F5A 287=0G5==O B5@<V=0  @CA8= , =0?>2=5==O 9>3> 5B=VG=8<, @5;V3V9=8<, ?>;VB8G=8< B0 :C;LBC@=8< 7<VAB>< ?>ABV9=> AB8<C;N202AO =0H8<8 70EV4=8<8 ACAV40<8, O:V 28E>48;8 7 ?@0:B8G=8E <V@:C20=L  B@510 1C;> @>7@V7=OB8 GC689 =0@>4.  &5 ?>GCBBO A?V;L=>B8 ?@>O2;O;>AL 4C65 A:>@> C 7030;L=>26820=V9 A?V;L=V9 =072V  @CA8= . &N =072C ?@8:;040;> 4> A515 2A5 =0H5 5B=VG=5 =0A5;5==O C 7=>A8=0E =07>2=V, E>G C 2=CB@VH=8E 270T<8=0E 7045@60=> I5 4>23> <VAF52V 01> ?;5<V==V =0728. &O =0720  @CA8= ?@89=O;0AL 1C;0 B25@4> A5@54 5B=VG=> =0H8E ?;5<5= V >1;0AB59, 0 >A>1;82> A8;L=> =0 ?>3@0=8GGOE, I>1 707=0G8B8 9 ?V4:@5A;8B8 ?@>B825=AB2> 4> 45@602=>, :C;LBC@=> 9 5B=VG=> GC68E 5;5<5=BV2 <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >AV9AL:V VAB>@8:8, =5A?@><>6=V 70?5@5G8B8 B5@<V=  @CA8= , I> CB2>@5=89 FV;:>< 70:>=><V@=> 70 ?@028;0<8 A;>2 O=AL:>3> A;>2>B2>@C: <b>@>CA + 8=J</b> (;8B28=, <>@428= B>I>) V O:89 715@V30T =03>;>H5=89 C 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 4V0;5:B0E ?>G0B:>289 A:;04 A;>20 @CA8= (>48= 7 42>E AB0@>402=VE =03>;>AV2), 70?5@5GCNBL 9>3> <=>68==C D>@<C   @CA8=8 . 0 ?>G0B:C <=>68=>N 4> A;>20  @CA8= 1C;0 CAL.  1V@=5 V< O =0@>4C  CAL, O: 'C4L, !5@1L, 0 >48=8G=5  CA8=, O: 'C48=, >;30@8=, !5@18=, 01> !5@1;O=8= <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. ;5 73>4>< 2V4 >4=8=8  @CA8= CB2>@NTBLAO, 70 70:>=0<8 C:@0W=AL:>W <>28, <=>68=0  @CA8=8 . >4V1=> CB2>@NTBLAO <=>68=0, =0?@8:;04, 2 A;>20E: A8=-A8=8, A5AB@0-A5AB@8, 2V=-2>=8, ?0=-?0=8, <;8=-<;8=8 B>I>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">   15770AB5@56=8< D0:B><, I> !C740;L V >23>@>4 28@07=> 2V4<56C20;8AO 2V4 =0728  CAL C XII XIII&nbsp;AB>;VBBOE V ?V7=VH5, 0 B0:>6 T 15770?5@5G=8< D0:B><, I> @>AVO=8 =V:>;8 =5 ?@8A2>W;8 A>1V 5B=>=V<0  @CA8= , O:89 VA=C202 157?5@5@2=> =0 C:@0W=AL:8E B5@8B>@VOE 2V4 IX ?> XX&nbsp;AB>;VBBO <a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title="">[20]</a>. )>1 =59B@0;V7C20B8 >A>@C6=89 5B=>=V< C AB0@8E B5:AB0E, @>AV9AL:V 4>A;V4=8:8 D0;LHCNBL, ?5@5@>1;ONG8 B5@<V=  @CA8= =0 ?@8B0<0==C WE=V9 <>2V ?@8:<5B=8:>2C D>@<C  @CAA:V9 . "0:8< 7@07:><  <>65 A;C68B8 ?5@5:;04  0@8>=J @CA8=J 7 ;VB>?8AC 1051&nbsp;@. O:  ;0@8>=J @CAA:89 @>4>< ( >25ABL 2@5<5==KE ;5B ?>4 @54. .&nbsp;.&nbsp;=4@8O=>2>9-5@5BF, .-., 1950). "CB ?>=OBBO 3@0=8G=> B>G=5 70<V=5=> ?>;>28=G0AB8<, 1>  @CA8=J  287=0G0T G;5=0 :><?;5:AC, I> >1V9<0T @V4, ?;NA B5@8B>@VN, ?;NA A2V4><VABL 72 O7:C 7 =8<. "8< G0A><  @CAA:89 @>4>< <>65 =0@>48B8AL V 2 8B0W <a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title="">[21]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /: 2840NBLAO G8, B>G=VH5, 284020;8AO C 04O=AL:><C !>N7V VAB>@8G=V B5:AB8, =0?8A02 0:04. /.&nbsp;A0T28G:  0 #:@0W=V @>7FV=N20;>AO O:  =0FV>=0;VAB8G=89 , B8< A0<8< V =09206G89, 7;>G8= :>@8ABC20B8AO A;>20<8  C:@0W=AL:89 V  C:@0W=FV 4;O 4>18 8W2AL:>W CAV, =0B><VABL @>AV9AL:V VAB>@8:8 2V;L=> 26820;8  @CAA:89 O: A8=>=V< B5@<V=0  402=L>@CAL:89 , 0 402=VE @CA8=V2 V45=B8DV:C20;8 7 @>AVO=0<8. 0?@8:;04, C =091V;LH ?>H8@5=><C ?5@5:;04V  >2VABV 2@5<5==8E ;VB A;>20  ?>;>68B8 @O4 <56N CALN 9 @5:K (B>1B> <V6 CAAN V @5FVTN) ?5@5:;045=>  CAB0=>28BL 4>3>2>@ <564C 3@5:0<8 9 @CAA:8<8 . 0;V 2 B5:ABV A;>2>  @CA8= B0:>6 ?>A;V4>2=> ?5@5:;040TBLAO O:  @CAA:89 . "0:89 ?5@5:;04 AB02 22060B8AO >1>2'O7:>28<; ?8;L=C20;8 FL>3> 4C65 AC2>@>. 4=>3> @07C, :>;8 @5F5=75=B8 V @540:FVO =0C:>2>3> 71V@=8:0, 2840=>3> ?V4 53V4>N &nbsp;! ! , =54>4828;0AO, I> 02B>@ >4=VTW 7V AB0B59 2682 A;>2>  @CA8= AB>A>2=> =0A5;5==O 8W2AL:>W CAV, B> ?5@54 28?CA:>< C A2VB 4> 2AVE ?@8<V@=8:V2 1C;0 2:;045=0 :0@B>G:0  Errata:  04@C:>20=>  @CA8=K . 0T 1CB8  @CAA:85 . @8:;04V2 V45=B8DV:0FVW C @>AV9AL:8E =0C:>28E 2840==OE ?>=OBL  402=O CAL V  >AVO <>6=0 1C;> 1 =025AB8 157;VG <a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title="">[22]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 4=8< 7V A?>A>1V2 70B5<=8B8 D0:B VA=C20==O C 8W2AL:V9 45@602V 5B=>=V<0  @CA8= T 9>3> 70<VI5==O :=86=>N =072>N  @CA8G . # =0HC ACA?V;L=C VAB>@8:>-:C;LBC@=C A2V4><VABL, 7024O:8 ?5@54CAV< H:>;V, <VF=> 22V9H;0 ?A524>5B=>=V<VG=0 =0720  @CA8G . "5@<V=  @CA8G 2V4><89 V7  !;>20 > ?>;:C 3>@52V< <a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title="">[23]</a>. @> FN ?>5<C 4>@5G=> 1C45 A:070B8, I>  :;0A8G=8< ?@8:;04>< 01AC@4=8E ?@5B5=7V9 =0 :C;LBC@=C A?04I8=C #:@0W=8- CA8 T ?@>3>;>H5==O  !;>20 > ?>;:C 3>@52V< =09402=VH8< B2>@><  402=L>@CAL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 , =572060NG8 =0 B5, I> ?>4VW B2>@C 2V41C20NBLAO 1V;LH O: 70 ?V2B8AOGV :V;><5B@V2 =0 ?V245=L 2V4 @>AV9AL:8E 5B=VG=8E 75<5;L, =0 ?@010BL:V2I8=V C:@0W=FV2. >70 2AO:8< AC<=V2><, C:@0W=AL:8<8 T =5 BV;L:8 <VAF5 4VW, 0 9 VAB>@8G=V @50;VW, ;5:A8:0, EC4>6=V >1@078, ;VB5@0BC@=0 D>@<0 B2>@C. 1AC@4=VABL B25@465==O AB0T I5 OA=VH>N, :>;8 73040B8, I> A0<5 ?V4 G0A 0=B8?>;>25FL:>3> ?>E>4C ?V245==8E @CA8GV2 =0 G>;V 7 :=O75< 3>@5< >;>48<8@>-!C740;LI8=0 1C;0 =091;86G8< A>N7=8:>< ?>;>2FV2 C 1>@>BL1V 7 8T2><. B65, =V 74V9A=8B8 2V9AL:>289 ?>EV4 =0 ?>;>2FV2, =V >A?V2C20B8 9>3> AC740;LFV =5 <>3;8, 0 7=0G8BL ?@>3>;>HC20B8  !;>2> ?@>4C:B>< B2>@G>ABV @>AVO= =5<0T 6>4=8E ?V4AB02 <a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="">[24]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 481C20=89 C  !;>2V > ?>;:C 3>@52V< B5@<V=  @CA8G 7CAB@VG0TBLAO ;8H5 B0<.  &5,  ?>OA=NNBL,  02B>@AL:5 A;>2>, A2>T@V4=0 D>@<C;0 28A>:>3> AB8;N AB0@>@CAL:>3> ?>5B0 <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="">[25]</a>. /:I> =5 1@0B8 4> C2038 ?>5B8G=8E B0 ?C1;VF8AB8G=8E >?CAV2, B> F59 B5@<V= 2 O:>ABV 5B=>=V<0 =V:>;8 ?@0:B8G=> =5 268202AO. &V:02>, I> A;>2>  @CA8G =5 <0T 6V=>G>3> @>4C, =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 5B=>=V<0  @CA8=   @CA8=:0 . V4><89 D@0=FC7L:89 4>A;V4=8: =@V 07>= V @>AV9AL:89 2G5=89 8<V=, O:V 28ABC?0NBL ?@>B8 402=L>@CAL:>ABV  !;>20 , 22060NG8 9>3> AB8;V70FVTN, =0?8A0=>N 2 XVIII&nbsp;AB. 28E>20=F5< 8W2AL:>W 4CE>2=>W 0:045<VW 20=>< 8:>2AL:8<, ?>A8;0NBLAO O:@07 =0 B5@<V=  @CA8GV O: =0 0@3C<5=B =5>@83V=0;L=>ABV B2>@C. >=8 ?>A8;0NBLAO =0 B>9 D0:B, I> B5@<V=  @CA8G =5 70A2V4G5=89 C 6>4=8E V=H8E AB0@>@CAL:8E B5:AB0E<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="">[26]</a>.  'C45@=0FL:0 =0720  CA8GV V7  !;>20 > ?>;:C 3>@52V< , =0 =0HC 4C<:C, ?>E>48BL =5 2V4 CAL, 0 2V4 ;535=40@=>3> :=O7O CA0, I> 9>3> 283040;8 ?>;LAL:V ;VB>?8AFV. /:@07 >FV  CA8GV T >4=8< 7 4>:07V2 =502B5=B8G=>ABV  !;>20 , 1> ;535=40 ?@> :=O7O CA0 7 O28;0AO ;8H5 2 XV XVI&nbsp;2.2. <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>. </p> <p> @8A:V?;8289 0=0;V7 B5@<V=C  @CA8GV =02V2 4>A;V4=8:V2 =0 4C<:C ?@> <>6;82C BCB ?><8;:C 2 =0?8A0==V. V4><>, I> C  !;>2V 1030B> B5<=8E <VAFL. 8=8:;> ?@8?CI5==O,  I> 2  !;>2V > ?>;:C 3>@52V< 70<VABL <VDVG=>3>  @CA8GV 1V;LH :>@5:B=> G8B0B8  @CALF8 <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>. B65, C;N1;5=89 ?>5B0<8 V ?C1;VF8AB0<8  @CA8G 2B@0G0T A2>N =5?52=C @>;L 70<V==8:0 5B=>=V<0  @CA8= . "5@<V=  @CA8= , O: ?>10G8<> 40;V, 2V:0<8 268202AO =0 C:@0W=AL:V9 5B=VG=V9 B5@8B>@VW. </p> <p> &nbsp; </p> <br clear="all"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>8A>FL:89&nbsp;!.&nbsp;.</i> 8W2AL:0 ?8A5<=0 H:>;0 X XII AB. (> VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>W ?8A5<=>ABV). L2V2; 8W2; LN->@:, 1998. !.&nbsp;52.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;AB>@VO ! ! : V4@CG=8: 4;O 8&nbsp;:;. A5@54. H:V; / 0 @54. <i>.&nbsp;.&nbsp; 810:>20.</i> 3 BT 284., 4>>?@. .: 04. H:., 1990. !.&nbsp;39 40.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>02@>48=&nbsp;.</i> @>8AE>645=85 =0720=89  CAL ,  @CAA:89 ,  >AA8O . ., 1958. !.&nbsp;23.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;!<i>B>@>65=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>0;0O >AA8O 8;8 #:@08=0? ., 1918. 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FL>3> G0AC ?@>F5A @>74@V1;5==O 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 ?@8A:>@82AO, V 2>=0 =57010@>< @>7?0;0AO =0 15&nbsp;75<5;L.  0=0;>3VG=89 A?>AV1, ?>4V;5=0 <V6 B@L><0 >=C:0<8, @>7?0;0AO =0 >:@5<V 75<;V V=H0 A5@54=L>2VG=0 V<?5@VO 2 2@>?V  45@6020 0@;0 5;8:>3>. 0=5?04 8W2AL:>W 45@6028, 7@>7C<V;>, 1C2 7C<>2;5=89 AC:C?=VABN @>7<0WB8E ?@8G8=. @>B5 =0A0<?5@54 @>7?04>< 5B=VG=>W A8AB5<8, I> 2V4>1@078;>AO C B@820;><C 0=B8:8W2AL:><C A>N7V 2>;>48<8@>-AC740;LAL:8E :=O7V2 7 ?>;>2FO<8. 0 0;VAL:V9 75<;V D>@<C202AO =>289 5B=>A 7V A2>W< >:@5<8< ?>;VB8G=8< B0 ACA?V;L=8< ;04><, 7V A2>W<8 A5?0@0B8ABAL:8<8 0=B8:8W2AL:8<8 CAB@5<;V==O<8. /A:@028< ?@54AB02=8:>< =>2>3> 5B=>AC 1C2 A8= ?>;>2G0=:8 =4@V9 >3>;N1AL:89 (?@V728I5 2V4 <VAF52>ABV >3>;N1>2>)   A?@026=V9 ?V2=VG=89 :=O7L, VAB8==89 AC740;5FL-70;VI0=8= 70 A2>W<8 728G:0<8 V ?>=OBBO<8, 70 A2>W< ?>;VB8G=8< 28E>20==O< <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 1169&nbsp;@. =4@V9 >3>;N1AL:89 7V1@02 25;8:C 0@<VN V @CH82 ?>E>4>< =0 8W2.  #7OB89 65 1C2 8W2 <VAOFO 15@57=O C 420=04FOB89 45=L, C A5@548=C 4@C3>W =54V;V ?>ABC.  3@01C20;8 2>=8 420 4=V C25AL 3>@>4  >4>;;O, V >@C, V <>=0AB8@V, V !>DVN, V 5AOB8==C >3>@>48FN.  =5 1C;> ?><8;>20==O 0=V:><C V =V72V4:8: F5@:28 3>@V;8, E@8AB8O= C1820;8, 0 4@C38E 2 O70;8, 6V=>: 25;8 2 ?>;>=, A8;><VFL @>7;CG0NG8 V7 <C60<8 WE=V<8, 4VB8 @840;8, 482;OG8AL =0 <0B5@V2 A2>WE.  27O;8 2>=8 <09=0 157;VG, V F5@:28 >3>;8;8 >4 V:>=, V :=83, V @87, V 472>=8 ?>7=V<0;8&  ?8H5 ;VB>?8A5FL.   2AV A2OB8=V 1C;> 701@0=>. 0?0;5=89 1C2 =02VBL <>=0AB8@ 5G5@AL:89 A2OB>W >3>@>48FV ?>30=8<8, 0;5 >3 <>;8B20<8 A2OB>W >3>@>48FV >15@V3 9>3> >4 B0:>W 1V48.  1C2 C 8T2V A5@54 CAVE ;N459 AB>3V=, V BC30, V A:>@1>B0 =52B8H8<0, V A;L>78 157?5@5AB0==VW. !5 6 CA5 24VO;>AO 70 3@VE8 =0HV <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> VEB> 4> B>3> B0: 6>@AB>:> =5 ?;N=4@C202 AB>;8FN CAV. 8W2AL:89 ?>3@>< A2V4G82 ?@> 2B@0BC A5@54 =0A5;5==O 0;VAAO ?>GCBBO 5B=VG=>W B0 45@602=>W T4=>ABV 7 CAAN.  1169&nbsp;@., 70E>?82H8 8W2, =4@V9 2V4402 <VAB> =0 B@845==5 @>73@01C20==O A2>W< @0B=8:0<. > FL>3> <><5=BC =0 CAV 1C;> ?@89=OB> ?>2>48B8AO ?>4V1=8< A?>A>1>< BV;L:8 7 GC6>75<=8<8 <VAB0<8. 0 @CAL:V <VAB0 =V ?@8 O:8E <V6CA>18FOE ?>4V1=0 ?@0:B8:0 =V:>;8 =5 @>7?>2AN46C20;0AO. 0:07 =4@VO >3>;N1AL:>3> ?>:07CT, I> 4;O =L>3> V 9>3> 4@C68=8 1169&nbsp;@. 8W2 1C2 =0ABV;L:8 6 GC68<, O: O:89-=51C4L =V<5FL:89 01> ?>;LAL:89 70<>: <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. 5I>402=> 0@EVT@59AL:89 A8=>4 >AV9AL:>W ?@02>A;02=>W F5@:28 ?@>3>;>A82 =4@VO >3>;N1AL:>3> A2OB8<. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 8I5=02545=C D@07C ;VB>?8AFO, I> AC740;LAL:V 3@01V6=8:8  27O;8 <09=0 157;VG, V F5@:28 >3>;8;8 >4 V:>=, V :=83 , B;C<0G0BL C B>9 A?>AV1, =V18B> B>4V 7 8T20 4> 0;VAAO 701@0=> :=O7V2AL:V ;VB>?8A=V E@>=V:8. 1> G0AB> B25@4OBL, I> FV ;VB>?8A8 ?>B@0?8;8 =0 0;VAAO ?VA;O B0B0@AL:>W =020;8.  /: C =0CFV, B0: V 2 ?>?C;O@=V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, GC6V9 V =0HV9, ?>H8@5=0 :>=F5?FVO ?@> B5, I> B0B0@AL:0 V=207VO A?@8G8=8;0 2B5GC :C;LBC@=>-0:B82=8E 5;5<5=BV2 7 #:@0W=8 =0 ?V2=VG, 4> !C740;LAL:>->A:>2AL:>W 75<;V. @8 B><C BV 4VOGV 7018@0;8 728G09=> V7 A>1>N A2>W :C;LBC@=V FV==>ABV.  B0:89 A?>AV1 4V9H;> 4> B>3>, I> >A:20 ?5@59=O;0 8W2AL:C :C;LBC@=C A?04I8=C, 4>:07>< G>3> T 70E>20=V =0 >A:>2I8=V @C:>?8A8 ;VB>?8AV2 B0 V=H8E :C;LBC@=8E FV==>AB59, O:V 2 #:@0W=V =5 715@53;8AO. 0 ?@8:;04V 4>;V @C:>?8AV2 =09206;82VH>3> B2>@C :=O6>W 4>18  ?0BAL:>3> 1V@=8:0 (VB>?8AC) <>6=0 B5?5@ 4>25AB8, I> 40=0 B570 =5 <0T =VO:>3> >13@C=BC20==O <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0A?@024V, O: 4>A;V482 .&nbsp;@VF0:, ?0BVW2AL:89 A?8A>: ?>B@0?82 C >A:>2I8=C =5 @0=VH5 XVII&nbsp;AB., 0 V=HV A?8A:8  CAL:>3> ;VB>?8AC ?>B@0?8;8 7 #:@0W=8 4> >A:28 V 5B5@1C@30 =0 ?>G0B:C XIX&nbsp;AB. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> A;01;5=0 <V6CA>1=>N 1>@>BL1>N V7 0;VAAO< CAL:0 45@6020 7@>18;0AO ?V440B;82>N =0 7>2=VH=V 03@5AVW. # ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XIII&nbsp;AB. 2>=0 707=0;0 :0B0AB@>DVG=>W <>=3>;>-B0B0@AL:>W =020;8. 0 :C@C;B0W (7 W74V <>=3>;LAL:8E AB0@H8=-=>9>=V2) C 0@0:>@C<V 1235&nbsp;@. 28@VH5=> 1C;> 74V9A=8B8 702>9>2=8FL:89 ?>EV4 =0 70EV4. ;O C;CAC (2>;>4V==O) AB0@H><C A8=>2V '8=3V7E0=0 6CGV 1C;> ?@87=0G5=> 75<;V  =091V;LH 2V440;5=V =0 70EV4 2V4 2;0A=5 >=3>;VW <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. 0 CAV <>=3>;8 (WE BCB =07820;8 B0B0@0<8) 7 O28;8AO 1223&nbsp;@. 9, @>73@><82H8 @CAL:>-?>;>25FL:5 2V9AL:> =04 @VG:>N 0;:>N, ?>25@=C;8AO C 40;5:V <>=3>;LAL:V AB5?8. 4@C35 B0B0@>-<>=3>;8 ?@89H;8 1237&nbsp;@. ?V4 ?@>2>4>< 0B8O V 702>N20;8 0;VAAO. '5@57 420 @>:8, 1240&nbsp;@.,  >@48 0B8O ?VH;8 265 =0 CAL, 7@C9=C20;8 8W2 V ?VH;8 40;V =0 0EV4. 3C@B>20=5, 4>1@5 >@30=V7>20=5 V G8A;5==5 B0B0@AL:5 2V9AL:> 7024020;> A2>W A<5@B5;L=V C40@8 @>7@V7=5=8< @CAL:8< 4@C68=0< <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. @>BO3>< G>B8@L>E AB>;VBL (7 ?>G0B:C IX 4> A5@548=8 XII) CAL:0 45@6020 7V AB>;8F5N C 8T2V 1C;0 A5@F528=>N VAB>@8G=>3> @>728B:C !EV4=>W 2@>?8. "5?5@ =0AB02 WW 70=5?04. 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CAL:V <8B@>?>;8B8 <CA8;8 >B@8<C20B8 2V4 E0=0  O@;8: =0 ?@02> 28:>=C20B8 A2>W DC=:FVW. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0B0@AL:5 ?0=C20==O, 01>  V3> , O: 9>3> =07820;8 =0 CAV, ?@8725;> 4> ?>2=>3> 2V4GC65==O 0;VAL:>W 75<;V 2V4 5B=VG=>W CAV. >;VB8G=0 VAB>@VO F8E 42>E B5@8B>@V9 ?VH;0 2V4B>4V >AB0B>G=> 2V4<V==8<8 H;OE><8, 0 I>4> 5B=VG=>W VAB>@VW, B> 2>=0, O: <8 10G8;8, 7 A0<>3> ?>G0B:C 1C;0 2V4<V==>N. </p> <p style="text-indent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p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >;>=VAB8 0;VAAO =0<030;8AO E>G O:>NAL <V@>N 1CB8 ?@8G5B=8<8 4> 1;8A:CG>W A?04I8=8 :8W2AL:>W :C;LBC@8. &L><C A?@8O;0 V ?>;VB8:0 <>=3>;>-B0B0@AL:8E 702>9>2=8:V2. >@AB>:89 V ?V4ABC?=89, 2V@=>?V440=89 <>=3>;LAL:89 20A0; V @5B5;L=89 A;C30, :=O7L>: <0;5=L:>3> B>4V >A:>2AL:>3> :=O7V2AB20 =0 0;VAAV 20= 0;8B0 70 28=OB:>2V 70A;C38 >B@8<CT 2V4 E0=0 #715:0 2 1328&nbsp;@. 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"0:0 ?>AB020 V70=BVW 1C;0 >AB0==V<, A<5@B5;L=8< C40@>< ?> 8T2V 70 9>3> G0ABC >?>78FVN 4> V70=BVW, 70 9>3> A0<>ABV9=C E@8AB8O=AL:C V=482V4C0;L=VABL B0 9>3> E@8AB8O=AL:C 2A5;5==VABL. &V ?@8:<5B8 CA8-#:@0W=8 E>BV;8 2V70=BV9AL:V ?0B@VO@E8 7=8I8B8 V 7@>18B8 7 CA8 A2>WE ?>;VB8G=8E B0 @5;V3V9=8E ?V440=8E <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. AL, 4;O ?@8:;04C, O: "5>4>AV9-3@5: ?>2G02 =0H8E :=O7V2:  5 ?@8;CG09B5AL 4> ;0B8=AL:>W 2V@8, =5 45@6VBL WE >18G0W2, 2BV:09B5 2V4 WE ?@8G0ABO V 2AO:>3> WE CG5==O, 1@84LB5AO WE 728G0W2, 0 4>=L>: A2>WE 15@56VBL V =5 40209B5 70 =8E, 0=V =5 15@VBL WE; =5 1@0B09B5AO 7 =8<8, =5 :;0=O9B5AO, =5 ?>74>@>2;O9B5; =5 W46B5 7 >4=>W 7 =8<8 ?>AC48=8, =V =5 ?89B5, 0=V AB@02 2V4 =8E =5 ?@89<09B5 <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. &5 >7=0G0;> V7>;N20B8 CAL 2V4 CAL>3> :C;LBC@=>3> A2VBC B0 7030=OB8 WW 2 ?>2=C 70;56=VABL BV;L:8 2V4 V70=BVW. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >@>BL10 V70=BVW ?@>B8  ;0B8=O= V  ;0B8=AB20 ?5@5B2>@8;0AO 4;O <>A:>2AL:8E F5@:>2=8:V2 C 1>@>BL1C =5 ABV;L:8 ?@>B8 :0B>;8F87<C, A:V;L:8 27030;V ?@>B8 2AVTW T2@>?59AL:>W :C;LBC@8, I> ?5@56820;0 4>1C 1;8A:CG>3> ?V4=5A5==O V 2V4@>465==O <a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title="">[20]</a>.  82V 270T<8=8 8W2AL:>W CAV 7 V=H8<8 E@8AB8O=AL:8<8 =0FVO<8 <0;8, ?>?@8 :C;LBC@=V 2?;828, V BC :>@8ABL, I> 7<CHC20;8 =0H =0@>4 CA2V4><;N20B8 A515 G0AB8=>N T2@>?59AL:>3> ;N4AB20, ?V4B@8<C20;8 2 =L>3> 45O:5, E>G =0 ?5@H8E ?>@0E 4C65 A;015=L:5, ?>GCBBO 2A5A2VB=L>W A>;V40@=>ABV. ;O <>A:>2AL:>W 45@6028 70<VABL B8E 1;03>B2>@=8E 2?;82V2 AB0;8 206:V B0 ?@8=87;82V 2V4=>A8=8 7 E860FL:>N <>=3>;LAL:>N >@4>N <a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title="">[21]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5@5A5;82H8AL =0 0;VAAO, :8W2AL:V <8B@>?>;8B8 V B0< ?@>4>26CNBL =07820B8AO @CAL:8<8. 4=V 7 =8E V<5=CNBL A515 <8B@>?>;8B0<8 2A5O CAV, V=HV  8W2AL:8<8 V 2A5O CAV. %0@0:B5@=>, I> 2 CB2>@5==V >:@5<>W <8B@>?>;8G>W :0D54@8 2 0;VAAV (!C740;LI8=V) A?V;L=> 1@0;8 CG0ABL O: >=AB0=B8=>?>;LAL:89 ?0B@V0@E, B0: V E0= >;>B>W @48.  4=8< 7 OA:@028E ?@8:;04V2 28:>@8AB0==O @4>N @CAL:>W F5@:>2=>W VT@0@EVW 7 <5B>N 7<VF=5==O A2>TW 2;048 =0 CAV T :><?;5:A ?>4V9, ?>2 O70=8E 7 1>@>BL1>N @CAL:8E :=O7V2AB2 ?>G0B:C XIV&nbsp;AB. 70 B>3> G8 V=H>3> :0=4840B0 =0 ?>A04C <8B@>?>;8B0 2AVO CAV, 1>@>BL1>N, 2 O:V9 =091V;LH 4VO;L=C CG0ABL 1@0;8 =5 ;8H5 >@48=AL:0 48?;><0BVO, 0 9 :>=AB0=B8=>?>;LAL:89 ?0B@V0@E0B <a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title="">[22]</a>. 5 157 ?>@048 ;C:028E 2V70=BV9FV2, O:V 70BOB> =5=0284V;8 @8<AL:89 :0B>;8F87<, B0B0@8 2V4E8;8;8 ?@>?>78FVN 2V9AL:>2>3> B0 F5@:>2=>3> A>N7C, I> WW ?5@5402 1253&nbsp;@. ?>A>; N4>28:0&nbsp;IX, <>=0E C1@C:. 0B5 A5@54 B0B0@ =018@02 ?>H8@5==O VA;0<. 0 ?>G0B:C XIV&nbsp;AB. <>=3>;LAL:89 E0= #715: ?@89<0T <CAC;L<0=AB2>. V6 V=H8<, 2V4 V<5=V "094C;8  4@C68=8 FL>3> 2840B=>3> E0=0  ?>E>48BL =0720 2V4><>3> @>AV9AL:>3> >1;0A=>3> <VAB0 "C;0. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4:>@5=5 =5<CAC;L<0=AL:5 =0A5;5==O 28<030;> O:>3>AL A?5FV0;L=>3> >7=0G5==O. >3> <CAC;L<0=AL:V ?@028B5;V AB0;8 =07820B8  @090B (E@8AB8O=8, ?V440=V), 2 7=0G5==V  ;N4AL:>W >B0@8 . 5<CAC;L<0=AL:5 =0A5;5==O 0;VAAO >B@8<0;> 7 XIV&nbsp;AB. 2V4 <>=3>;>-B0B0@ V=HC =072C   :@5ABLO=5 <a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title="">[23]</a>. >E>465==O FL>3> A;>20 ?@>7>@5   :@5ABLO=8= , E@8AB8O=8=, >7=0G0T >E@5I5=C ;N48=C. > ?>O28 B0B0@ F5 A;>2> V=H>3> 7=0G5==O =5 <0;>.  03><5B0=8=-B0B0@8= 220602 A515 28I>N @0A>N C ?>@V2=O==V 7 E@8AB8O=8=><. %@8AB8O=8= 7@>182AO A8<2>;>< ?@8=0;56=>ABV 4> G>@=>W :>ABV. "0: 7 O282AO V ?>BV< 2B@8<02AO C V2=VG=>-!EV4=V9 CAV F59 B5@<V= <a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="">[24]</a>. "5@<V=  :@5ABLO=8= 715@V3AO C @>AV9AL:V9 <>2V 4> =0H8E 4=V2 V >7=0G0T B5?5@ E;V1>@>10, A5;O=8=0. V@>A?>2V40;L=89 A5=A A;>20, >B65, ?5@59H>2 C A>FV0;L=89. 0?@8:V=FV XIV&nbsp;AB. B5@<V=  :@5ABLO=8= >7=0G02 C25AL @>AV9AL:89 =0@>4, =0 ?@>B8203C 4> <>=3>;LAL:8E 7030@1=8:V2 <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="">[25]</a>.  >;8 6 @07>< 7 B0B0@AL:>N 2;04>N =0 CAV =04 <0A>N @>AV9AL:>3> E@8AB8O=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O =028A;0 25@AB20 ?5@5<>6FV2, B5@<V=><  :@5ABLO=8= AB0;0 >7=0GC20B8AO >A=>2=0 <0A0 @>AV9AL:>3> =0A5;5==O& ;5 V A0<V @>AV9AL:V ;N48 <VF=> B@8<0;8AO 70 F59 B5@<V=, ?V4:@5A;NNG8 =8< A2>N 2V4<V==VABL 2V4 B0B0@ <a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="">[26]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 7 XV&nbsp;AB. 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". 8. !.&nbsp;137.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span lang="RU">[26]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>@5:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>@5ABLO=5 =0 CA8 A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5= 4></span> <span lang=EN-US>XVII&nbsp;</span> 25:0. .: 74 2>  !!! ,&nbsp; 1952. =. 1. !.&nbsp;19. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span lang="RU">[27]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>!B@C25&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>01;N45=8O 8 8AA;54>20=8O 87 >1;0AB8 E>7O9AB25==>9 687=8 8 ?@020 @52=59 CA8 // !1>@=8: CAA:>3> =AB8BCB0 2 @035.</span> @030, 1929. <span lang=RU>".&nbsp;1</span>. !.&nbsp;464. </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155199"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">IX. >O20 >A:>2VW</font></i></b></span></a><b><i><font size="4"><a name="IX_Pojava_Moskoviji"> </a></font></i></b> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0720  >A:20 70 A2>W< ?>E>465==O< (5B8<>;>3VTN) T =072>N =5 A;>2 O=AL:>N, 0 C3@>-DV=AL:>N <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. >2>7=025FL .&nbsp;@5>1@065=AL:89 28A;>282 ?@8?CI5==O, I> F5 @04H5  <5@O=AL:5 A;>2>, 1> ;048<8@AL:0, /@>A;02AL:0 V 2AO >A:>2AL:0 3C15@=VW A:;040;8 :>;8AL >1;0ABL 5@V <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. A=CNBL B@8 GC4AL:><>2=V 25@AVW B;C<0G5==O FVTW =0728. 0 >4=VTN 7 =8E, =0720 ?>E>48BL 2V4 <5@O=AL:>3> <i><>A:&aacute; 02&aacute; </i> <b><542548FO</b> <i>(<>A:0</i>  <b><542V4L</b> V <i>020</i>  <b><0B8,</b> <b>6V=:0</b>). 0 4@C3>N  V7 DV=AL:>3> <i>musta</i>  <b>G>@=89,</b> <b>1@C4=89</b> V <i>va</i>  <b>2>40</b>,<b> </b>B>1B>  <b>1@C4=0 2>40</b> . 0 B@5BL>N  <i><>A:0</i>  <b>:>@>20</b> V <i>20</i>  <b>2>40</b>, B>1B>  <b>:>@>2 OG0 :0;N60</b> <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. .&nbsp;$5A<5@ B25@48BL, I> >AB0==T B;C<0G5==O =01@0;> H8@>:>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV 7024O:8 02B>@8B5B>2V .&nbsp;;NG52AL:>3>, O:89 220602 9>3> =091V;LH 4>AB>2V@=8< <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. V4><V V=0:HV 5B8<>;>3VG=V 20@V0=B8 FVTW =0728. 0?@8:;04, =0720 @VG:8, O:0 40;0 V< O >A:2V, ?5@5:;040TBLAO 7 1C@OB-<>=3>;LAL:>W <>28 O:  70:@CG5=5 @CA;> . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4 C3@>-DV=AL:>W =0728 AB>;8FV >A:20, I> 2?5@H5 O: =525;8:5 A5;> 7304CTBLAO ;8H5 2 A5@548=V XII&nbsp;AB. (1147&nbsp;@.), ?VH;0 =0720 2AVTW 45@6028.  /: :>;8AL 2V4 V70=BVW <0965 2AO @5FVO =07820;0AO V70=BVTN, 2V4 8<C  2AO 8<AL:0 V<?5@VO  8<><, V =02VBL 25AL A2VB, B0: 2V4 >A:28& 2AN 25;8:C >AVN 9<5=C20;8 >A:>2VTN <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ><8=0NG8 45I> =04<V@=C ?8H=>BC ?>@V2=O==O, 707=0G8<>, >4=0:, I> F8B>20=89 02B>@ ?@028;L=> 2:07CT =0 ?@8G8=8 28=8:=5==O =0728 =>2>?>AB0;>W 45@6028. !B>A>2=> 6 =0A5;5==O,  B> 7 ?>;VB8G=8< >1 T4=0==O< 9>3> 7 >A:2>N, 2 =L><C 70?0=C20;> A?5FV0;L=5 V< O <>A:28GV2, <>A:>2AL:8E ;N459, <>A:>2AL:>W 45@6028 (>A:>2VW) <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. @028B5;L FVTW 45@6028 =07820T A515 :=O75< (73>4>< 25;8:8< :=O75<, 0 ?V7=VH5  F0@5<) <>A:>2AL:8<, 0 A2>WE ?V440=8E  <>A:>2AL:8<8 ;N4L<8. "0:, =0?@8:;04, 0A8;L 0A8;L>28G C  ?>A;0=VW 4> >=AB0=B8=>?>;LAL:>3> ?0B@V0@E0 =07820T A515  25;8:8< :=O75< <>A:>2AL:8< <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. # 3@0<>BV 5<AL:>3> A>1>@C =0 281V@ 1613&nbsp;@. ?5@H>3> F0@O V7 @>4C ><0=>28E 8E09;0 $54>@>28G0 G8B0T<>:   2A5 ?@02>A;02=K5 :@5ABLO=5 2A53> >A:>2A:>3> 3>AC40@AB20 >B <0;0 4> 25;8:0 8 4> ACI8E <;045=F52, O:> 548=K<8 CAB0<8, 2>?VOEC 8 2K7K20EC 3;03>;OI5: GB> 1KB8 =0 >;>48<V@A:><, 8 =0 >A:>2A:><, 8 =0 >23>@>4A:>< 3>AC40@AB20E, 8 =0 F0@AB20E 070=A:><, 8 =0 AB@0E0=A:><, 8 =0 !818@A:>< <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. >;8 A:8=C;8 7 B@>=C 0A8;O (C9AL:>3>, B> 4> ?@5B5=45=B0 =0 B@>= 4CEV2=8FB2> ?>AB028;> B0:C 28<>3C, I>18:  1K; 87 >A:>2A:8E @>4>2, 0 8B>2A:>3> 8 5<5F:>3> >@>;O 8 >@>;528G52 =0 ;048<8@A:>5 8 =0 >A:>2A:>5 >AC40@AB2> =5 8718@0BL <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. &O 5?>E0 (XV XVIII&nbsp;AB.) 2 CAVE @>AV9AL:8E VAB>@VOE <0T =072C  >A:>2AL:>W .  !;>2>A?>;CG5==O  >A:>2AL:5 F0@AB2> <VF=> 22V9H;> C 268B>: ACG0A=8:V2, 0 ?>BV< ?C1;VF8ABV2 V 2G5=8E ?V7=VH>3> G0AC. 8A;V2  2 5?>EC >A:>2AL:>3> F0@AB20 7CAB@VG0T<> =5@V4:> C 5=V=0 <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. 5 240NG8AL 7 FL>3> ?8B0==O C 7092V 45B0;V, 2V47=0G8<>, I> 06 4> 1721&nbsp;@. =0728  >A:20 ,  >A:>2AL:5 3>AC40@AB2> , 0 =5  CAL V  >AAVO , 1C;8 >DVFV9=8<8 C@O4>28<8 =0720<8 45@6028. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> AL, =0?@8:;04, 28BO3 V7 4>3>2>@C 7 "C@5GG8=>N, ?V4?8A0=>3> 3&nbsp;;8?=O 1700&nbsp;@.:   ?>=565 3>AC40@AB2> <>A:>2A:>5 A0<>2;0AB=>5 8 A2>1>4=>5 3>AC40@AB2> 5ABL, 40G0 :>B>@0O ?> A5 2@5<O ?>3>4=> 4020=0 1K;0 :@K<A:8< E0=0< 8 :@K<A:8< B0B0@0<, 8;8 ?@>H;0O 8;8 =K=5 2?@54L 40 =5 1C45B 4>;6=0 >B 53> A2OI5==>3> F0@A:>3> 25;8G5AB20 <>A:>2A:>3> 4020B8AL&  <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. 0;V 2 AB0BBV&nbsp;12 FL>3> 4>3>2>@C 2:07CTBLAO:  >A:>2A:>3> =0@>40 <8@O=0< 8 8=>:0< 8<5BL 2>;L=>5 C?>B@51;5=85 E>48BL 2> A2OB>9 3@04 5@CA0;8<&  <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 02545<> I5 C@82>: 7 ?5@H>W <>A:>2AL:>W 3075B8  54><>AB8 > 2>5==KE 8 8=KE 45;0E, 4>AB>9=KE 7=0=8O 8 ?0<OB8, A;CG82H8EAO 2 >A:>2A:>< 3>AC40@AB25 8 2 8=KE >:@5AB=KE AB@0=0E , 45 2 ?5@H><C =><5@V 70 AVG5=L 1703&nbsp;@. ?>2V4><;OTBLAO:  7 070=8 ?8HCB. 0 @5:5 !>6C =0H;8 <=>3> =5DB8 8 <54=>9 @C4K, 87 B>9 @C4K <54L 2K?;028;8 87@O4=C, >BG53> G0NB =5<0;CN 1KBL ?@81K;L >A:>2A:><C 3>AC40@AB2C <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;O 2AVTW 2@>?8, 2V4 8B>2AL:>- CAL:>W 45@6028, >;LIV 06 4> =3;VW, 4;O :@0W= !E>4C, BC@:V2 V 0@01V2, VA=C20;0 BV;L:8 >4=0 >DVFV9=0 =0720: >A:>2AL:5 :=O7V2AB2> (F0@AB2>), >A:>2VO 01> ?@>AB> >A:20. &8B>20=0 265 =0<8 VAB>@8G=0 5=F8:;>?54VO 7<CH5=0 287=0B8:  !CAV48 =07820;8 :@0W=C >A:>2VTN <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. W 68B5;V2 =07820;8 <>A:>28B0<8, <>A:>28BO=0<8 01> <>A:0;O<8, V, O: ?>10G8<> 40;V, FO =0720  >A:>2I8=0, >A:>2VO (7 2V4?>2V4=> ?>EV4=8<8 B5@<V=0<8)  1C;0 T48=> 28?@0240=>N B@048FV9=>N =0C:>2>N =072>N. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "CB B@510 73040B8 ?@> ?@>?030=482=> 30;0A;825 A2OB:C20==O B5?5@VH=L>N >AV9AL:>N ?@02>A;02=>N F5@:2>N 1000-;VBBO 70?@>20465==O E@8AB8O=AB20 =0 CAV 2 >A:2V, O:0 988&nbsp;@. =02VBL 70 =072>N I5 =5 VA=C20;0, 7<CA8;> C:@0W=AL:8E F5@:>2=8E VT@0@EV2 28ABC?8B8 V7 70O2>N, 45, 7>:@5<0, 3>2>@8BLAO ?@> 26820==O 5B=>=V<0  CAL C G0A8 >A:>2VW. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  >A:>2AL:5 :=O7V2AB2> (?V7=VH5 V<?5@VO) 28ABC?0T =0 0@5=C !EV4=L>W 2@>?8 I>9=> 2 XVI&nbsp;AB>@VGGV. &O <>;>40 45@6020 1C;0 7=0=0 O: >A:>2VO, 0 WW <5H:0=FV <>A:>2VB8-<>A:0;V, F5 4V9A=> ?@54:8 AL>3>4=VH=L>W >AVW, 9 2>=8 AB2>@8;8 4V9A=C 107C ?V7=VH>W @>AV9AL:>W 45@6028. 0A>2> 7 ?5@5206;828<8 C3@>-DV=AL:8< V 7>:@5<0 <>=3>;LAL:8< :@>2>7<VH0==O< V 2?;82>< >A:20 @>728=C;0AL C <>3CB=V9 D0:B>@ V ?V4=5A;0 ?@5B5=7VW =0 3535<>=VN C !EV4=V9 2@>?V, 28ABC?82H8 O: A?04:>T<5FL 402=L>W #:@0W=AL:>-8W2AL:>W 45@6028. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5@6020 70A2>W;0 A>1V C 7<V=5=V9 D>@<V 4>B5?5@VH=N =0@>4=N =072C #:@0W=FV2: CAL, B0 =5 ;8H5 =0 ?V4AB02V B>W 7<V=8 =0728, 01> @04H5 3@01C=:C, >A:2V 240;>AO VAB>@8G=> >13@C=BC20B8 A2>T <>3CB=T AB0=>28I5. 030B> A?@8O;0 FL><C I5 @>7?@>?03>20=0 =5VA=CNG0  1;87L:VABL 2AVE  @CAA:8E : 5;8:>@CAV2, 0;>@CAV2 V V;>@CAV2. # 4V9A=>ABV, >4=0:, V45BLAO BCB ?@> @V7=V =0@>48: C:@0W=AL:89, 1V;>@CAL:89 V <>A:>2AL:89 <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0?@8:V=FV XV&nbsp;AB. ?VA;O @>73@><C "0<5@;0=>< >;>B>W @48 =0 VAB>@8G=C 0@5=C 28E>48BL =>25 45@602=5 CB2>@5==O  <>A:>2AL:5. &V ?>4VW @>AV9AL:0 VAB>@V>3@0DVO ?>40T 2 7C<8A=5 ?5@5:@CG5=><C 283;O4V.  =:>;8 57>?V2AL:0 <>20 AB0T =0ABV;L:8 B5<=>N, I> WW A?@026=V 4C<:8 =5<>6;82> 7@>7C<VB8. 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AV;LAL:>3> ?>A5;5==O =078202AO  A5;>< <a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title="">[44]</a>. </p> <p> AB>@VO @5A?C1;V: 5;8:89 >23>@>4 V A:>2, O:V AB0;8 >1 T:B>< <>A:>2AL:>W 03@5AVW, 7025@H8;0AO B@03VG=>. >23>@>4AL:>-?A:>2AL:0 =0FVO 1C;0 >A:2>N ;V:2V4>20=0 9 0A8<V;L>20=0 4>I5=BC <a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title="">[45]</a>. .&nbsp;0@:A, 4> @5GV, @>73;O402 <>A:>2AL:5 7030@10==O >23>@>40 O: @50:FV9=89 0:B <a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title="">[46]</a>.  20=&nbsp;III =5 704>2V;L=82AO 7=OBBO< 472>=C V 7=8I5==O< 2VG0 B0 720==O ?>A04=8:0  20= 7=8I82 >23>@>4 4> :>@5=O, ?5@5A5;82 9>3> 68B5;V2 C @V7=V :@0W, ?V4?>@O4:>20=V >A:>2AL:V9 45@602V B0 70<V=82 ?5@2VA=5 =0A5;5==O =>28<, GC68< 4> <VAF528E A?>304V2. !?CAB>H5==O >23>@>4AL:>W 75<;V 74V9A=8;>AO 2 =04728G09=V9 <V@V B0 1C;> 7=0G=VH8<, =V6 728G09=> ?@8?CA:0NBL <a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title="">[47]</a>. </p> <p> 1570&nbsp;@. 70 20=0 @>7=>3> 1C;> 7=>2C ?@>2545=> <0A>2V 5:75:CFVW, 25;8:V :>=DVA:0FVW <09=0 B0 45?>@B0FVW. AB0==V9 =>23>@>4AL:89 ;VB>?8A5FL >?8A02 FV <>A:>2AL:V 72V@AB20. >40T<> C@82>::   ?>25;5; 3>AC40@L ?@82>48B8 87 5;8:>3> >203@040 2;04KG=KE 1>;O@, 8 8=KE <=>38E A;C682KE 45B59 1>O@A:8E, 8 3>AB59, 8 2AO:8E 3@04A:8E 8 ?@8:07=KE ;N459, 8 87@O4=KE 8 8<5=8BKE B>@3>2KE ;N459, 8 65= 8E 8 45B59, ?@54 A51O.  ?>25;5; 3>AC40@L 8E ?@54 A>1>N 3>@F5 8 ;NB5 8 157G5;>25G=5 @07;8G=K<8 <C:0<8 <CG8B8, 8 ?> <=>38E =58A?>2548<KE 3>@:8E @07;8G=KE <C:0E ?>25;5 3>AC40@L B5;5A0 8E =5:>5N A>AB02=>N <C4@>AB8N >3=5==>N ?>46830B8, 865 8<5=C5BAO ?>460@; 8 A2>8< 3>AC40@52K< 45B5< 1>O@A:8< ?>25;5205B 3>AC40@ B5E <CG5=KE 8 ?>460@5=KE ;N459 70 @C:8 8 70 =>38 8 70 3;02K >=0:> 2O70B8, @07;8G=>, B>=:8<8 C68I8, 8 ?@82O7K20B8 8E ?>25;5 ?> G5;>25:C : A0=5<, 8 ?>25;8 8E 1KAB@> 70 A0=<8 2;5I8 =0 25;8:89 >;E>2A:89 <>AB 8 <5B0B8 A <>ABC 2 @5:C >;E>2.  65=K 8E 8 45B8, <C65A:89 ?>; 8 65=A:89, ?>25;5 3>AC40@L ?@82>78B8 8E =0 25;8:89 >;E>2A:89 <>AB 8 2>72>48B8 =0 2KA>BC, 865 BC CAB@>5=> <5AB>, 8 2O70EC 70 @CF8 8 70 =>38 >=0:> =0704, 0 <;045=F52 : <0B5@5< A2>8< 2O70EC, 8 A 25;8:8O 2KA>BK ?>25;5 3>AC40@L <5B0B8 8E 2 2>4C 2 @5:C >;E>2.  8=K5 2 BC ?>@C 3>AC40@52K ;N48, 45B8 1>O@A:85 8 2>8=A:85 ;N48, 2 <0;KE AC45E 5740EC ?> @5:5 >;E>2C A> >@C685<, A @>30BK=8 8 A :>?L8 8 A 103@K 8 A B>?>@K: 8 :>B>@K5 ;N48, <C68 8 65=K 8 2AO: 2>7@0AB, 87 3;C18=K @5G=>9 225@E =0 2>4C A?;>25B, 8 >=8, ?@8E20BK20O 103@K, B5E ;N459 :>?L8 8 @>30BK=O<8 ?@>1>40EC, 8 B>?>@K A5:CI5 2> 3;C18=C @5G=CN 157 <8;>AB8 AC@>2> ?>3@C60EC, ?@540NI5 8E ;NB>9 8 3>@F59 A<5@B8 <a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title="">[48]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> B=>3@0D8 B0 4V0;5:B>;>38 4>=8=V 2V4@V7=ONBL 68B5;V2 :>;8H=VE >23>@>4AL:>W,  OBAL:>W, >;>3>4AL:>W B0 V=H8E ?V2=VG=8E 3C15@=V9 2V4 68B5;V2 O70=AL:>W, "0<1>2AL:>W, "C;LAL:>W B0 V=H8E F5=B@0;L=8E 3C15@=V9 >AVW. ">1B> 4>AV VA=CT @V7=8FO <V6 =0I04:0<8 =>23>@>4FV2 B0 =0A5;5==O< :>;8H=L>W >A:>2VW. >AB><0@>2 C20602, I> 2 =>23>@>4AL:V9 75<;V  1C;> A2>T =0@VGGO, 1;87L:5 ?V245==>-@CAL:><C. ;87L:VABL FO 4>B5?5@ I5 2@060NG0 4;O C@>465=FO ?V245==>W CAV <a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title="">[49]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /: C65 2V47=0G0;>AO, B8BC;  >AC40@O 2A5O CA8 20=&nbsp;III ?@89=O2 1493&nbsp;@. ?VA;O 702>N20==O >23>@>4AL:>W 75<;V.  402=V< =0A5;5==O< FVTW 75<;V ?>2 O70=V 5?VG=V ?VA=V :=O6>W 4>18, I> WE 2 XIX&nbsp;AB. =0720;8  18;8=8 (=0@>4=0 =0720   AB0@8=8 ). 8;8=8 ?>4V;ONBLAO =0 F8:;8. 097=0G=VH8< T 35@>W:>-?0B@V>B8G=V  1>30B8@AL:V , :8W2AL:>3> F8:;C, >1@078 9 AN65B8 O:8E ?>2 O70=V 7 8T2><, 0 B0:>6 7 0;8FL:>->;8=AL:>N B0 '5@=V3V2AL:>N 75<;O<8. 0 4C<:C C:@0W=AL:8E 4>A;V4=8:V2, 18;8=8 7=8:;8 7 C:@0W=AL:>W =0@>4=>W ?0< OBV 2 XVII&nbsp;AB., :>;8 =>2V 1C@E;82V VAB>@8G=V ?>4VW A?@8G8=8;8AO 4> AB2>@5==O 35@>WG=>3> 5?>AC :>70FL:8E 4C<. V4ACB=VABL 18;8= 2 #:@0W=V 40;0 ?@82V4 4;O A?5:C;OFV9 I>4> ?@8G5B=VABV >A:28 4> :8W2AL:>W A?04I8=8.  !B>A>2=> D>;L:;>@C, B> <8 2V47=0G8<> ;8H5 >48= GC4>289 OA:@0289 D0:B: 18;8=8 8W2AL:>3> F8:;C, 45 DV3C@CNBL VAB>@8G=V :8W2AL:V :=O7V A5@54 AB5?>2>W ?@8@>48 C:@0W=AL:>3> ?V24=O, 1C;8 ?>BV< 701CBV =0 A2>W9 10BL:V2I8=V, 0;5 4>1@5 715@53;8AO C 1@0B5@AL:>3> =0@>4C  25;8:>@CAAV2& $0:B =04728G09=> @V4:VA=89 2 VAB>@VW =0@>4V2! <a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title="">[50]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >A;V465==O 35>3@0DVG=>3> @>7?>2AN465==O 18;8= ?>:070;>, I> 18;8=8  7>A5@5465=V 2 >A=>2=><C =0 2@>?59AL:V9 V2=>GV, 2 @E0=35;LAL:V9 B0 ;>=5FL:V9 3C15@=VOE& VG>3> ?>4V1=>3> =5<0T 2 V=H8E 3C15@=VOE >AVW <a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title="">[51]</a>.  ?>B@0?8;8 18;8=8 =0 V2=VG C 72 O7:C 7 =>23>@>4AL:>N :>;>=V70FVTN.  #A5 F5 4>72>;OT ?@8?CAB8B8, I> 18;8=8, O:V 4V9H;8 4> =0A, 2 <8=C;><C  F5 =0410==O 28:;NG=> >23>@>4AL:>W 75<;V, 72V4:8 ?V7=VH5 @>7?>2AN48;8AO 7 :>;>=V70FV9=8< ?>B>:>< <a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title="">[52]</a>. 0 B5@8B>@VW 0;VAAO, O: 2AB0=>28;8 4>A;V4=8:8, 2 XIV XV&nbsp;AB. 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".&nbsp;I. !.&nbsp;97 98.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span lang="RU">[35]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>8<8=&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i> >AA8O =0 @C1565 XV XVI AB>;5B89 (G5@:8 A>F80;L=>-?>;8B8G5A:>9 8AB>@88). ., 1982. !.&nbsp;30.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span lang="RU">[36]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>592VA >@<0=</i>. 2@>?0: AB>@VO. .: A=>28, 2000. !.&nbsp;480.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span lang="RU">[37]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>C@L5&nbsp;/.&nbsp;!.</i> 25 8AB>@88 CA8 XV&nbsp;25:0. 0==85 8 ?>74=85, =57028A8<K5 8 >D8F80;L=K5 ;5B>?8A8 >1 >1@07>20=88 >A:>2A:>3> 3>AC40@AB20. !1., 1994. !.&nbsp;8.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span lang="RU">[38]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>>:@>2A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. CAA:0O 8AB>@8O A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5=. .: 740=85 " 20  8@ . ". 1. !.&nbsp;208 209.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span lang="RU">[39]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>5;;5@&nbsp;.&nbsp;/.</i> AB>@8O >AA89A:>9 <?5@88:  3 B. .: , 1997. ".&nbsp;I.  !.&nbsp;189.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span lang="RU">[40]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>07L=O:&nbsp;. </i>@> @>AV9AL:89 V<?5@V0;V7< V 9>3> =5157?5:C // (;OE ?5@5<>38. 1994. '.&nbsp;6.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span lang="RU">[41]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>>AB><0@>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. !1., 1903. =.&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;203.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span lang="RU">[42]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;</span><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>5;5=8=&nbsp; .&nbsp;.</i> >AB>G=>A;02O=A:0O MB=>3@0D8O. .: 0C:0, 1991. !.&nbsp;29.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span lang="RU">[43]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>>AB><0@>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>!>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. !1., 1903. =.&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;207.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span lang="RU">[44]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>8<8=&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. >AA8O =0 @C1565 XV XVI&nbsp;AB>;5B89 (G5@:8 A>F80;L=>-?>;8B8G5A:>9 8AB>@88). .: KA;L, 1982. !.&nbsp;31.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" title=""><span lang="RU">[45]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&nbsp;0H:528G&nbsp;/. </i>5@53C: 2V:V2: B@8 ?>3;O48 =0 <8=C;5 V ACG0A=5 #:@0W=8 // #:@0W=0. 0C:0 V :C;LBC@0. ., 1966. 8?.&nbsp;26/27. !.&nbsp;51.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span lang="RU">[46]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>&2810:&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>0@:A87<-;5=8=87< > 2>7=8:=>25=88 2>AB>G=>52@>?59A:8E <=>3>=0F8>=0;L=KE 3>AC40@AB2 // @>1;5<K 8AB>@88 4>:0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8E >1I5AB2. 1934. !&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;66.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span lang="RU">[47]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>>AB><0@>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. !1., 1903. =.&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;209.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" title=""><span lang="RU">[48]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;>23>@>4A:89 ?>3@>< 1570&nbsp;3>40 // <i>>:@>2A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i> CAA:0O 8AB>@8O A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5=. .: 740=85 " 20  8@ . ".&nbsp;2. @8;>65=85. !.&nbsp;7 8.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span lang="RU">[49]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>>AB><0@>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. !1., 1903. =.&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;202.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span lang="RU">[50]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>5;5=8=&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>1 8AB>@8G5A:>9 >1I=>AB8 :C;LBC@K @CAA:>3> 8 C:@08=A:>3> =0@>4>2 // !>25BA:0O MB=>3@0D8O. 1940. K?. 3. !.&nbsp;32.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" title=""><span lang="RU">[51]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i><8B@8520&nbsp;!.&nbsp;. </i>5>3@0D8G5A:>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 @CAA:8E 1K;8= // !>25BA:0O MB=>3@0D8O. 1969. !&nbsp;4. !.&nbsp;31.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" title=""><span lang="RU">[52]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;"0< 65. !.&nbsp;38.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p class="zah0" align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155200"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">X. 15@565=V B@048FVW</font></i></b></span></a><font size="4">&nbsp; <a name="X_Zberezheni_tradyciji"></a></font> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V:0<8 C:@0W=FV 715@V30;8 =0 5B=VG=V9 B5@8B>@VW A2>N AB0@C =072C  CAL ,  @CA8=8 . "0: A515 =07820;8 V C 25;8:><C :=O7V2AB2V 8B>2AL:><C V BVTN 6 =072>N  CAL 01> >DVFV9=>  CAL:8< 2>T2>4AB2>< V<5=C20;8 ?>;O:8 7030@10=C 2 XIV&nbsp;AB. 0;8G8=C. # XV&nbsp;AB. CAL:5 2>T2>4AB2> A:;040;>AO V7 L2V2AL:>W, 5@5<8H;LAL:>W V !O=>FL:>W 75<5;L; 2V4 :V=FO XV 01> 7 ?>G0B:C XVI&nbsp;AB. 4> =L>3> =0;560;0 V %>;<AL:0 75<;O. 0720  CAL <0;0 ?>2AO:G0A V >DVFV9=89, V =0@>4=89 E0@0:B5@.  >=8 E>GCBL =0A CAVE CAL =0 ?>;LAL:C 2V@C ?5@5E@5AB8B8 ,  A:0@682AO >48=<VI0=8= 1511&nbsp;@. <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. >:B>@ $.&nbsp;!:>@8=0 2 ?5@54<>2V 4> 2840=>3> =8< 1517&nbsp;@. ?A0;B8@O, ?8H5, I> 2V= F59 ?5@5:;04 7@>182 4;O B>3>, I>1  <>W 1@0BBO, CAL, ?@>AB89 =0@>4, :>;8 G8B0B8<5, <V3 18 :@0I5 7@>7C<VB8 <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. ">4V 6 !:>@8=0 2840T !2OB5 8AL<>, =07820T 9>3>  V1;VO CA:0 .  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AB0@>C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N ?@>B5AB0=BAL:89 :0B5EV78A  4;O ?@>AB>3> ;N4C, =0@>4C CAV V E@8AB8O=AL:8E @CAL:8E 4VB59 <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. =H89 ?@>B5AB0=B 0A8;L "O?8=AL:89 ?8H5 C ?5@54<>2V 4> ?5@5:;04C 20=35;VO 1570&nbsp;@., I> 2V= ?@0FN202 4;O @CAL:>3> =0@>4C <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. # =0?8A0=><C =0 ?>G0B:0E XVI&nbsp;AB. 2 <>=0AB8@V !C?@0A;V 1V;O V;>AB>:0 ?0=53V@8:0 G8B0T<> ?>E20;C @CAL:><C :=O752V >ABO=B8=>2V AB@>7L:><C 70 B5, I> 2V= ?>182  A8;C 25;8:C <>A:>2AL:C . /: 10G8<>,  ?@54:8 C:@0W=FV2 V 1V;>@CAV2 =07820;8 A515 @CA8=0<8, 0;5 =5 ?@87=020;8 70 @CA8=V2 <>A:0;V2 <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. # B@5BV9 @540:FVW 8B>2AL:>3> !B0BCBC 7 1566&nbsp;@. 2<VI5=> 2V4><C 2:07V2:C, O:0 7>1>2 O7CT 2AVE ?8A0@V2 7=0B8 @CAL:C <>2C V 2AV A;C61>2V 4>:C<5=B8 ;8H5 FVTN <>2>N ?8A0B8:   ?8A0@L 75<AL:89 <0TBL ?> @CA:C ;8B5@0<8 V A;>2K 2A8 ;8AB8, 2K?8AK 8 ?>72K ?8A0B8 <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. # A2>W9 70O2V C 15@57=V 1593&nbsp;@. L2V2AL:5 1@0BAB2> 2:07C20;>:  1=>28;0AO 402=O 2>@>6=5G0 2 ?>;LAL:><C =0@>4V ?@>B8 =0@>4C @CAL:>3>& %>GCBL F5 <VAB> L2V2, =093>;>2=VH5 2 @CAL:><C ?>2VBV (:@0W=V), F5@:28 V ;N459, F5E8 V @5<VA=8:V2 4> A2>3> ?0?AL:>3> ?>A;CH5=AB20 ?>25@=CB8 V 4> =>2>3> :0;5=40@O =0@>4 =0H @CAL:89 ?@8<CA8B8 <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. !:0@30 1595&nbsp;@. =0 L2V2AL:C <VAL:C @04C ?>40TBLAO 2V4 V<5=V  2AL>3> =0@>4C @CAL:>3> 3@5FL:>W @5;V3VW <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. L2V2AL:89 T?8A:>? 545>= 0;010= C ;8ABV 1598&nbsp;@. ?8A02 ?@> 3=>1;5==O  =5=028A=8E 2>@>3V2 V AC?>AB0BV2 =0H8E  ;OEV2, O:V ?8;L=> AB0@0NBLAO, I>1 =0H @CAL:89 1V4=89 =0@>4 C=V25FL ?>25@=CB8 V 7>2AV< 28:>@5=8B8 <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. # ;L2V2AL:8E <VAL:8E :=830E 7 1599&nbsp;@. 70A2V4G5=> B5@<V=  @CAL:0 =0FVO (Natio Ruthenica) <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. #  0<5=BV ?>A;V2 L2V2AL:>3> 1@0BAB20 =0 0@H02AL:89 A59< 1609&nbsp;@. <>20 945 ?@>  AB0@>68B=V9, =0BC@0;L=89 (BC1V;L=89) =0@>4 =0H @CAL:89 <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. L2V2AL:V @5<VA=8:8 2 A2>W9 70O2V 1599&nbsp;@. ?V4:@5A;N20;8:  8 =5 T ?@>948A2VB8, 0;5 2 75<;V =0HV9 @V4=V9 @CAL:V9 6825<> <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>.  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"0:0 5B=>=V<VG=0 A8AB5<0 ?>3;O4V2 =0 !EV4=C 2@>?C <VF=> CB25@48;0AO 2 8B>2AL:>->;LAL:V9 45@602V XVI&nbsp;AB. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  2 :>70FL:C 4>1C C:@0W=FV ?@>4>26C20;8 =07820B8 A2>N 75<;N AB0@>N =072>N CAL, 0 A515 @CA8=0<8, B><C I> =5 1C;> 9 =5 <>3;> 1CB8, O: B25@4OBL VAB>@8:8, ?@V@28 <V6 :8T2>-@CAL:8< B0 :>70FL:8< ?5@V>40<8 VAB>@VW. 0C:>2V D0:B8 =5A?@>AB>2=> A2V4G0BL, I> <0B5@V0;L=0 :C;LBC@0 :>70FL:>W #:@0W=8 157?>A5@54=L> 28@>A;0 7 :C;LBC@8 CAV. &5 AB>ACTBLAO B@048FV9=>W C:@0W=AL:>W :5@0<V:8, 68B;0, F5@:>2=>W 0@EVB5:BC@8, =0@>4=>3> >4O3C. >70FB2> 1C;> A?04:>T<F5< 4@C68==8E B@048FV9 CAV. E ?>2 O7CNBL ;8F0@AL:89 :>45:A ?>254V=:8, @>48==89 ?@8=F8? 2;0HBC20==O 20B03, :C;LB <5G0, H01;V, :>=O, A2OBV-?>:@>28B5;V (>60 0BV@ >:@>20, A2. .@V9-7<VT1>@5FL), 7>2=VH=VABL (>A5;545FL, 2CA0, 3>;V==O 1>@>48) B0 V=HV >7=0:8. # <5<>@V0;V ?@02>A;02=8E 2;048: 4> ?>;LAL:>3> C@O4C 7 1621&nbsp;@. AB25@46C20;>AO:  )>4> :>70:V2  B> ?@> A8E @8F0@AL:8E ;N459 7=0T<>, I> 2>=8 =0H @V4, =0HV 1@0BO V ?@02>2V@=V E@8AB8O=5& >=8 <0NBL ?@8@>465=89 4>B5? V >3>< 40@>20=89 @>7C<, V @52=VABL B0 ;N1>2 4> 2V@8, ?>1>6=>ABV V F5@:28 <V6 =8<8 682CBL V ?@>F2VB0NBL, ?52=>, 7402=0. !5 6 1> B5 ?;5< O A;02=>3> =0@>4C CAL:>3>, 7 =0AV==O /D5B>2>3>, I> 2>N20;> @5FL:5 FVA0@AB2> <>@5< '>@=8< V ACE>?CB=5. !5 7 B>3> ?>:>;V==O 2V9AL:>, I> 70 ;530, <>=0@E0 @CAL:>3>, 2 A2>WE <>=>:AV;0E ?> <>@N 9 ?> 75<;V (?@8@>182H8 4> G>2=V2 :>;5A0) ?;020;> V >=AB0=B8=>?>;L HBC@<C20;> <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. >340= %<5;L=8FL:89 =07820T A515 1649&nbsp;@.  :=O75< CAV ,  35BL<0=>< 70?>@>7L:8< V 2>;>40@5< CAVTW CAV <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>. !2V9 =0@>4 2V= =07820T  @CAL:89 V <@VT 2872>;8B8  2AN CAL 2V4 ?>;LAL:>3> ?0=C20==O <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. V= 2:0702:  >3 402 <5=V B5, I> O T T48=>2;04=8< @CAL:8< A0<>45@602F5< <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. # A2V4><>ABV B>3>G0A=8E ?8AL<5==8:V2-?>;5<VABV2 (!B0=VA;020 @VE>2AL:>3>, /=0 8A;8FL:>3>) >@>=0 (2;0A=5 >;LI0) V CAL GVB:> 5B=VG=> @>7<56>2C20;8AO.  >2=V, 2V@>287=0==T2V 9 :C;LBC@=>-VAB>@8G=V 2V4<V==>ABV <V6 CAAN V >;LI5N =5 73;046C20;8AO V 2 =0ABC?=V AB>;VBBO. >=8 ?@825;8 4> ?>O28 2 XVIII&nbsp;AB. ?>;VB8G=>3> C3@C?C20==O H;OEB8, O:0 A0<>>:@5A;N20;0AO O:  =0FVO @CAL:0 <a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title="">[20]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0:, =0ABC?=8: %<5;L=8FL:>3> 35BL<0= 20= 83>2AL:89 2545 1658&nbsp;@. ?5@53>2>@8 7 ?>;O:0<8 I>4> CB2>@5==O D545@0FVW >;LIV, 8B28 V #:@0W=8, >AB0==O <0;0 =07820B8AO 5;8:5 :=O7V2AB2> @CAL:5. "5:AB 04OFL:>3> B@0:B0BC 7 1658&nbsp;@., =0?8A0=89 70 B>4VH=V< 728G0T< <0:0@>=VG=>N ?>;LAL:>-;0B8=AL:>N <>2>N, ?5@5A8?0=89 B5@<V=0<8:  75<;O @CA:0 ,  =0@>4 @CA:89 ,  2V9AL:> @CA:5 ,  O78: @CA:89 . #AV FV B5@<V=8 AB>ACNBLAO #:@0W=8 9 C:@0W=FV2, @>AV9AL:>3> F0@O =07820NBL  F0@ <>A:>2AL:89 .  >;>2=V B>G:8 04OFL:>W C3>48 B0:V: #:@0W=0 =04 =V?@><, A51B> 75<;V, I> AB0=>28;8 B>4VH=V 2>T2>4AB20: 8W2AL:5, '5@=83V2AL:5 V @0F;02AL:5, B2>@OBL 5;8:5 =O7V2AB2> CAL:5 <a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title="">[21]</a>. # :V=FV 04OFL:>3> B@0:B0BC AB>WBL ?V4?8A 20=0 83>2AL:>3>:  Jan Wyhowski Hetman woysk ruskich, rk wBasn , B>1B>:  83>2AL:89 35BL<0= 2V9AL: @CAL:8E 2;0A=>N @C:>N <a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title="">[22]</a>. 5BL<0= 5B@> >@>H5=:> ?V4 G0A ?5@53>2>@V2 7 ?>;O:0<8 1669&nbsp;@. 3>2>@8BL ?@> 2V4>:@5<;5==O 2V4 >;LIV 2AVE 75<5;L, 45 ?@>6820T @CAL:89 =0@>4, 2 02B>=><=C :>70FL:C 45@602C. V= 4>:;04=> >:@5A;NT :>@4>=8 FVTW <091CB=L>W 45@6028 (2V4 CB82;O 4> 5@5<8H;O), O:V FV;:>< A?V2?040;8 7 C:@0W=AL:8<8 5B=VG=8<8 <560<8 <a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title="">[23]</a>. &N B5@8B>@VN C:@0W=AL:0 H;OEB0 CA2V4><;N20;0 A2>TN 10BL:V2I8=>N. #:@0W=AL:0 @>4>20 H;OEB0 C XV  ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XVII&nbsp;AB. 15@53;0 B@048FVW 402=L>W ?>;VB8G=>W 2V4@C1=>ABV, =570;56=> 2V4 2V@>287=0==O, =07820NG8 A515  @CAL:8< =0@>4>< <a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="">[24]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0720  CAL =0 >7=0G5==O B5?5@VH=L>W #:@0W=8 2V:0<8 715@V30;0AO 2 ?@0:B8G=><C C68B:C ?> 2AV9 0EV4=V9 2@>?V, ?>:8 B0< I5 B25@4> 4>B@8<C20;8AO ;0B8=AL:>W B5@<V=>;>3VG=>W B@048FVW. # V;L45A;59AL:V9 E@>=VFV ?V4 1030&nbsp;@. 3>2>@8BLAO ?@> A<5@BL ?V4 G0A ?>;N20==O <@VE0 (<5@8:0  A8=0 C3>@AL:>3> :>@>;O !B5D0=0&nbsp;I), O:><C 40NBL B8BC;  dux Ruizorum ), B>1B>  2>T2>40 @CA8=V2 . VB>?8A5FL O<15@3 ?V4 1075&nbsp;@. @>7?>2V40T ?@> 7CAB@VG V<?5@0B>@0 5=@VE0&nbsp;IV 7 283=0=8< V7 8T20 25;8:8< :=O75< 8W2AL:8< 7OA;02><-8<8B@VT< V =07820T 9>3> Ruzenorum rex Demetrius (?@028B5;L, :=O7L @CA8=V2 <8B@V9) <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="">[25]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  V=H><C ;VB>?8AV ?V4 1089&nbsp;@. V45BLAO ?@> >4@C65==O V<?5@0B>@0 5=@VE0&nbsp;IV 7 4>G:>N Ruthenorum regis (?@028B5;O, :=O7O @CA8=V2) <a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="">[26]</a>. V7=VH89 ;VB>?8A5FL, 2V4><89 ?V4 ?A524>=V<>< =>=V< 0; (XI  ?>G. XII AB.), B56 :>@8ABCTBLAO F8<8 =0720<8: Ruthenorum rex (?@028B5;L, :=O7L @CA8=V2), regnum Ruthenorum (:=O7V2AB2> @CA8=V2). </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # :=87V Vita Chuonradi ?@> 70;LF1C@7L:>3> 0@EVT?8A:>?0 >=@040 ?V4 1131&nbsp;@. 70?8A0=>, I>, :>;8 ?>A>; 2V4 >=@040 ?@81C2 4> C3>@AL:>3> :>@>;O, >AB0==V9 ?5@51C202 B>4V in marcha Ruthenorum, B>1B> 2 :@0W=V @CA8=V2. &N 6 =072C 7=0E>48<> 2 0=3;V9AL:>3> 5=F8:;>?548AB0 XIII&nbsp;AB. 0@B>;><5O: Ruthenia magna opulentaque terra ( CB5=VO 25;8:0 V 70<>6=0 :@0W=0). </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # Monumenta Germaniae 3>2>@8BLAO ?@> :>@>;O @CA8=V2 520: Leonem regem Ruthenorum (52  :>@>;L @CA8=V2). </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0?0 ;8<5=BV9&nbsp;VIII 7 =03>48 5@5AB59AL:>W C=VW 1596&nbsp;@. 25;V2 2818B8 A@V1=C <540;L 7 =0?8A><  Ruthenis receptis 1596 (540;L 7 =03>48 ?>25@=5==O). V4><V A;>20 V 0?8 #@10=0&nbsp;VIII:  O mei Rutheni, per vos ego Orientem convertendum spero ( <>W @CA8=8, O A?>4V20NAO, I> 7024O:8 20< AEV4 =025@=5BLAO) . 0C2068<>, I> =0720  Rutheni ?@>E>48BL =5 ;8H5 2 ?0?AL:8E 1C;;0E,  0 2 CAVE 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E ;VB>?8A0E V 4>:C<5=B0E, O:V ;8H5 709<0;8AO CA8=0<8 <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  XIV XV&nbsp;AB. =0720  @CA8=8  Rutheni G0AB> 7 O2;OTBLAO 2 ;0B8=AL:8E E@>=V:0E ?>;LAL:8E 02B>@V2 ( Historia polonicae /.&nbsp;;C3>H0 (B.&nbsp;9, :=.&nbsp;6) B0 V=H8E). >;8 <8 265 73040;8 ?@> ?>;O:V2, B> B@510 ?0< OB0B8, I> 7 XV 4> XIX&nbsp;AB. C ?>;LAL:V9 VAB>@8G=V9, EC4>6=V9 B0 ?C1;VF8AB8G=V9 ;VB5@0BC@V, 0 B0:>6 2 C@O4>28E 0:B0E ?>1CBC20;8 B5@<V=8  >A:20 ,  <>A:>2AL:89 ,  <>A:0;L . >A8BL A:070B8, I> =091V;LH89 ?>;LAL:89 ?>5B 40< VF:528G ?>ABV9=> 268202 B0:89 5B=>=V<. 02VBL A2V9 2V@H, =V18B> ?@8A2OG5=89 .&nbsp;!.&nbsp;CH:V=C, =07202  Do przyjaci&oacute;B moskali , B>1B>  > ?@8OB5;V2-<>A:0;V2 . 5>DVFV9=> 5B=>=V<  <>A:0;L H8@>:> ?>1CBCT A5@54 ?>;O:V2 4>=8=V. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >2>?>AB0;0 >A:>2VO 2 >G0E B>4VH=VE 70EV4=8E T2@>?59FV2 06 =VO: =5 <>3;0 >B>B>6=N20B8AO 7 4>1@5 7=0=>N W< CB5=VTN, 0 <>A:>28B8  7 @CB5=FO<8.  "@510 A:070B8, I> V=>75<FV, O:V 2V42V40;8 >AVN 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XVII&nbsp;AB. (02;> ;5??AL:89, .&nbsp;595@15@3, .&nbsp;;50@V9 B0&nbsp;V=.), 22060;8 >A:>2VN V #:@0W=C @V7=8<8 45@6020<8, =0A5;5=8<8 2V4<V==8<8 =0@>40<8, :>6=89 V7 A2>TN 2;0A=>N <>2>N, ?>1CB><, ?@020<8 <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>. # 5;8:><C :=O7V2AB2V 8B>2AL:><C, 0 B0:>6 C VG?>A?>;8BV9 26820;8AO BV;L:8 B5@<V=8  >A:>2AL:0 45@6020 ,  >A:>2AL:5 :=O7V2AB2> ,  >A:20 .  V4 2?;82>< B@820;>3> A?V;:C20==O 7 ?>A;0<8 5GV >A?>;8B>W B5@<V= >A:>2AL:5 3>AC40@AB2> 2682 20=&nbsp;IV C A2>T<C ?>A;0==V 0=3;V9AL:V9 :>@>;52V ;87025BV&nbsp; 1570&nbsp;@. "0:0 A0<>=0720 CB2>@8;0AO C !<CB=V G0A8, B>G=VH5 2 1612 1617&nbsp;@@., :>;8 B5@8B>@VO >AV9AL:>3> F0@AB20 70;8H0;0AO CAVG5=>N, WW ?V2=VG=>-70EV4=V 75<;V, =>23>@>4AL:V 75<;V, ?5@51C20;8 ?V4 2;04>N H254V2, 0 2 72 O7:C 7 F8< 281@0==O ?5@H>3> F0@O V7 48=0ABVW ><0=>28E 2V41C;>AO ;8H5 =0 ?@5AB>; >A:>2AL:>3> 3>AC40@AB20 <a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title="">[29]</a>. "0: I> V=>75<FV 7 XV&nbsp;AB. V 06 4> :V=FO XVII&nbsp;AB. 7=0;8 V 26820;8 B5@<V=  >A:>2AL:5 3>AC40@AB2> , 0 =5  CAL . >;8 20=&nbsp;III 70E>BV2 =040B8 A2>T<C B8BC;C  25;8:89 :=O7L 2AVO CAV =5 ?>G5A=5, 0 N@848G=5 7=0G5==O, F5 AB0;> ?@54<5B>< 3>AB@>W 48?;><0B8G=>W 1>@>BL18 7 5;8:8< :=O7V2AB2>< 8B>2AL:8< <a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title="">[30]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0EV4=V 48?;><0B8 ?>2AO:G0A  =07820;8 F0@AL:8E ?>A;V2  les Ambassadeurs Moscovites , 1> >A:>2VO ?@818@0T =072C  >AAVO 06 70 F0@O 5B@0&nbsp;I <a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title="">[31]</a>. @> ?@0:B8:C 26820==O V=>75<FO<8 B5@<V=0  CAL B0: ?8H5 >AB><0@>2:  0720 @CAL 70 =8=VH=V< ?V245==>-@CAL:8< =0@>4>< ?5@59H;0 V 4> V=>75<FV2, V 2AV AB0;8 =07820B8 CAAN =5 2AN AC:C?=VABL A;>2 O=AL:8E ?;5<5= <0B5@8:0 B>4VH=L>W >AVW, 0 2;0A=5 ?V245==>-70EV4 >AVW, =0A5;5=89 BVTN G0AB8=>N A;>2 O=AL:>3> ?;5<5=V, 70 O:8< B5?5@ CB25@46CTBLAO =0720 ?V245==>@CAL:>3> 01> <0;>@CAL:>3> <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5@15@HB59=, ?>A>; FVA0@O 0:A8<V;V0=0&nbsp;II 4> >A:28, ?C1;V:CT 1549&nbsp;@.  Rerum Moskoviticarum commentarii ( 0?8A:8 ?@> <>A:>2AL:V A?@028 ), 45 28@07=> 2V4>:@5<;NT >A:>2VN 2V4 CAV, B>1B> 2V4 #:@0W=8, 70EV4=V :>@4>=8 O:>W, 70 9>3> B25@465==O<, ?@>E>4OBL ?>1;87C @0:>20. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5@15@HB59= 70AB5@V30T 02AB@V9AL:>3> 5@F35@F>30 $5@4V=0=40 =5 B8BC;C20B8 2 A2>WE 2V@G8E 3@0<>B0E  <>A:>28B0 V<?5@0B>@>< 2AVO CAAVW <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. >4V1=5 7=0E>48<> 2 70<VB:0E VE0;>=0 8B28=0 7 1550&nbsp;@.  De moribus tartarum lituanorum et moschorum ( 28G0W B0B0@, ;8B>2FV2 V <>A:>28BV2 ). B0;VTFL C03=V=> 2840T 1581&nbsp;@. 2V4><C ?@0FN  Sarmatiae Europae descripto ( ?8A !0@<0BVW V 2@>?8 ), 2 O:V9 B56 GVB:> @>7<56>2CT =0728  Polonia, Russia, Livonia V Moschovia . 0 3@02N@V =V<5FL:>3> :0@B>3@0D0 !510ABV0=0 N=AB5@0  0=V 2@>?0 7 XV&nbsp;AB. 1V;O V2>=VW, 28I5 !:VDVW, 707=0G5=0 >A:>2VO (Moscovia).  >?8AV T2@>?59AL:>W 3@02N@8 7 1650&nbsp;@. 707=0G0TBLAO, I> #:@0W=0 ?>40TBLAO O: >:@5<0 45@6020, 0 >:@5<> >A:>2VO <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>. /: A2V4G8BL E>G0 1 25;8G57=89 @57>=0=A  "@0:B0BC ?@> 42V !0@<0BVW (1517) ?>;LAL:>3> 3C<0=VAB0 .&nbsp;5E>2VB8 G8  >B0B>: ?@> >A:>2VN (1549) =V<5FL:>3> 2G5=>3> !.&nbsp;5@15@HB59=0, >?8A8 !EV4=>W 2@>?8, 7>:@5<0 >A:>2VW, 28:;8:0;8 2 3C<0=VAB8G=8E :>;0E 2@>?8 =5 <5=H89 V=B5@5A, =V6 >?8A8 =5402=> 2V4:@8B>W <5@8:8. 0?@8:V=FV XV&nbsp;V =0 ?>G0B:C XVI&nbsp;AB. ?5:CG>N ?@>1;5<>N 4;O 35>3@0DV2 2@>?8 1C;> 7=09B8 7@CG=89 H;OE 4> :07:>2>W =4VW 9 B0T<=8G>3> 8B0N. @> :C;OABVABL 5<;V W< AB0;> 265 2V4><>. >HC:8 725@=C;8AL =0 ?V2=VG=89 AEV4, A?>4V20;8AO A0<5 B8< H;OE>< 289B8 4> =4VW B0 8B0N. "0: C?5@H5 2 ?>;5 7>@C :0@B>3@0DV2 ?>B@0?;OT =>2>?>AB0;0 >A:>2VO. ">4V 6 283>B>2;5=> 45:V;L:0 :0@B, 0;5 35>3@0DVG=0 2V@>3V4=VABL WE 25;L<8 =87L:0.  >A:>2VO 1C;0 4C65 ?>30=> 2V4><0 2 0EV4=V9 2@>?V: :0@B0 0@B8=0 0;L475T<N;;5@0 1516&nbsp;@. 7 WW 7<VH0==O< =5?@028;L=> 7@>7C<V;8E :C?5FL:8E <0@H@CBV2 V7 70AB0@V;8<8 40=8<8 ;024VO B>;5<5O O2=> A2V4G8;0 ?@> 157?>@04=VABL ?V2=VG=>T2@>?59AL:>W :0@B>3@0DVW. 02VBL C ACAV4=V9 7 >AVTN >;LIV 2G5=V 4C65 =528@07=> CO2;O;8 A>1V 3;818=8 @>AV9AL:8E 75<5;L: =0?@8:;04, @5:B>@ @0:V2AL:>3> C=V25@A8B5BC 0B2V9 5E>2AL:89 220602 (1518&nbsp;@.), I> >;30 2?040T C '>@=5 <>@5 <a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title="">[35]</a>. >A:>2VN =5 A?@89<0;8 70 G0AB8=C 2@>?8.   XV&nbsp;AB. 4;O 70EV4=8E :0@B>3@0DV2 1C;> >G5284=8<, I>  5;8:0 "0@B0@VO  B>1B> >A:>2AL:0 CAL  @>7<VI5=0 ?>70 2@>?>N <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="">[36]</a>. 1575&nbsp;@. 2V4><89 2 BV G0A8 D@0=FC7L:89 ?@842>@=89 35>3@0D =4@5 "525 28402  A5A2VB=N :>A<>3@0DVN , >4=C 7 ?5@H8E C 2@>?V 27030;V. V= 28@07=> 2V4@V7=OT CAL-#:@0W=C 2V4 >A:28 9 >;LIV.  !B0@>402=V 35>3@0D8 @0=VH5, =V6 V=HV GC6V :=86=8:8, ?>G8=0NBL 26820B8 =0 :0@B0E 70<VABL :=86=8E =0@>4=V =0728 <VAB, @VG>:, :@0W2 B0&nbsp;V=. > FL>3> WE C 25;8:V9 <V@V A?>=C:0;8 ?@0:B8G=V ?>B@518.  402=V G0A8 :C?FV, 48?;><0B8, ?>A;0=FV V V=HV ?>4>@>6C20;8 =0 :>=OE V <CA8;8 @>7?8BC20B8 H;OE C <VAF52>3> =0A5;5==O <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="">[37]</a>. > XVII&nbsp;AB. :0@B>3@0D8 =07820;8 >A:>2VN "0B0@VTN. 1690&nbsp;@. 2 >;;0=4VW 2V4><89 35>3@0D V:>;0A VBA5= A:;02 :0@BC >A:>2I8=8, O:C =07202  >20 0=4A:0@B0 V2=VG=>W V !EV4=>W "0B0@VW 1687&nbsp;@>:C , 0 73>4>< =0?8A02 :=86:C  V2=VG=0 B0 !EV4=0 "0B0@VO , O:C ?@8A2OB82 5B@C&nbsp;I <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1591 1592&nbsp;@@. 2 8<V 289H;0 :=86:0 >B5@>  #=V25@A0;L=V @5;OFVW . =86:0 1030B> @07V2 4@C:C20;0AO VB0;V9AL:>N B0 V=H8<8 T2@>?59AL:8<8 <>20<8. >B5@>, @>7?>2V40NG8 ?@> ?>E>465==O ?@02>A;02 O, ?V4:@5A;NT, I> 9>3> ?@89=O;0  2AO >A:>2VO, 2AO CAL, 2AO 8B20 <a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title="">[39]</a>.  VB0;V9AL:><C >?8AV 7 1553&nbsp;@.  Relazione dell' Imperio oDucato di Moscovia ( V4><>ABV ?@> >A:>2AL:C 45@602C ) 3>2>@8BLAO, I> =0 AE>4V >A:>2VO <56CT 7 B0B0@0<8, 0 7 >AAVTN (la Rossia) V 8B2>N 1V;O =V?@0 <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title="">[40]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !;02=>72VA=0 :=830 D@0=FC7L:>3> V=65=5@0 V9><0 T20AA5@0 45 >?;0=0, =0?8A0=0 =0 ?>G0B:C 50-E&nbsp;@@. XVII&nbsp;AB., =07820T CAN #:@0W=C ?>-;0B8=V  Ukraina , 0 G0AB8=8 WW (>4V;;O, >;8=L, 8W2I8=0, @0F;02I8=0 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4.)   pars Ukrainae <a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title="">[41]</a>. @> ?@>ABV@ WW B5@8B>@VW >?;0= ?8H5, I>  depuis les confines de la Moscovie jusqu'aux limites de la Transilvanie , B>1B>  2V4 <56 >A:>2VW 4> :>@4>=V2 "@0=AV;L20=VW . #:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4 2V= FV;:>< 2V4>:@5<;NT 2V4 ?>;O:V2 V <>A:>2FV2, O:8E 725 <>A:>28B0<8.  > 18&nbsp;AB>;VBBO >A:>2VO =0 GC68=5FL:8E 35>3@0DVG=8E :0@B0E ?8H5BLAO BV;L:> >A:>2VTN, 0 =V CALN, =V >AVTN =5 725BLAO V 70 =8E =5 22060TBLAO. 0720 >A:>2VW >AVTN A?>G0B:C 7 ?>OA=NNG8<8 4>40B:0<8 ?>G8=0TBLAO 7 18&nbsp;2V:C <a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title="">[42]</a>. # 4>A;V465==V, ?@8A2OG5=><C 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8< ?C1;V:0FVO< ?@> >70GG8=C, @>73;O40TBLAO, ?@8<V@><, B2V@ 287=0G=>3> VB0;V9AL:>3> VAB>@8:0 XVII&nbsp;AB. 09>;V=> V70GGV>=V  AB>@VO 3@><04O=AL:8E 2V9= >AB0==L>3> G0AC , O:89 289H>2 1653&nbsp;@. &59 B2V@ T ?5@H>N FV;VA=>N V 7025@H5=>N <>=>3@0DVTN ?@> 872>;L=C 2V9=C, 2:;NG5=C 2 H8@>:C ?0=>@0<C B>3>G0A=>W T2@>?59AL:>W VAB>@VW. V4?>2V4=> 4> ?@89=OB>W =0 0E>4V >=><0AB8G=>W B@048FVW V70GGV>=V C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V =07820T CAAN (Russia). )>4> >AV9AL:>W 45@6028, B> 2V=, O:, 7@5HB>N, 9 01A>;NB=0 1V;LHVABL B>3>G0A=8E 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E 02B>@V2, V<5=CT WW  >A:>2VTN , 0 V;>@CAL ?>ABV9=> 28ABC?0T C =L>3> ?V4 =072>N  8B20 <a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title="">[43]</a>. 1716&nbsp;@. 2 N@=15@7V 2840=>  Atlas novus .  &V;0 >1;0ABL =07=0G5=0 2 B5:ABV 2V4 !O=C 06 4> =V?@0 O:>  Russia Rubra , :>B@V9 2V4?>2V40T ?>40=0 70@07 @V2=>1V6=5 ?V4 =5N =0720  Ukraina 2 ?@>B825=AB2V 4> ?V2=VG=8E 75<5;L, =0720=8E B0<  Russia Moscovitica <a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title="">[44]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # A;>2=8:C  Baudraud , 2840=><C 2 0@86V 1701&nbsp;@. ?V4 =072>N  Ukraine i Russie , G8B0T<> ?@> #:@0W=C- CAL 2V4 '>@=>3> <>@O 4> L2>20. >A:>2VO 725BLAO BCB  Moscovita . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 1600&nbsp;@. C $@0=:DC@BV 28E>48BL 71V@=0 ?@0FO ?V4 =072>N  Rerum Moscovitarum autores varii ( V7=V 02B>@8 VAB>@VW <>A:>28BV2 ), B56 7 2V4?>2V4=8<8 @>7<56C20==O<8 =072.  )>4> VB0;V9AL:8E V D@0=FC7L:8E ?0< OB>: 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVII&nbsp;AB., B> 2>=8 4>B@8<CNBLAO AB0@>W >=><0AB8G=>W B@048FVW C 287=0G5==V #:@0W=8 V >AVW, B>1B> ?5@HC 2>=8 =07820NBL  CAAN , 0 4@C3C  >A:>2VTN . $>@<0  0;>@>AVO (Kleinrussland, Petite-Russie, Piccola Russia B>I>) ?>G8=0T 7CAB@VG0B8AO 2 70EV4=8E ?0< OB:0E ;8H5 V7 XVII&nbsp;AB. <a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title="">[45]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >4V1=8E ?@8:;04V2 <>6=0 =025AB8 157;VG. >40<> I5 >48= ?5@5;V: B2>@V2 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E 02B>@V2, 2840=8E C A0<V9 >AVW, 45 ?>ABV9=> 26820TBLAO B5@<V=  >A:>2VO : >@1 >0= 5>@3   =52=8: ?CB5H5AB28O 2 >A:>2VN (1698 1699) (?5@52>4 V ?@8<5G0=85 .&nbsp;0;58=0, !1., 1905); ;595@ BB>=    =K=5H=5< A>AB>O=88 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C?@02;5==O 2 >A:>288 (1710&nbsp;3.) ('B5=8O 2 1I5AB25 8AB>@88 8 4@52=>AB59 >A89A:8E. 1874&nbsp;, :=.&nbsp;II);  CB5H5AB285 G5@57 >A:>28N >@=5;8O 45 @C8=0 ?@8 5B@5 5;8:>< ('B5=8O 2 1I5AB25 8AB>@88 8 4@52=>AB59 >AA89A:8E. 1872, :=.&nbsp;, II, V, 1873, :=.&nbsp;);  8AL<0 8 4>=5A5=8O 857C8B>2 > >AA88 :>=F0 XVII 8 =0G0;0 XVIII&nbsp;25:0 , (!1., 1904).  >AB0==L><C B2>@V ?>ABV9=> 7CAB@VG0TBLAO:  <>A:28BO=5 ,  >A:>2VO ,  >A:>2A:>5 3>AC40@AB2> V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;?. V47=0G8<> I5 B0:V B2>@8: 5@15@8=8 0D0M;L   CB5H5AB285 2 >A:>28N 0D0M;O 5@15@8=0 2 :=.  !:070=85 8=>AB@0=F52 > >AA88 2 XVI 8 XVII&nbsp;25:5 (!1., 1840); 8BA5= 8:>;00A   CB5H5AB285 2 >A:>28N. 1664 1665: =52=8: (!1., 1996); 5945=HB59=&nbsp; .   0?8A:8 > >A:>2A:>9 2>9=5 1578 1582&nbsp;33. ( 5&nbsp;:=, !1., 1889); 095@15@3&nbsp;.   CB5H5AB285 2 >A:>28N (., 1874); ;5O@89&nbsp;.   ?8A0=85 ?CB5H5AB28O 2 >A:>28N 2 5@A8N 8 >1@0B=> (!1., 1905); 59B5=D5;LA&nbsp;/.   !:070=8O A25B;59H5<C 35@F>3C ">A:0=A:><C >7L<5 "@5BL5<C > >A:>288 (., 1905); A0: 0AA0   @0B:>5 8725AB85 > >A:>288 2 =0G0;5 XVII&nbsp;25:0 (., 1937). # 71V@=8:C @5;OFV9 48?;><0BV2 70 ?5@V>4 ?@02;V==O F0@V2 2V4 20=0 @>7=>3> 4> ;5:AVO 8E09;>28G0 ?>ABV9=> 7CAB@VG0NBLAO B5@<V=8  >A:>2VO ,  <>A:>28B8 <a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title="">[46]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  >A:>2VO, >A:>2VBVO,  AB25@46CT WE=O 6 5=F8:;>?54VO,  =0720, ?@89=OB0 C 2AV9 0EV4=V9 2@>?V 4;O @CAA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20, ?5@5206=> G0AV2 :=O7V2 V F0@V2 >A:>2AL:8E 4> :V=FO XVIII&nbsp;AB>;VBBO <a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title="">[47]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 1716&nbsp;@. 2 =V<5FL:><C <VABV 0<1C@7V ?;0B=8<8 035=B0<8 <>A:>2AL:>3> C@O4C 1C2 ?V4ABC?=> 28:@045=89 ?;5<V==8: 35BL<0=0 20=0 075?8  ?>;:>2=8: H254AL:>W 320@4VW =4@V9 >9=0@>2AL:89. >3> ?5@5257;8 2 >A:>2I8=C 2 :075<0B8 5B@>?02;>2AL:>W D>@B5FV, 0 72V4B8 ?VA;O B>@BC@ 70A;0;8 2 !81V@, B0: I> A;V4 70 =8< 703C182AO. V4ABC?=5 28:@045==O >9=0@>2AL:>3> A?@028;> 25;8:5 2@065==O =0 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2>. '8<0;> B>4VH=VE 3075B C V<5GG8=V, $@0=FVW B0 =3;VW >1C@N20;8AO 20@20@AL:8< A?>A>1>< @>7?@028  <>A:>2AL:>3> C@O4C =04 ?>;VB8G=8< ?@>B82=8:><. 8 =02545<> BCB BV;L:8 C@82>: 7 =>B8 FVA0@AL:>3> 0<10A04>@0 D>= C@F@C:0 <03VAB@0B>2V 0<1C@30:  >3> &VA0@AL:0 5;8G=VABL 7 25;8:8< AC<>< 4V7=02AO ?@> B5, I> 8A>:>?>206=89 <03VAB@0B ?> >4=>AB>@>==V9 F0@AL:V9 70O2V ?>@CH82 078;L V<?5@AL:>W B5@8B>@VW AC?@>B8 :020;5@0 >9=0@>2AL:>3>, I> HC:02 70E8ABC =0 FV9 B5@8B>@VW. 8A>:>?>206=89 <03VAB@0B =5 BV;L:8 700@5HBC202 >9=0@>2AL:>3>, 0;5 70;8H82 2 >A5;V <>A:>28BAL:>3> (Moscowitischen) @57845=B0 ?V4 >E>@>=>N <>A:>28BV2 <a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title="">[48]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 02VBL ?VA;O ?5@59<5=C20==O 5B@><&nbsp;I 1721&nbsp;@.  >A:>2AL:>3> F0@AB20 2  >AAV9A:CN V<?5@VN 2 0EV4=V9 2@>?V I5 4>23> B@8<0;8AO AB0@V B@048FV9=V B5@<V=8  >A:>2VO ,  <>A:>28B8 . )5 1869&nbsp;@. D@0=FC7L:89 ?>;VB8: .&nbsp;45&nbsp;O<0@ ?8A02:   2@>?V VA=CT =0@>4, 701CB89 VAB>@8:0<8,  =0@>4 @CA8=V2: 121/2&nbsp;<;=  ?V4 @>AV9AL:8< F0@5< V 21/2&nbsp;<;=  ?V4 2AB@>-#3>@AL:>N <>=0@EVTN. 0@>4 F59 B0:89 65 G8A;5==89, O: =0@>4 A?0=VW, 2B@8GV 1V;LH89 70 G5EV2 V @V2=89 70 :V;L:VABN 2AV< ?V440=8< :>@>=8 A2OB>3> !B5D0=0. &59 =0@>4 VA=CT, <0T A2>N VAB>@VN, 2V4<V==C 2V4 VAB>@VW >;LIV B0 I5 1V;LH5 2V4<V==C 2V4 VAB>@VW >A:>2I8=8. V= <0T A2>W B@048FVW, A2>N <>2C, >:@5<C 2V4 <>A:>2AL:>W V ?>;LAL:>W, <0T 28@07=C V=482V4C0;L=VABL, 70 O:C 1>@5BLAO. AB>@VO =5 ?>28==0 701C20B8, I> 4> 5B@0&nbsp;I B>9 =0@>4, O:89 <8 =07820T<> @CB5=0<8, 7202AO @CAL:8<, 01> @CA8=0<8, V 9>3> 75<;O 720;0AO CAAN V CB5=VTN, 0 B>9 =0@>4, O:89 <8 =8=V 725<> @CAL:8<, 7202AO <>A:28=0<8, 0 WE 75<;O  >A:>2VTN.  :V=FV <8=C;>3> AB>;VBBO 2AV C $@0=FVW V 2 2@>?V 4>1@5 2<V;8 2V4@V7=OB8 CAL 2V4 >A:>2VW <a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title="">[49]</a>. 840B=89 ACG0A=89 D@0=FC7L:89 VAB>@8: $5@=0= @>45;L C A2>W9 DC=40<5=B0;L=V9 ?@0FV  0B5@V0;L=0 F82V;V70FVO, 5:>=><V:0 V :0?VB0;V7<, XV XVIII&nbsp;AB. ?>ABV9=> =07820T 4>?5B@V2AL:C >AVN B5@<V=>< >A:>2VO. 0 :0@BV, O:0 ?>:07CT <0@H@CB8 2V@<5=AL:8E :C?FV2 C XVII&nbsp;AB., B5@8B>@VO >AVW =07820TBLAO  >A:>2VTN , 0 B5@8B>@VO #:@0W=8   CB5=VTN <a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title="">[50]</a>. (0@;L >=B5A: T C B2>@V  @> 4CE 70:>=V2 (1748) ?>ABV9=> 26820T B5@<V= >A:>2VO <a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title="">[51]</a>. # 2@>?V 22060;8, <>6;82>, V =5 157?V4AB02=>, I> ;8H5 0B5@8=0&nbsp;II  28A>G09HV< ?>25;T=VT< 40@C20;0 <>A:>2AL:><C =0@>4C V< O  @CAA:VT V 701>@>=8;0 9><C 26820B8 V< O  <>A:>28BO=8 <a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title="">[52]</a>. >AB5<5==> 2V4><>, I> A0<5 0B5@8=0&nbsp;II ?5@H>N 3>AB@> 28ABC?8;0 ?@>B8 >DVFV9=>3> 26820==O 5B=>=V<0  <>A:0;V :  < O >A:>2VO, >A:>2, >A:0;L, >A:28G 7>2AV< =5402=> (!) 2V4 ACB=L>3> =57=0==O 01> 6 2V4 ACAV4=L>W 7028ABV (!) ?@89=OB> ,  ?>2G0;0 =V<:5=O V7 A0=:B-?5B5@1C@7L:>3> B@>=C <a href="#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title="">[53]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 E@8AB8O=AL:><C !E>4V B0: A0<> =5 >B>B>6=N20;8 <>A:>28BV2 7 @CA8=0<8 06 4> XVII&nbsp;AB. !8@VTFL 02;> ;5??AL:89 >7=0G0T C A2>T<C 7=0<5=8B><C >?8AV ?>4>@>6V 4> >A:28 2 1654&nbsp;@. CAL O: #:@0W=C, 0 =0A5;5==O :>;8H=L>3> 0;VAAO =07820T <>A:>28B0<8 <a href="#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title="">[54]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 1659&nbsp;@. 2V@<5=AL:V :C?FV 40@CNBL F0@52V ;5:AVT2V B@>= 7 B0:8< =0?8A><:  Potentissimo et invicatissimo Moscovitarum imperatori Alexio& Anno D.&nbsp;1659 ( 09<>3CB=VH><C V =09=5?5@5<>6=VH><C V<?5@0B>@>2V <>A:>28BV2 ;5:AVN& @>:C >6>3> 1659 ).  >AL 203><V C A2>W9 :@0A=><>2=>ABV D@078 7 ;8AB0 @CA0;8<AL:>3> ?0B@V0@E0 >A8D5O 4> F0@O 5B@0&nbsp;I:  I5 ?@V84CBL >BAN40 8;8 !5@1K, 8;8 @5:8, 8;8 >B 8=>3> =0@>40 BC4K, 0I5 1K 8 A;CG09=> 1K;8 <C4@59HVO V A2OB59HVO >A>1K, 0H5 45@602=>5 8 1>3>CB25@645==>5 F0@AB2VT 40 =V:>340 A>B2>@8BL <8B@>?>;8B>< 8;8 8 ?0B@V0@E>< @5:0, !5@10 8;8 CAO=8=0, => >A:>28BO=>2, 8 =5 ?@>AB> >A:28BO=, => ?@8@>4=KE >A:28BO= .  40;V:  I5 25;8:>5 B2>5 F0@AB285 8<55B =0<5@5=85 CG8=8B8 871@0=85 ?0B@V0@E0, 40 ?>25;8B, GB>1 =5 CG8=8;>AL 871@0=85 >A>1KE 87 >70:>2 8 >AAVO= 8 !5@1O= 8 @5:>2& => 40 ?>25;8B 1KB8 871@0=8N >A>1K 87 A0<>3> >A:28G0 <a href="#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title="">[55]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0:8<8 1C;8 VAB>@8G=>-B5@<V=>;>3VG=V B@048FVW 4> :V=FO XVII&nbsp;AB. 0A:V;L:8 4>23>B@820;8<8 1C;8 B5@<V=>;>3VG=V B@048FVW A5@54 ?>;O:V2, <>6=0 AC48B8 E>G0 1 7 B>3> D0:BC, I> :>;8 2 G5@2=V 1917&nbsp;@. 2 8T2V 2V41C2AO 7 W74 ?>;LAL:8E >@30=V70FV9, B> =0720;8 2>=8 A515   W74>< ?>;LAL:8E >@30=V70FV9 =0 CAV , 0 =5 2  #:@0W=V , O: ?@>?>=C202 45EB> 7 45;530BV2. !B0@0 5B=>=V<V:0 I5 715@V30;0 A2>N A8;C.<br clear="all"> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;8B>2A:0O <5B@8:0. !1., 1903. ".&nbsp;I. !.&nbsp;149.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>;048<8@>2&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>$@0=F8A: !:>@8=0. !1., 1888. !.&nbsp;30.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>=4@CAO: . </i>"5@<V=8  CAL:89 ,  >AL:89 ,  >AV9AL:89 V  V;>@CAL:89 2 ?C1;V:0FVOE XVI XIX AB>;VBL // 1V@=8: =0 ?>H0=C 20=0 V@GC:0. N=E5=; LN->@:; 0@86; V==V?53, 1974. !.&nbsp;1.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;C@=0; 8=8AB5@AB20 0@>4=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O. !1., 1893. 23CAB. !.&nbsp;407 408.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span lang="RU">[5]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;852A:0O AB0@8=0. 1882. ".&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;2 3.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span lang="RU">[6]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>=4@CAO: . </i>"5@<V=8  CAL:89 ,  >AL:89 ,  >AV9AL:89 V  V;>@CAL:89 2 ?C1;V:0FVOE XVI XIX&nbsp;AB>;VBL // 1V@=8: =0 ?>H0=C 20=0 V@GC:0. N=E5=; LN->@:; 0@86; V==V?53, 1974. !.&nbsp;2.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span lang="RU">[7]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>57?0;L:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;., >9GC:&nbsp;.&nbsp;. B0 V=.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>AB>@8G=0 3@0<0B8:0 C:@0W=AL:>W <>28. .: 04. H:>;0, 1962. !.&nbsp;36.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span lang="RU">[8]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;@E82 .3>-0?04=>9 >AA88 [40;V  . ]. ., 1904. '.&nbsp;1. ".&nbsp;10. !.&nbsp;89 91.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span lang="RU">[9]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;!>FV0;L=0 1>@>BL10 2 <VABV L2>2V XVI XVIII&nbsp;AB.: 1. 4>:. L2V2: 84 2> #, 1961. !.&nbsp;49 [>:. !&nbsp;12.].</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span lang="RU">[10]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;Monumenta Confraternitatis Stauropigianae Leopoliensis. L2V2, 1898. ".&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;811 [>:. !&nbsp;470].</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span lang="RU">[11]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;!>FV0;L=0 1>@>BL10 2 <VABV L2>2V XVI XVIII&nbsp;AB.: 1. 4>:. L2V2: 84-2> #, 1961. !.&nbsp;67 [>:. !&nbsp;20].</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span lang="RU">[12]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>@K;>2A:89&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>L2>2A:>5 !B02@>?8389A:>5 1@0BAB2>. ., 1898. !.&nbsp;31 [>:. !&nbsp;17].</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span lang="RU">[13]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;!>FV0;L=0 1>@>BL10 2 <VABV L2>2V XVI XVIII&nbsp;AB.: 1. 4>:. L2V2: 84-2> #, 1961. !.&nbsp;73 [>:. !&nbsp;23].</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span lang="RU">[14]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;89 [>:. !&nbsp;29].</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span lang="RU">[15]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>0;8209:>&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU> 5F5?FVO #:@0W=8 2 0EV4=V9 2@>?V XVI XVIII&nbsp;AB. // !CG0A=VABL. 1993. !&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;95 96.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span lang="RU">[16]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>@CH52AL:89&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>AB>@VO #:@0W=8- CA8 C 8 B. 8W2; L2V2, 1909.  ".&nbsp;7. !</span><span lang=EN-GB>.&nbsp;391.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span lang="RU">[17]</span></a> <span lang=EN-GB>&nbsp;<i>Lipi</i></span><span lang=RU><i>D</i></span><span lang=EN-GB><i>ski&nbsp;W. &nbsp;</i>Z dziej</span> <span lang=RU>&oacute;</span><span lang=EN-GB>w Ukrainy. Krak</span><span lang=RU>&oacute;</span><span lang=EN-GB>w, 1912. S.&nbsp;181.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span lang="RU">[18]</span></a> <span lang=EN-GB>&nbsp;<i>Micha</i></span><span lang=RU><i>B</i></span><span lang=EN-GB><i>owski&nbsp;I</i>. &nbsp;Ksi</span><span lang=RU></span><span lang=EN-GB>ga pami</span> <span lang=RU></span><span lang=EN-GB>tnicza. Krak</span><span lang=RU>&oacute;</span><span lang=EN-GB>w, 1864. S.&nbsp;374.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span lang="RU">[19]</span></a> <span lang=EN-GB>&nbsp;Ibid.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span lang="RU">[20]</span></a> <span lang=EN-GB>&nbsp;</span> <span lang=RU><i>&830=>:</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU><i></i></span><span lang=EN-GB><i>. </i></span><span lang=RU><i></i></span><i> </i><span lang=EN-GB><i>. &nbsp;</i></span> <span lang=RU> VAB>@VW ;0B8=AL:8E ;VB5@0BC@=8E 2?;82V2 2 C:@0W=AL :><C ?8AL<5=AB2V</span> <span lang=EN-GB>XVI XVIII&nbsp;</span> <span lang=RU>AB</span><span lang=EN-GB>. </span> <span lang=RU>.: 54. ?@5A0, 1999. !.&nbsp;33.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span lang="RU">[21]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;04OFL:89 4>3>2V@ <V6 #:@0W=>N V >;LI5N 1658&nbsp;@. L2V2, 1933. !.&nbsp;7.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span lang="RU">[22]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>5@0A8<GC:&nbsp;</i>.</span> <span lang=RU>83>2I8=0 V 04OFL:89 B@0:B0B // "(. 1909. ".&nbsp;89. !.&nbsp;83 90.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span lang="RU">[23]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>0=BKH-0<5=A:89&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>AB>G=8:8 <0;>@>AA89A:>9 8AB>@88. ., 1858. ".&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;208 212.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span lang="RU">[24]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>8?8=AL:89&nbsp;</i>. "2>@8. $V;O45;LDVO</span><span lang=EN-GB>, 1980. </span> <span lang=RU>"</span><span lang=EN-GB>.&nbsp;2. </span> <span lang=RU>!</span><span lang=EN-GB>.&nbsp;43.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span lang="RU">[25]</span></a> <span lang=EN-GB>&nbsp;Monumenta Germaniae Historica. </span> <span lang=RU>T.&nbsp;5. S.&nbsp;219.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span lang="RU">[26]</span></a><span lang=RU>&nbsp;</span> <span lang=EN-US>Ibid</span><span lang=RU>. S.&nbsp;133.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span lang="RU">[27]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&nbsp;0@2V=AL:89&nbsp;.</i></span> <span lang=RU>AB>@8G=89 @>72V9 V<5=8 C:@0W=AL:>-@CA:>3> =0@>4C. L2V2, 1908. !.&nbsp;14.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span lang="RU">[28]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>CH:0@52&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>C;LBC@=K5 A2O78 >AA88 8 #:@08=K 2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 XVII&nbsp;25:0 // >?@>AK 8AB>@88. 2000. !&nbsp;7. !.&nbsp;139.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span lang="RU">[29]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>%>@>H:528G&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i></span> <span lang=RU> CAL, CA8O, >A:>28O, >AA8O, >A:>2A:>5 3>AC40@AB2>, >AA89A:>5 F0@AB2> // !?>@=K5 2>?@>AK >B5G5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 XI XVIII&nbsp;25:>2. .: = B 8AB>@88 !!! , 1990. !.&nbsp;291.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span lang="RU">[30]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>N102A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>1@07>20=85 >A=>2=>9 3>AC40@AB25==>9 B5@@8B>@88 5;8:>@CAA:>9 =0@>4=>AB8. .: 74-2> !!! , 1929. !.&nbsp;135.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span lang="RU">[31]</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>&nbsp;@5;5FL:89&nbsp;</i>.</span> <span lang=RU>8?;><0B8G=89 F5@5<>=VO; // 0C:>289 1V@=8: #:@0W=AL:>3> V;L=>3> #=V25@A8B5BC 2 @07V. @030, 1942. ".&nbsp;3. !.&nbsp;278.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span lang="RU">[32]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;>AB><0@>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</span> <span lang=RU>!>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. !1., 1903. =.&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;27.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span lang="RU">[33]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>5@15@HB59=&nbsp;!</i>.</span> <span lang=RU>0?8A:8 > >A:>288. .: 74 2> #, 1988. !.&nbsp;265.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span lang="RU">[34]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>5@5OA;02AL:89&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>#:@0W=0 XVII&nbsp;2V:C 2 A2VB;V B>3>G0A=>3> 0E>4C // 0?8A:8 '!. 1935. ".&nbsp;6, 8?.&nbsp;1 2. !.&nbsp;326.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span lang="RU">[35]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i> K10:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>.</span> <span lang=RU> CAA:85 :0@BK >A:>288 XV  =0G0;0 XVI&nbsp;25:0. .: 0C:0, 1974. !.&nbsp;7.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span lang="RU">[36]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>C@>2A:89&nbsp;.</i></span> <span lang=RU>2@0789AB2>: 4>1@>45B5;L // >48=0. 1996. !&nbsp;9. !.&nbsp;23.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span lang="RU">[37]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&nbsp;(5;CE8=&nbsp;!</i>.</span> <span lang=RU>0720 #:@0W=8. V45=L, 1921. !.&nbsp;16.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span lang="RU">[38]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>CH:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;., C@>2A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> >AA8O, :>B>@>9 =5 1K;> 2. CAA:0O B;0=B840: AB>@8G5A:>5 @0AA;54>20=85. @0A=>O@A:: >=CA; .: -@5AA, 2000. !.&nbsp;284.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span lang="RU">[39]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>8F8:&nbsp;..&nbsp;.</i></span> <span lang=RU>AB>@8:>-35>3@0DVG=89 >?8A #:@0W=8 C B2>@V VB0;V9AL:>3> 3C<0=VAB0 XVI&nbsp;AB. 6>20==V >B5@> // AB>@8G=V 4>A;V465==O. VBG87=O=0 VAB>@VO. .: 0C:. 4C<:0, 1992. 8?.&nbsp;8. !.&nbsp;30.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span lang="RU">[40]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;'B5=8O 2 >1I5AB25 8AB>@88 8 4@52=>AB59 @>AA89A:8E. ., 1863. =.&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;128.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span lang="RU">[41]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&nbsp;>@4B&nbsp;. </i>0B5@80;K ?> 8AB>@88 @CAA:>9 :0@B>3@0D88. ., 1910. !.&nbsp;21.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span lang="RU">[42]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>(5;CE8=&nbsp;!.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>0720 #:@0W=8. V45=L, 1921. !.&nbsp;29.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span lang="RU">[43]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>0;8209:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;!.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>>70FL:0 E@8AB8O=AL:0 @5A?C1;V:0 (0?>@>7L:0 !VG C 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E VAB>@8:>-;VB5@0BC@=8E ?0< OB:0E). .: =V?@>, 1992. !.&nbsp;241.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span lang="RU">[44]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;@>?0< OB=5 ?8AL<> "(. 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".&nbsp;138/140. !.&nbsp;157.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span lang="RU">[49]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>!VG8=AL:89 .</i>'C68=FV ?@> #:@0W=C: 81V@ 7 >?8AV2 ?>4>@>659 ?> #:@0W=V B0 V=H8E ?8A0=L GC68=FV2 ?@> #:@0W=C 70 45AOBL AB>;VBL. ., 1992. !.&nbsp;220.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span lang="RU">[50]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>@>45;L $5@=0=</i>.</span> <span lang=RU>0B5@V0;L=0 F82V;V70FVO, 5:>=><V:0 V :0?VB0;V7<, XV XVIII&nbsp;AB.: # 3 B. .: A=>28, 1997. ".&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;125.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" title=""><span lang="RU">[51<i>]</i></span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>&nbsp;"0@0=>2A:89&nbsp;$.&nbsp;</i>.</span> <span lang=RU>>=B5A:L5 > >AA88 // "@C4K @CAA:8E CG5=KE 70 3@0=8F59. 5@;8=, 1922. ".&nbsp;I. !.&nbsp;181.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" title=""><span lang="RU">[52]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>:0B5@8=0&nbsp;II.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>0?8A:8 :0A0B5;L=> @>AA89A:>9 8AB>@88. !1., 1901. ".&nbsp;8. !.&nbsp;399.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" title=""><span lang="RU">[53]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;"0< 65.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" title=""><span lang="RU">[54]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;CB5H5AB285 02;0 ;5??A:>3>. ., 1898. ".&nbsp;4. !.&nbsp;55.</span> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" title=""><span lang="RU">[55]</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>!>;>2L52&nbsp;!. </i>AB>@8O >AA88 A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5=. ., 1865. !.&nbsp;419 427.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155201"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">XI. >A:>28BO=8</font></i></b></span></a><b><i><font size="4"><a name="XI_Moskovytjany"> </a></font></i></b>&nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 072>N  CAL C 8B>2AL:V9 45@602V >7=0G0;8 ;8H5 1V;>@CAV2 B0 C:@0W=FV2. >;8H=T 0;VAAO ;8B>2FV (0 B0:>6 C:@0W=FV B0 1V;>@CA8) =07820;8 BV;L:8 >A:>2I8=>N. /: ?8H5 4>A;V4=8: BVTW 5?>E8 .&nbsp;!028G, B>4VH=V  =0HV 465@5;0 CA5=L:C  @CAL:C ;N4=VABL >;LAL:>-;8B>2AL:>W 45@6028 O: 1V;>@CAL:C, B0: V 2:@0W=AL:C, 72 O70=C <V6 A>1>N ?>;VB8G=>N B0 :C;LBC@=>N T4=VABN, >1 T4=CNBL A?V;L=8< B5@<V=><  CAL V  @CAL:89 , ?@>B8AB02;ONG8 9>3> B5@<V=>2V  >A:20 ,  <>A:>28BO=8= <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. 0?@8:;04, C CAB8=AL:><C ;VB>?8AV ?V4 1406&nbsp;@. 7=0E>48<>: </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  !284@8309;>& ?>1565& :> :=O7N >A:>2AL:><C, 0 ?0:8 =0G0BL <=>3> 7;0 7 >A:2>N B2>@8B8 ;8B>2AL:>9 75<;5 8 CA8 , 01> ?V4 1415&nbsp;@.:  8B>;L4, 10GCG8, I> <8B@>?>;8B>25 ?@8H54H8 7L >A:2K& 40=8 >BL A2OI5==8:>2L (=0 ;8B>2AL:>-@CAL:V9 B5@8B>@VW)& A>1@02H8 2 >A:>2A:CN 75<;N, A>60;5E > B><L, 5I5 65 @>7<KA;8 8 A5 40 =5 C<0;O5BAO 1>30BAB2> 75<5;L CA:>c . 840B=89 @>AV9AL:89 <>2>7=025FL :=.&nbsp;"@C1TF:>9 ?V4B25@482, I> B5@<V=  CAL >7=0GC202 ;8H5 68B5;V2 ?V24=O, V 40;V :065:  'B> 65 :0A05BAO A525@O=, B> A ?>;8B8G5A:8< >1J548=5=85< 8E >A:2>9 C =8E 2>7>1;040;> A?5F80;L=>5 8<O <>A:28G59, <>A:>2A:8E ;N459, <>A:>2A:>3> 3>AC40@AB20 (>A:>288) <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> '8A;5==V B>3>G0A=V 465@5;0 ?5@5:>=;82> 4>2>4OBL, I> =0c5;5==O #:@0W=8 B0 V;>@CAVW GVB:> CA2V4><;N20;> A2>N 5B=VG=C 2V4>:@5<;5=VABL 2V4 <>A:>28BO=.  CA8=8-#:@0W=FV <0965 2 FV;V9 A2>W9 VAB>@VW O2;ONBLAO =0@>4>< GC68< AC?@>B8 <>A:>2AL:8E A2>WE ACAV4V2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  BV-B> 42V =0@>4=>ABV G5@57 :V;L:0 2V:V2 287=0GCNBLAO >:@5<>N =072>N 2V4 B>3> G0AC, 2V4:>;8 2>=8 2 VAB>@VW ACBL 72VA=V& <5==> :>;8H=V A;>2 O=AL:V ?;5<5=0 2 =8=VH=V9 ?>;C4=52>-70EV4=V9 >AVW 2V4 2V:C&nbsp;IX, 0 68B5;V =8=VH=L>W >;8=V V 0;8G8=8 2V4 2V:C&nbsp;XI 720;8AO CAAN 01> @CA8=0<8, <V6 B8< :>;8 ?;5<5=0 75<;V >AB>2AL:>W V !C740;LAL:>W& 2V4 2V:C&nbsp;XV =072>N  >A:20 287=0GC20;8AO <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0E0@VO >?8AB5=AL:89 =02>48BL C A2>T<C B@0:B0BV  0;V=>4VO A;>20 :=O7O >ABO=B8=0 AB@>7L:>3> ?@> B5, I> A?@020 F5@:>2=>W C=VW <V6 ?@02>A;02 O< B0 :0B>;8F87<>< ?>28==0 AB0B8 A?@02>N =5 BV;L:8 @CA8=V2 (C:@0W=FV2, 1V;>@CAV2), 0 CAVE =0@>4V2 ?@02>A;02=>3> 2V@>A?>2V40==O:  5 4> 42>EJ 8 =5 4> B@>EJ >A>1L BCN 1KB8 @07C<5BL @5GL, 0;5 =0@>4>2J :8;:C: @5:>2J, >A:2K 8 >;>E>2J, 8 ?@8 =8E >;30@>2J, !5@1>2J 8 0:54>=O=J <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. # ?>;5<VG=><C B2>@V  Obrona Verificaciey 7 1621&nbsp;@. 40TBLAO ?5@5;V: =0@>4V2, O:V ?>A;CH=V >=AB0=B8=>?>;LAL:><C ?0B@V0@E>2V: 1>;30@AL:89, A5@1AL:89, A;>20FL:89, @CAL:89, <>A:>2AL:89 B0 V=HV <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # ;8ABC20==V <V6 T?8A:>?>< ?0BVT< >BVT< V :=O75< AB@>7L:8< B0: >?8ACTBLAO 4>;O E@8AB8O=AL:8E ?>;>=5=8E C @8<C:  /:> CAL, >A:20, @5:>25, >;OFK, ;>H8, c<FK 2Ac =52>;L=8FK: 109@0< B0B0@AL:89 >4=>AB09=5 AJ B0B0@0<8 >1E>48B8 ?> =52>;8 <CAOBL&  <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> B=>=V<8  CAL V  >A:20 ?>ABV9=> ?@>B8AB02;ONBLAO O: 420 @V7=>@V4=V ?>=OBBO. # B2>@V  1>@>=0 C=VW L20 @5278 1617&nbsp;@. 3>2>@8BLAO:  >A:20 2818@0;0 <8B@>?>;8B0 A>1V, O:>3> E>BV;0, 0 =0H0 CAL, CB@8<CNG8 T4=VABL 7 8<><, ?@89=O;0 2V4 ?0?8 VO 70 A2>3> ?0AB8@O @83>@VO <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0E0@VO >?8AB5=AL:89 C 7304C20=><C 28I5 B2>@V  0;V=>4VO 4>2>48BL, I> ?@02>A;02=0 F5@:20 B56 <0T G8A;5==8E CG5=8E B0 ?8AL<5==8:V2. 5@5@0E>2CNG8 A?>G0B:C @V7=8E 3@5:V2, 2V= 40;V AB25@46CT:  K;> B56L 8 2J >AV8 (B>1B> =0 CAV) =0H59 4848A:0;>2J <=>3>, 0 :>B>@K5 ?8A<0 7>AB028;8, =5 2A?><8=0NG8 AB0@KEJ, =>2KEJ ?OBCN ?0@C O:CN& J >A:2c B56L ACBL ;N45 <C4@V8 8 1>3>A;>25 ?@02>A;02=K8&  <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # >4=V9 V7 @CAL:8E E@>=V: A5@548=8 XVI&nbsp;AB. B0: @>7?>2V40TBLAO ?@> ?>4VW 1500&nbsp;@.:  5;8:89 :=O7L <>A:>2AL:89 2>520;L @CA:CN 75<;N 8 :=O7L 25;8:89 ;8B>2A:89 ;5:A0=4@> ?>A;0;L 2>9A:> A2>T ;8B>2A:>5, 8 75E0;>AO 2>9A:> ;8B>2A:>5 7 <>A:>2A:8< =0 54@>HK 8 CG8=8;8 <568 A>1>N 1>8 A5GC 25;8:CN... <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> #  VB>?8AV !0<>284FO G8B0T<>  A B8<8 :>;<8:0<8 8 <>A:2>N 8 :>70:0<8 35B<0= @NE>25F:89 E>48; ?>4 c;CN &5@:2C . 1> 2 V=H><C <VAFV:  <>A:0;59 G>B8@8 G5;>2c:0 . 7030;V 2  VB>?8AV !0<>284FO >A:>2AL:0 45@6020 7304CTBLAO 12&nbsp;@07V2, <>A:>2AL:5 2V9AL:>  29&nbsp;@07V2, <>A:20 O: =0@>4=VABL 7304CTBLAO 26&nbsp;@07V2 <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. # ;VB>?8AV B0: >?8ACNBLAO ?>4VW G0AV2 1C=BC 8E09;0 ;8=AL:>3> 2 1508&nbsp;@>FV:   <=>3> 2 B>B G0A 70<:>2 @CA:8E ?>40;8AO 25;8:><C :=O7N <>A:>2A:><C <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>.  40;V:  =O7L 25;8:89 <>A:>2A:89 0A8;58, 701K2H8 ?5@5<8@O 8 ?@8AO35 A2>55, 4> ?0=AB20 @CA:>3> 2>9A:> A2>5 2KA;0; 8 H:>4K =5?@8OB5;LA:8< >1KG05< G8=8; 8 A0< 7 2>9AL:>< A2>8< <>A:>2A:8< ?>4 !<>;5=LA: ?@8E>48; <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> #?@>4>26 ? OB45AOB8 @>:V2 (1561  1611&nbsp;@@.) ?5@51C202 =0 A;C61V C ?>;LAL:8E :>@>;V2 V 25;8:8E :=O7V2 ;8B>2AL:8E VB0;VTFL ;5:A0=4@ 20=LW=V. 0965 4204FOBL @>:V2 20=LW=V 1C2 :><5=40=B>< VB51AL:>W D>@B5FV. 8:>@8AB>2CNG8 @>7<0WBV AB0@V 465@5;0, 0 B0:>6 =0 ?V4AB02V 2;0A=8E A?>AB5@565=L 2V= =0?8A02 ;0B8=>N FV==C E@>=V:C  ?8A 2@>?59AL:>W !0@<0BVW . "5@8B>@VN #:@0W=8, 0 B0:>6 V;>@CAVW 20=LW=V =07820T  CAAN . "5?5@VH=N >AVN =07820T ;8H5 >A:>2VTN <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >4V1=> 2 AB0@8E 465@5;0E V<5=C20;8AO >A>18 <>A:>2AL:>3> ?>E>465==O. 0 ?@>B8203C 4>  @CA8=V2 WE =07820NBL  <>A:28=0<8 ,  <>A:28BO=0<8 . .&nbsp;@5270 C A2>W9  1>@>=V C=VW V !.&nbsp;>AV2 C  0B5@8:>=V =07820NBL ;5=C, 4@C68=C 25;8:>3> :=O7O ;8B>2AL:>3> ;5:A0=4@0, <>A:>2:>N.  8B@>?>;8B 0:0@V9& 1C2 ?5@H8< =042>@=8< 2;048:>N C :>@>;528 5;5=8 >A:>2:8 <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>.  >=0& O:89 1C2 A?5@HC 0@EV<0=4@8B>< <V=AL:8<& AB02 <8B@>?>;8B>< 70 V=B5=FVTN ?>;LAL:>W :>@>;528 5;5=8 >A:>2:8 <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. @> <8B@>?>;8B0 0:0@VO 3>2>@8BL .&nbsp;>?8AB5=AL:89 2  0;V=>4VW :   1K;J, 7=0BL, @>4><J >A:28B8=J <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. 8B@>?>;8B V 3@><04AL:89 4VOG 5B@> >38;0 ?8A02 C A2>T<C B@0:B0BV   GC45A=KEJ 8 70<cG0B5;L=KEJ O2;5=8OEJ&  , I> 1V;O 0@E8<0=4@8B0 ;.&nbsp;;5B5=5FL:>3> ?5@51C202  c:B> AB0@5FL 8<5=5<J $5>4>AV9, @>4><J >A:28BO=8=J , 2 V=H><C <VAFV FVTW 6 ?@0FV 2V= ?8H5 ?@> N=0:0 !B5D0=0:  c:B> N=>H0 8<5=5<J !B5D0=J& @>4><J CA8=J >BJ 0<5=F0 >4>;LA:>3>... , 0 ?@> >4=>3> ;V:0@O   c:B> ;5:A0=45@J C75;O, 2@0GJ, @5:J @>4><J&  <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /: 10G8<>, BCB OA=> V GVB:> @>7<56>2CNBL B@8 5B=>=V<8:  @>4><J >A:28BO=8=J ,  @>4><J CA8=J ,  @>4><J @5:J . &5 6 A?>AB5@V30T<> C B2>@V  030B0 28=0 (1621&nbsp;@.), 45 <8B@>?>;8B8 ;0@V>= V ;5<5=BV9 =0720=V @CA8=0<8 =0 ?@>B8203C 4> G5=FO V<5=0  <>A:28B8=0 <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. 0;V 2 FL><C 6 B2>@V @>7?>2V40TBLAO, O: @CA0;8<AL:89 ?0B@V0@E 4>:>@O2 :>70:0< 70 WE =5402=V ?>E>48 2 >A:>2I8=C, 1>  <>A:28=8 T E@8AB8O=0<8 <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  >4=><C 0=B8C=V0BAL:><C ?>;5<VG=><C B2>@V (1597&nbsp;@.) 3>2>@8BLAO:  5E09 C:06CBL, :>;8 :>B>@K9 ?0?56J @>A:07>20;J F5@:>2N 3@5G5A:>N, <>A:>2A:>N, @CA:>N, V=459A:8<J, ?5@A:8<J :>AB5;><J, 538?5BA:8<J, 8 :>B@K5 ACBL 2J 2@>?5 <a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title="">[20]</a>. # B2>@V  VB>A , O:89 289H>2 C 8T2V 1644&nbsp;@., ?>2V4><;OTBLAO, I>  >A:20 =5 BV;L:8 ?>;O:V2, 0;5 V @CA8=V2 ?5@5E@5ICT <a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title="">[21]</a>. "CB V45BLAO ?@> 2V4<V==>ABV <V6 @CAL:>N ?@02>A;02=>N V <>A:>2AL:>N F5@:20<8. 0 FN B5<C <0T<> 2 B>3>G0A=8E 465@5;0E 1030B> ?>2V4><;5=L. !:@V7L <>A:>2AL:C F5@:2C =07820NBL <>A:>2AL:>N, 0 C:@0W=AL:C  @CAL:>N. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # E>4V ?>;5<V:8 <V6 .&nbsp;@527>N V 0=B8C=V0BAL:8< 02B>@><  030B>W 28=8 70 0@3C<5=B8 1C;> 268B> ;VB>?8A8 O: @CAL:V, B0: V <>A:>2AL:V. 2B>@  030B>W 28=8 ?V4:@5A;NT, I> C ?>B@V1=><C 9><C ?8B0==V 2>=8 A?V2?040NBL, 0 B><C @0FVO =0 9>3> 1>FV. >18BL 2V= F5 70 4>?><>3>N A;V2:  & G>3> 2AV <8 3>B>2V 4>25AB8 =5 ;8H5 @CAL:8<8 E@>=V:0<8, 0;5 V <>A:>2AL:8<8; 72V4:8 H284:> 28:065BLAO ?@0240, 1> ?8AL<5==8:8 42>E @V7=8E =0FV9, V7 A>1>N =573V4=8E V 7402=0 ?5@51C20NG8 2 =5?@8O7=V, ?>3>46CNBLAO =0 >4=> <a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title="">[22]</a>. #:@0W=AL:89 ?>5B XVI&nbsp;AB. !510ABV0= ;5=>28G C ?>5<V  >:A>;0=VO (1584) ?8A02, I>  A;02=0 CAL ?@>ABO30TBLAO& 4> B5<=8E <>A:>2AL:8E ;VAV2 <a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title="">[23]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> =V <>A:>2AL:0 45@6020, 0=V <>A:>2AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2> =5 :>@8ABC20;8AO A5@54 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O A8<?0BVTN. AL O: ?8A02 3&nbsp;G5@2=O 1598&nbsp;@. 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"CB B@510 4>40B8, I> 2 >A:>2AL:V9 45@602V, 7>:@5<0 2 XVII&nbsp;AB., C:@0W=AL:8E :>70:V2 V 27030;V C:@0W=FV2 >DVFV9=> =07820;8  G5@:0A8 (>48=8G=0 =0720  G5@:0H5=8= ) <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>, ?@> I> 4>:;04=VH5 73>4><. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # G0A8 35BL<0=0 20=0 @NE>25FL:>3> (1666&nbsp;@.) ?>;B02AL:V :>70:8 A:0@60BLAO =0 <>A:>2AL:>3> 2>T2>4C /:>20 %VB@>2>:  5;8BL <>A:0;O< :>=59 ?>B><;5=8E 1@0B8 2 ?V42>48 ?> 4><0E; A0< AB>WBL 2 4><V C 24>28; =0G0;L=8E A2>WE ;N459 AB028BL ?> 4><0E 7=0B=>3> B>20@8AB20; ?>;:>2=8:0, O:>3> <8 H0=CT<>, <>2 10BL:0, ;0T A:25@=8<8 A;>20<8; O:89 B>20@8H ?@8945 4> =L>3>  >GV ?0;8F5N 281820T, ?;NT, 01> 45=LI8:0< 25;8BL 28?E0B8 2 H8N <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # =092840B=VHV9 C:@0W=AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVG=V9 ?0< OBFV :>70FL:>W 4>18 (4@C30 ?>;>28=0 XVII&nbsp;AB.) B.&nbsp;72.  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AL, =0?@8:;04, ?@><>20 2V==8FL:>3> ?>;:>2=8:0 20=0 >3C=0, O:C 2V= 283>;>A82 ?VA;O AC?5@5G:8 7 >340=>< %<5;L=8FL:8< =0 =0@04V 2 '838@8=V: </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  # =0@>4V >A:>2AL:><C 2;040@NT =09=5:;NG8<VH5 @01AB2> V =52V;L=8FB2> C =0928IV9 <V@V, C =8E, >:@V< >6>3> B0 &0@AL:>3>, =VG>3> 2;0A=>3> =5<0 V 1CB8 =5 <>65, V ;N459, =0 WE 4C<:C, AB2>@5=> =V18B> 4;O B>3>, I>1 C =L><C =5 <0B8 =VG>3>, 0 BV;L:8 @01AB2C20B8. !0<V 25;L<>6V B0 1>O@8 <>A:>2AL:V B8BC;CNBLAO 728G09=> @010<8 F0@AL:8<8 V 2 ?@>AL10E A2>WE 702648 ?8HCBL 2>=8, I> 1 NBL 9><C G>;><; AB>A>2=> 6 ?>A?>;8B>3> =0@>4C, B> 2AV 2>=8 22060NBLAO :@V?0:0<8, =0G51B> =5 2V4 >4=>3> =0@>4C ?>E>4OBL, 0 =0:C?;5=V 7 1@0=FV2 B0 =52V;L=8:V2; V BVW :@V?0:8 01> 70 WE =072>N :@5ABLO=8 >1>E AB0B59, A51B> G>;>2V:8 B0 6V=:8 7 WE=V<8 4VBL<8, 70 =52V4><8<8 C A2VBV ?@020<8 B0 ?@82;0A=5==O<8 ?@>40NBLAO =0 B>@68I0E V 2 68B;0E >4 2;0A=8:V2 V 3>A?>40@V2 A2>WE =0@V2=V 7 EC4>1>N, 0 =57@V4:0 V =0 A>10: 28<V=NNBLAO, V ?@>4020=V ?@8 B><C <CAOBL 1CB8 I5 7C<8A=5 25A5;8<8 V 28:07C20B8AO A2>W< 3>;>A><, 4>1@>B>N V 7=0==O<8 1C4L-O:>3> @5<5A;0, I>1 G5@57 B5 A:>@VH5 WE :C?8;8 V 4>@>6G5 70?;0B8;8. !;>2>< A:070B8, 7 T4=0B8AO 7 B0:8< =5:;NG8<8< =0@>4>< T B5 A0<5, I> :8=CB8AO V7 2>3=N 2 ?>;C< O <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="">[37]</a>. # V=H><C <VAFV  AB>@VW CAV2 7CAB@VG0T<>:  V9=8 65 7 >A:>2VTN ACBL =5<8=CGV V 157:>=5G=V 4;O 2AVE =0@>4V2, 1>, =572060NG8 =0 B5, I> 2>=0 =5402=> 289H;0 7-?V4 2;048 B0B0@AL:>W, T48=> G5@57 <V6CA>18FV B0B0@AL:V, O:8< V =8=V T 40==8FO, =572060NG8, I> 2 =V9 CAV C@O4=8:8 V =0@>4 <0965 =5?8AL<5==V V G8A;5==VABN @V7=>2V@AB2 V E8<5@=8E <>;L18I  ?>4>1;OBLAO ?>30=AB2C, 0 ;NBVABN ?5@525@HCNBL 48:C=V2: =572060NG8, :06C, =0 =52V3;0AB2> V 3@C1VO=AB2>, A;V4 =03040B8 WE ?@8G5?;82VABL 70 A0<V 4@V1=8FV B0 28304:8, 70 O:V 2>=8 25;8 1573;C74C 9 4>23>;VB=N A20@:C V 2V9=8 7V H2540<8 B0 ?>;O:0<8, 70C20682H8 C ;8ABC20==V 7 =8<8 I>AL C A;>20E =54>@5G=5, 70 I> V <V6 A>1>N 2>=8 157?5@5AB0==> GC1;OBLAO V B8@0=AB2CNBL, 7=0E>4OG8 2 :=830E A2>WE V E@5AB0E I>AL =5 4> ;04C V =5 ?> ?@02C :>6=>3>. @83040B8 20@B> 604>1C WE=N 4> 2;0AB>;N1AB20 B0 4><030=L, 70 O:8<8 ?@82;0A=NNBL 2>=8 A>1V =02VBL FV;V F0@AB20, V<?5@VW @5FL:C B0 8<AL:C, 28:@02H8 =0 B>9 :V=5FL 5@602=89 35@1 B8E F0@AB2, A51B> 42>3>;>2>3> >@;0, I> 70 A?04:>< =0G51B> :=O752V WE=L><C >;>48<8@C, I> 1C2 7OB5< F0@O @5FL:>3> >=AB0=B8=0 >=><0E0, 4VAB02AO, E>G0 B>9 >;>48<8@ 1C2 =0A?@024V :=O75< CAL:8< 8W2AL:8<, 0 =5 >A:>2AL:8<&  4>2545=> 265, I>, 45 =5<0T AB0;>W @5;V3VW V 4>1@8E 728G0W2, B0< V ?@02;V==O AB0;>3> 1CB8 =5 <>65, V CA0:8 20HV ?;07C20B8<CBL ?><V6 >A:0;O<8, O: 2V2FV ?><V6 2>2:0<8 <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>. )5 >48= ?@8:;04, A;>20 7 28ABC?C G5@:0AL:>3> ?@>B>?>?0 $54>@0 C@AL:>3> ?5@54 >340=>< %<5;L=8FL:8<:   >A:>2AL:V 40@8 ACBL 2AV 2 @>3>60E, B> =5<8=CG5 V =0@>4, 682CG8 7 =8<8, 4>2545=89 4> B0:>W 21>3>ABV, I> 215@5BLAO 2 @>3>6V V ?V4 @>3>6V.  FV 28A=>2:8 ACBL 2V@=V V ?5@528ICNBL CAVE >@0:C;V2 C A2VBV <a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title="">[39]</a>. 5BL<0=C 20=>2V 83>2AL:><C 702048;8 7=>2C ?@8;CG8B8AO 4> >;LIV  701>1>==V AB0@8:8, O:V 2>;VNBL ;V?H5 >A:>2I8=C, O: >;O:V2 V "C@:V2, T48=> G5@57 >4=>2V@AB2>, 40@<0, I> 2 =V9 ABV;L:8 2V@, A:V;L:8 C =0A ?>2VBV2, V >4=0 >4=C ?5@5A;V4CT 9 =5=02848BL <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title="">[40]</a>. 2B>@  AB>@VW CAV2 3>2>@8BL ?@> :@04V6 5B=>=V<0:  V4><> 6 1>, I> :>;8AL 1C;8 <8 B5 I> B5?5@ <>A:>2FV: C@O4, ?5@28==VABL V A0<0 =0720 CAL 4> =8E ?5@59H;8 <a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title="">[41]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 304:0 02B>@0  AB>@VW CAV2 ?@> @5;V3V9=V G20@8 2 >AVW, <0;0 =0 C207V B0:5 =57@>7C<V;5 4;O C:@0W=FV2 O28I5 O:  AB0@>>1@O4AB2> . !CB=VABL @>AV9AL:>3> AB0@>>1@O4AB20 ?>OA=82 @5;V3V9=89 DV;>A>D .&nbsp;!>;>29>2:  /: 2V4><>, AB0@>>1@O4AB2> ?>H8@N20;>AL 28=OB:>2> 2 ?V2=VG=V9 B0 AEV4=V9 >AVW, B>1B> 2 <560E @>7A5;5==O 25;8:>@CAL:>3> ?;5<5=V. !B0@>>1@O4FV, O:V 2B5:;8 2V4 ?5@5A;V4C20==O V 70A=C20;8 :>;>=VW =0 #:@0W=V (!B0@>4C1 T, VB:0 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4.), =V:>;8 =5 7<>3;8 7@>18B8 A2>W ?>A5;5==O F5=B@>< @>7:>;L=8FL:>W ?@>?030=48. 0;>@CA8 (0 B0:>6 V 1V;>@CA8) 28O28;8AO :0B53>@8G=> =54>ABC?=8<8 4;O AB0@>>1@O4AB20, O:5 27030;V @>7?>2AN46C20;>AO ;8H5 B0<, 45 4> @>AV9AL:>3> =0A5;5==O ?@8<VHC202AO DV=AL:89 5;5<5=B; V G8< 3CABVH0 1C;0 FO 4><VH:0 2 40=V9 <VAF52>ABV, B8< 3;81H5 2:>@V=N20;>AO 2 =V9 AB0@>>1@O4AB2> (V;><>@AL:89 V ;>=5FL:89 :@09, >1;0ABL A5@54=L>W >;38 B0 =86=L>W :8 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4.). &59 D0:B, C 72 O7:C 7 >A=>2=>N 2;0AB82VABN AB0@>2V@=8FB20  1C:20;V7<><, =02>48BL =0 BC ?0@04>:A0;L=C 4C<:C, I> T48=89 >@83V=0;L=89 2 =0A @5;V3V9=89 @CE 28@VA =5 =0 @>AV9AL:><C, 0 =0 DV=AL:><C 5B=>3@0DVG=><C 3@C=BV. !?@024V, F5 157C<>2=5 7=0G5==O, O:5 AB0@>2V@8 =040NBL 7>2=VH=L><C G8=C A2OI5==>4V9AB20 V 1C:2V A2OI5==8E :=83, =570;56=> 2V4 CAO:>3> A5=AC, O:=091V;LH5 2V4?>2V40T 70:;8=0;L=><C <03VG=><C E0@0:B5@>2V @5;V3VW, O:0 =V 2 6>4=>3> V=H>3> ?;5<5=V =5 7=0E>48BLAO 2 B0:><C A8;L=><C 28O2V, O: A0<5 C DV==V2 <a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title="">[42]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1605 1612&nbsp;@>:0E 2 >A:>2I8=V =0AB02 ?5@V>4 B.&nbsp;72.  A<CB8 . >;L:>-:>70FL:5 2V9AL:> 35BL<0=0 !.&nbsp;>;:52AL:>3> 709=O;> >A:2C, 0 75<AL:89 A>1>@ 281@02 F0@5< ?>;LAL:>3> :>@>;528G0 >;>48A;020. >70:8 1@0;8 0:B82=C CG0ABL 2 =0ABC?=8E <>A:>2AL:>-?>;LAL:8E 2V9=0E, I> B@820;8 2 ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V XVII&nbsp;AB., =0 1>FV >;LIV. ">4VH=T 2V4GC65==O <V6 =0A5;5==O< >A:>2VW, 0 =0A5;5==O< >4=V?@>2 O, 70A2V4GCNBL D0:B8 5B=>=V<V:8.  # XVI XVII&nbsp;AB. 4> C:@0W=FV2 0?>@>66O 9 044=V?@O=I8=8, O:V =07820;8 A515  @CAL:8< ,  :>70FL:8< =0@>4>< ,  C:@0W=FO<8 , 2 >AVW 268202AO 7451V;LH>3> B5@<V=  G5@:0A8 . &59 5:7>5B=>=V< O: >DVFV9=0 =0720 C:@0W=FV2 H8@>:> 2V4182AO 2  :B0E >A:>2AL:>W 45@6028 (A<., =0?@.: ".&nbsp;I, !1., 1890; ".&nbsp;II, 1896; ".&nbsp;III, 1901) B0 2 V=H8E B>4VH=VE ?8AL<>28E 465@5;0E <a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title="">[43]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> A=CNBL @>7<0WBV 5B8<>;>3VG=V B5>@VW I>4> ?>E>465==O FL>3> 5:7>B8G=>3> 5B=>=V<C. 3V4=> ?5@H>W, =091V;LH @0==L>W, =072C FN ?5@540;0 :>70:0< 6<5=L:0  G5@:5AV2 , 28EV4FV2 7 V2=VG=>3> 02:07C. .&nbsp;0:A8<>28G, @VHCG5 2V4AB>NNG8 4C<:C ?@> <VAF525, C:@0W=AL:5 ?>E>465==O 70?>@V7L:>3> :>70FB20, ?>2 O7C202 ?>E>465==O 5B=>=V<0  G5@:0A8 7 =072>N <.&nbsp;'5@:0A8. 0@0<7V= =072C  G5@:0A8 ?>2 O7C202 7 B>@:0<8 9 G>@=8<8 :;>1C:0<8. A=CT ?>3;O4 1CFV<B> 5B=>=V<  G5@:0A8 ?>E>48BL 2V4 >A5B8=AL:>3> A;>20  G5@:0A , I> >7=0G0T >@;8. =HV B25@4OBL, I> A;>2> F5 3@5FL:>3> ?>E>465==O. # ?V4AC<:C <>6=0 A:070B8, I>  26820=89 AB>A>2=> 4> C:@0W=FV2 >4=V?@>2 O 5B=>=V< G5@:0A8 70;8H82AO =5?>OA=5=8< <a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title="">[44]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ">9 D0:B, I> 2 0:B0E >A:>2AL:>W 45@6028, ?>G8=0NG8 7 XVI V 06 4> ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII&nbsp;AB>@VGGO, C:@0W=FV2 >DVFV9=> 9<5=C20;8  G5@:0A0<8 , 3>2>@8BL ?@> B5, I> 5B=VG=0 CO20 <>A:>2FV2 06 =VO: =5 A?@89<0;0 C:@0W=FV2 70 :@>2=8E @>48GV2.<br clear="all"> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>!028G&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>0@8A8 7 VAB>@VW :C;LBC@=8E @CEV2 =0 :@0W=V B0 V;>@CAVW 2 XVI XVIII&nbsp;22. .: 84 2>  # ! , 1929. !.&nbsp;5.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>8E0;LGC:&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i></span> <span lang=RU> >B25BC :=.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;"@C15F:>3> =0 0=:5BC  #:@08=A:>9 87=8 // #:@08=A:0O 87=L. 1914. !&nbsp;11/12. !.&nbsp;29.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;<i>3>=>2AL:89&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>AB>@VO ;VB5@0BC@8 @CAL:>W. L2V2: "(, 1891. ".&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;9.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;0;8=>48O, A>G8=5=85 0E. >?8AB5=A:>3> // CAA:0O AB>@8G5A:0O 81;8>B5:0. 1</span><span lang=EN-GB>., 1898. </span> <span lang=RU>"</span><span lang=EN-GB>.&nbsp;4. </span> <span lang=RU>!</span><span lang=EN-GB>.&nbsp;1142.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span lang="RU">[5]</span></a> <span lang=EN-GB>&nbsp;Obrona Verificaciey //</span> <span lang=RU>. </span> <span lang=EN-GB>. </span> <span lang=RU></span><span lang=EN-GB>., 1887. </span> <span lang=RU>'</span><span lang=EN-GB>.&nbsp;I. </span> <span lang=RU>"</span><span lang=EN-GB>.&nbsp;7. </span> <span lang=RU>!.&nbsp;412.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span lang="RU">[6]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp; CAA:0O AB>@8G5A:0O 81;8>B5:0. 1., 1903. ".&nbsp;19. !.&nbsp;408.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span lang="RU">[7]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp; CAA:0O AB>@8G5A:0O 81;8>B5:0. 1., 1898. ".&nbsp;4. !.&nbsp;235.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span lang="RU">[8]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;0;8=>48O, A>G8=5=85 0E. >?8AB5=A:>3> // CAA:0O AB>@8G5A:0O 81;8>B5:0. 1., 1898. ".&nbsp;4. !.&nbsp;913 914.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span lang="RU">[9]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;! . 1., 1907. ".&nbsp;17. !?8A>: @. 5G8=A:>3>. !. 342.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span lang="RU">[10]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;5B>?8AL !0<>284F0 ?> =>2>>B:@KBK< A?8A:0<... .: 74. @5<. ><8A. 4;O @071>@0 4@52=. 0:B>2, 1878. !.&nbsp;64, 88, 172 8 4@.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span lang="RU">[11]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;"0< 65. !.345.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span lang="RU">[12]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;"0< 65. !.&nbsp;346.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span lang="RU">[13]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;!?>@=K5 2>?@>AK >B5G5AB25==>8 8AB>@88 XI XVIII&nbsp;25:>2. .: =-B 8AB>@88 !!! , 1990. !.&nbsp;78.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span lang="RU">[14]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;1>@>=0 C=V8 // CAA:0O AB>@8G5A:0O 81;8>B5:0. 1878. ".&nbsp;4. !.&nbsp;237.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span lang="RU">[15]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;Paterikon // . . ., 1914. '.&nbsp;. ".&nbsp;8. !.&nbsp;469.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span lang="RU">[16]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;0;8=>48O, A>G8=5=85 0E. >?8AB5=A:>3> // CAA:0O AB>@8G5A:0O 81;8>B5:0. 1., 1898. ".&nbsp;4. !.&nbsp;1042.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span lang="RU">[17]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;!:070=VO 5B@0 >38;K > GC45A=KEJ 8 70< hG0B5;L=KEJ O2;5=8OEJ& // . . ., 1887. '</span><span lang=DE>.&nbsp;</span> <span lang=RU></span><span lang=DE>. </span> <span lang=RU>"</span><span lang=DE>.&nbsp;7. </span> <span lang=RU>!</span><span lang=DE>.&nbsp;76, 84, 85, 119.</span> </p> <p style='line-height:10.4pt'> <a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span lang="RU">[18]</span></a> <span lang=DE>&nbsp;Sowita wina //</span> <span lang=RU>. </span> <span lang=DE>. </span> <span lang=RU></span><span lang=DE>., 1887. </span> <span lang=RU>'</span><span lang=DE>.&nbsp;I. </span> <span lang=RU>"</span><span lang=DE>.&nbsp;7. </span> <span lang=RU>!.&nbsp;449 450.</span> </p> <p style='line-height:10.4pt'> <a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span lang="RU">[19]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;485.</span> </p> <p style='line-height:10.4pt'> <a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span lang="RU">[20]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;. . ., 1914. '.&nbsp;. ".&nbsp;8. !.&nbsp;519.</span> </p> <p style='line-height:10.4pt'> <a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span lang="RU">[21]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&nbsp;VB>A // . . ., 1893. '</span><span lang=DE>.&nbsp;</span> <span lang=RU></span><span lang=DE>. </span> <span lang=RU>"</span><span lang=DE>.&nbsp;9. </span> <span lang=RU>!</span><span lang=DE>.&nbsp;26.</span> </p> <p style='line-height:10.4pt'> <a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span lang="RU">[22]</span></a> <span lang=DE>&nbsp;Sowita wina //</span><span lang=RU>. </span> <span lang=DE>. </span> <span lang=RU></span><span lang=DE>., 1887. </span> <span lang=RU>'.&nbsp;. ".&nbsp;7. !.&nbsp;451.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span lang="RU">[23]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>.IC:&nbsp;..</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>/:>N <>2>N @>7<>2;O;0 8W2AL:0 CAL // >;>BV 2>@>B0. 1993. ".&nbsp;6. !.&nbsp;122.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span lang="RU">[24]</span></a> <span lang=RU> CAA:0O AB>@8G5A:0O 81;8>B5:0. 1903. ".&nbsp;19. !.&nbsp;1017.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span lang="RU">[25]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@8? O:528G&nbsp;.</i></span> <span lang=RU> ?>3@0=8G=>W C:@0W=AL:>-<>A:>2AL:>W ?5@5?8A:8 1649 1651&nbsp;@. // "(. 1929. ".&nbsp;150. !.&nbsp;86.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span lang="RU">[26]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;87.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span lang="RU">[27]</span></a> <span lang=RU>>AA>548=5=85 #:@08=K A >AA859. .: 74 2>  !!! , 1953. ".&nbsp;. !.&nbsp;511.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span lang="RU">[28]</span></a> <span lang=RU>!>;>2L52&nbsp;!.</span> <span lang=RU>AB>@8O >AA88 A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5=. ., 1961. =.&nbsp;6. ".&nbsp;. !.&nbsp;511.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span lang="RU">[29]</span></a> <span lang=RU>VB>?8A !0<>284FO. .: 0C:. 4C<:0, 1971. !.&nbsp;184, 186 B0&nbsp;V=.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span lang="RU">[30]</span></a> <span lang=RU>852A:0O AB0@8=0. 1882 1884. ".&nbsp;1 3. !.&nbsp;288.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span lang="RU">[31]</span></a> <span lang=RU>=. CBBO, 10, 2.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span lang="RU">[32]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>O;>28G&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i></span> <span lang=RU>AB>@8O @CAA:>3> A0<>A>7=0=8O ?> 8AB>@8G5A:8< ?0<OB=8:0< 8 =0CG=K< A>G8=5=8O<. 74. 3 5. !1., 1901. !.&nbsp;85.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span lang="RU">[33]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@;5=:>&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>=86=V 2V4><>ABV C:@0W=FV2 ?@> >A:>2AL:5 F0@AB2> =0?@8:V=FV XVIII&nbsp;AB. // #:@0W=0. 1914. =.&nbsp;3. !.&nbsp;69.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span lang="RU">[34]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;72.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span lang="RU">[35]</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>;8<5=BV9 V=>2VW2. &nbsp;</i> 8=>2</span>c<span lang=RU>@=>9 54=>9 ?5@A>=</span>c <span lang=RU><564C <C65< V 65=>N. V@HV. @8?>2VABV ?>A?>;8BV. .: 0C:. 4C<:0, 1971. !.&nbsp;116 117.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span lang="RU">[36]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@02G5=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU> >5<0 2V;L=>3> =0@>4C (AB>@VO CAV2) B0 WW <VAF5 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW. %., 1996. !.&nbsp;117.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span lang="RU">[37]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>=8A:V9&nbsp;.</i></span><i> </i><span lang=RU>AB>@VO CA>2J 8;8 0;>9 >AAV8. ., 1846. !.&nbsp;98. &8B. 70 284.: AB>@VO CAV2 / #:@. ?5@5:;04 .&nbsp;@0G0. .: 04. ?8AL<5==8:, 1991. !.&nbsp;142 143.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span lang="RU">[38]</span></a> <span lang=RU>AB>@VO CAV2 / #:@. ?5@5:;04 .&nbsp;@0G0. .: 04. ?8AL<5==8:, 1991. !.&nbsp;182 183.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span lang="RU">[39]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;143.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span lang="RU">[40]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;192.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span lang="RU">[41]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;259.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span lang="RU">[42]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>!>;>2L52&nbsp;.&nbsp;!. </i>!>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. !.-5B5@1C@3. ".&nbsp;V. !.&nbsp;158.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span lang="RU">[43]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>B5;525FL&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>> ?@>1;5<8 =0728 C:@0W=FV2  G5@:0A0<8 // B=>3@0DVG=V 4>A;V465==O V245==>W #:@0W=8. 0?>@V66O, 1992. !.&nbsp;4.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span lang="RU">[44]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>@;5=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;$. </i>1 MB=>=8<5 G5@:0AK 2 >B5G5AB25==>9 =0C:5 :>=F0 XVIII  ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=K XIX&nbsp;2. // !>25BA:0O MB=>3@0D8O. 1982. !&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;104.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155202"><b><i><font size="4">XII. 8A0@V 7 $0=0@C</font></i></b></a><font size="4">&nbsp;<a name="XII_Pysari_z_Fanaru"> </a></font> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> > 1686&nbsp;@>:C, G>@=>3> @>:C 2 VAB>@VW #:@0W=8, :>;8 7 4>?><>3>N BC@5FL:>3> 2V78@O, 70  B@8 A>@>:0 A>1>;V2 V 42VABV G5@2>=8E :>=AB0=B8=>?>;LAL:89 ?0B@V0@E V>=VAV9 ?5@5402 C:@0W=AL:C F5@:2C ?V4 <>A:>2AL:C 2;04C, 8W2AL:0 <8B@>?>;VO ?V4;O30;0 2A5;5=AL:><C ?0B@V0@EC.  0 ;8E>, >AV9AL:0 ?@02>A;02=0 F5@:20, 289H>2H8 G5@57 ? OBL AB>@VG =0 VAB>@8G=C AF5=C, 28AC=C;0 <>=>?>;L=V ?@5B5=7VW =0 :8W2AL:C A?04I8=C, V ACG0A=0 @>AV9AL:0 ?@>?0�0=40 ?=5BLAO 7V H:C@8, 018 ?@84CH8B8 :>=:C@5=B=V ?@5B5=7VW V B@048FVW, =0A0<?5@54 C:@0W=AL:V <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. VAF5< ?5@51C20==O ?@02>A;02=>3> 2A5;5=AL:>3> ?0B@V0@E0, 2V4:>;8 BC@:8 F5@:2C !2OB>W !>DVW ?5@5B2>@8;8 =0 <5G5BL, AB02, @>7B0H>20=89 =0 15@57V 1CEB8 >;>B89 V3, 0@8AB>:@0B8G=89 @09>= >=AB0=B8=>?>;O, I> =078202AO $0=0@. "0< @>7<VI0;0AO ?0B@V0@H0 :0=F5;O@VO, 72V4B8, 7 $0=0@C, =04A8;0;8AL @CAL:V9 F5@:2V ?0B@V0@HV 3@0<>B8, ?>AB0=>28 V 2:07V2:8. V70=BV9AL:V ?8A0@V 7 $0=0@C A;01> 7=0;8AO =0 5B=>=V<VFV !EV4=>W 2@>?8. 0<VABL 282G0B8 AEV4=>T2@>?59AL:V @50;VW, ?8A0@V 2>;V;8 ?V430=OB8 <0;>7@>7C<V;V  20@20@AL:V 5B=>=V<VG=V =0728 =0 4>ABC?=89 W< 3@5FL:89 :HB0;B. !0<5 2>=8 A2>W< =52V3;0AB2>< V 28304:0<8 A?@8G8=8;8AO 4> B>3> AC?5@5G;82>3> 5B=>=V<VG=>3> E0>AC, O:89 B0: 4>23> B@8202 =0 #:@0W=V. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> &5@:>2=V ?8A0@V B0 F5@:>2=V :=86=8:8  <0965 T48=V >A2VG5=V B>4V 2 !EV4=V9 2@>?V ;N48  CB2>@N20;8 A2>W =0728 V B8BC;8, :5@CNG8AL 2V4><8<8 W< VAB>@8G=8<8 0=0;>3VO<8 B0 ?@5F545=B0<8, <0;> 72060NG8 =0 682C <>2=C ?@0:B8:C. V6 :0=F5;O@VO<8 2A5;5=AL:>3> ?0B@V0@E0BC V @CAL:>W <8B@>?>;VW 9H;> 4V;>25 ;8ABC20==O. 0 :0=F5;O@AL:8<8 AB>;0<8 7@>48;8AO B0:V B5@<V=8 O:  >AAVO ,  0;0 >AAVO V  5;8:0 >AAVO , B8BC;8 <>A:>2AL:8E ?@028B5;V2 B>I> <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. "5@<V=  >AAVO 70 >4=>AB09=8< B25@465==O< 4>A;V4=8:V2 T O:@07 B5@<V=>< HBCG=8<, CB2>@5=8< 2V70=BV9AL:8<8 3@5:0<8.  (BCG=VABL B5@<V=C 284=> 7 B>3>, I> ?>?5@54=V =0728  CAL ,  CAVO 70<V=5=> 2 =L><C 2V70=BV9AL:8<  >AAVO <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. $0=0@AL:V ?8A0@V, 70 AB0@8< 3@5FL:8< 728G0T< :0;VG8B8 V=>75<=V <>28, 2 A;>2V CAL 70<V=8;8 72C:  C 72C:><  > , ?>42>W;8 =5?>B@V1=> 72C:  A V 4>40;8 70<VABL ?>< O:H5==O 3@5FL:5 70:V=G5==O  VO . @5:8 B0:>6 A>1V ?5@5:@CB8;8 5B=>=V< CA8= =0 =072C CA, 01> >AA8. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4 2?;82>< F5@:>2=8:V2 B5@<V= >AVO ?52=89 G0A 26820;8 C:@0W=AL:>-1V;>@CAL:V :=86=8:8. 0?@8:;04, C ;8ABV 4> ?0?8 !8:AB0&nbsp;IV (1476&nbsp;@.) <8B@>?>;8B 8A0W; B8BC;CTBLAO <8B@>?>;8B><  V52A:>3> ?@5AB>;0 8 2A5O >AV8 . # =04@C:>20=V9 ;L2V2AL:>N !B02@>?V3V9AL:>N 1@0BAL:>N 4@C:0@=5N 2 1591&nbsp;@.  @0<0B8FV 4>1@>3;03>;8203> ;;8=>-!;025=A:03> O7K:0 G8B0T<>,  :> =0:070=VN (4;O =02G0==O) <=>3> 8<5=KB><C >AAV9A:><C @>4C <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. 8B@>?>;8B ?0BV9 >BV9 2 1605&nbsp;@. B8BC;CTBLAO  8B@>?>;8B 852JA:89, 0;8FL:89 8 2A5O >AA88 . 5BL<0= 5B@> >=0H528G !030940G=89, ?@87=0G0NG8 ?5@54 A<5@BN (1622&nbsp;@.) ?V2B>@0 B8AOGV 7>;>B8E =0 ;L2V2AL:C 1@0BAL:C H:>;C, 707=0GC202, I> @>18BL 2V= F5 4;O =02G0==O  4VB>: =0H8E @>AV9AL:8E <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. 0=53V@8: 35=5@0;L=>3> ?8A0@O 8;8?0 @;8:0, ?@8A2OG5=89 35BL<0=C 075?V, <02 703>;>2>:  ;L:V4 >AV9AL:89 , (;L:V4  =0I04>: ;:5O, B>1B> 5@0:;). 0 ?>40@>20=V9 A@V1=V9 ?;0I0=8FV 4> %@0<C >A?>4=L>3> @>1C 2 @CA0;8<V 075?0 =0720=89  @>AV9AL:8< 35BL<0=>< . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> &V =0728  >AVO , 0 B0:>6  >:A>;O=VO ,  !0@<0BVO , B>I>  2V4GC20;8AO O: A2OB>G=V, 2@>G8ABV. 6820=> WE ?5@5206=>  C 28A>:><C AB8;V <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. .&nbsp;>AB><0@>2 7 FL>3> ?@82>4C 70C20682:  !;>2> >AAVO 01> >AVO, @>AV9AL:89 1C;> =0?>G0B:C :=86=8<, @8B>@8G=8<, 2 @>4V B>3>, O: $@0=FVO =07820;0AO 0;;VTN, >;LI0  !0@<0BVTN, V<5GG8=0  5@<0=VTN, #3>@I8=0  0=>=VTN V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4.  ?>;>28=8 XVII&nbsp;AB. 2>=0 AB0;0 >DVFV>7=>N, 0;5 7030;L=>26820=8< =0@>4=8< A;>2>< =5 7@>18;0AO 4> ?V7=VH8E G0AV2. 02VBL V B5?5@, E>G0 A;>2>  >AAVO 2 @>7C<V==V 45@6020 =0<8 2AV<0 26820TBLAO: ?@>B5 EB> 157 A<VEC =0725 A515 @>AVO=8=><, 70<VABL B>3>, I>1 =0720B8AO @CAA:8< 01> A:070B8: @>AV9AL:0 <>20 70<VABL @CAA:0O <>20? > O:>W AB5?5=V ?@89=OB5 HBCG=> F5 3@5FL:5 7V?ACBBO =0H>W 4@52=L>W =0728 =52;0AB825 4CE>2V =0H>W <>28 V =0@>4C, ?>:07CT, I> 25;8:>@>AA8 V B5?5@ 28<>2;ONBL 0ATO 70<VABL >AAVO <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1458&nbsp;@. 2V41C;>AO >AB0B>G=5 @>74V;5==O @CAL:>W F5@:28 =0 :8W2AL:C V <>A:>2AL:C, :>6=0 7 2;0A=>N >:@5<>N VT@0@EVTN. 8W2AL:V <8B@>?>;8B8 B@048FV9=> 7 X&nbsp;AB. B8BC;C20;8AO  8B@>?>;8B 8W2AL:89 V 2A5O CA8 . VA;O >AB0B>G=>3> @>74V;C, F5@:2C CAV B0 8B28 (V;>@CAVO) >G>;N202  8B@>?>;8B 8T2A:V9, 8 0;8F:V9, 8 2A5O >AAV8 <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>.  ;0B8=AL:><C C@O4>2><C 72CG0==V: Metropolita totius Russiae (<8B@>?>;8B 2AVO CA8) <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. 8B@>?>;8B8 <>A:>2AL:V, =0A;V4CNG8 :8W2AL:8E, 2V4?>2V4=> ?>2B>@8;8 =072C  >A:>2A:85 8 2A5O CA8 . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> :@C6=0 3@0<>B0 :8W2AL:>3> <8B@>?>;8B0 >20 >@5FL:>3>, =04@C:>20=0 2 8T2V 1629&nbsp;@>:C, ?>G8=0TBLAO B0::  >2J >@5F:V9, <8;>ABVN >65N 0@EV5?8A:>?J V52A:V9 8 0;8F:V9 8 2A5O >AAV8, 2Ac<J ?>A?>;8B> >AAV9A:>3> @>40, B0:J 2J :>@>=c >;LA:>9, O:> 8 C 25;8:><J :=O7B2c 8B>2A:><J <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. "0:0 ?@0:B8:0 V<5=C20==O ?@>4>26C20;0AO.  G5=V, O:V 3C@BC20;8AO 1V;O >A=>20=>W <8B@>?>;8B>< 5B@>< >38;>N 2 8T2V :>;53VW, I> 70 35BL<0=0 20=0 075?8 AB0;0 0:045<VTN, G0AB> CAL =07820;8 7 3@5FL:0  >AAVTN <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !0< 5B@> >38;0 =>A82 B8BC;  <8;>ABVN >65N 0@EVT?8A:>?J <8B@>?>;8BJ V52A:V9, 0;8F:V9 8 2A5O >AAV8, 5:70@EJ A2OB>3> 0?>AB>;A:>3> B@>=C >=ABO=B8=>?>;A:>3>, 0@E8<0=4@8BJ 5G5@A:89 <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. @82VB0;8 >38;C 7 >1@0==O< =0 <8B@>?>;8GC :0B54@C (1633&nbsp;@.) ?5G5@AL:V 4@C:0@V ?0=53V@8:>< ?V4 =072>N  2D>=VO 25A5;>1@8OG0O , 2 O:V< 70:;8:0NBL, I>1 2V= 4102 ?@> A;02C =0@>4C: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <i>"2>T > B>< AB0@0=T, 2 B>< B2>O 701020,  <br> /:J 1K <c;0 >74>1C >AAV9A:0O A;020 </i><a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><i>[13]</i></a><i> . </i></ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4 ?0B@V0@H8E ?8A0@V2, 70 ?>A5@54=8FB2>< :8W2AL:8E :=86=8:V2, ?@89H;8 4> =0A, 0 2V4 =0A 4> >A:28, I5 420 3>@572VA=V B5@<V=8. 45BLAO ?@> =0728  0;>@>AVO B0  5;8:>@>AVO . ?5@H5 =072C  0;0 >AVO CAB0;5=> =0 ?0B@V0@H><C A8=>4V 2 1303&nbsp;@>FV, :>;8 =0 ?@>E0==O 30;8FL:>-2>;8=AL:>3> :=O7O .@VO ?0B@V0@E 70A=C202 =>2C 30;8FL:C <8B@>?>;VN <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. 0720  5;8:0 >AVO 7CAB@VG0TBLAO 2?5@H5 2 3@0<>BV ?0B@V0@E0 7 1354&nbsp;@>:C <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>.  &V B5@<V=8 T G8AB> HBCG=>3> :=86=>3> ?>E>465==O <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. > ?>;>28=8 XIV&nbsp;AB. B5@<V=  0;0 CAL >7=0G0T 0;8FL:>->;8=AL:5 :=O7V2AB2>,  2 ?@>B8;56=VABL 4> FV;>W CAL:>W 45@6028, 28B2>@5=>W :8W2AL:8<8 :=O7O<8 <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>. 0 3@5FL:>N VAB>@8G=>N 0=0;>3VTN 2V70=BV9AL:89 ?0B@V0@E ?>G8=0T =07820B8 0;8FL:>->;8=AL:C <8B@>?>;VN  <0;>@CAL:>N (V:@0 >AVO), 0 70;VAL:C  25;8:>@CAL:>N (530;5 >AVO) <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. 0B@V0@E V 2V70=BV9AL:89 V<?5@0B>@  ?>G0;8 =07820B8 A?>:>=2VG=> W< 2V4><C 8W2AL:C, @84=V?@>2AL:C CAL   0;>N , 0 CAL 0;VAL:C, O:0 ?>O28;0AO ?5@54 WE C<>3;O4=8< 7>@><,  CAAN 5;8:>N <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !B0@>402=V 3@5:8 <0;8 728G09 =07820B8  0;>N :@0W=C, O:0 1C;0 :>;8A:>N 40=>3> =0@>4C, 0  5;8:>N  :@0W=C, ?V7=VH5 =8<8 :>;>=V7>20=C.  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"5 6 A0<5 A?>AB5@V30;>AO 2 >A:>2I8=V AB>A>2=> B5@<V=C  5;8:>@>AVO , O:5 ?>1CBC20;> B0< BV;L:8 2 >DVFV9=8E 0:B0E V 1C;> 7>2AV< 2V4ACB=T 2 CA=><C <>2;5==V.  ;5 B@510 70C2068B8, I> @>AV9AL:89 =0@>4 =V45 =5 =07820T A515  25;V:>@CAA0<V ,  <0;>@CAA0<V 01>  1T;>@CAA0<V ; FV 5B=>3@0DVG=V =0728 =0;560BL =0CFV V 26820NBLAO BV;L:8 >A2VG5=8<8 ;N4L<8 <a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title="">[50]</a>. 02VBL 70?5:;V G>@=>A>B5=FV =5 =0<030NBLAO 2 =0H G0A @50=V<C20B8 70AB0@V;V 5B=>=V<VG=V =0728 5;8:>@>AVO V 0;>@>AVO. "5@<V=8 FV =0702648 2V4V9H;8 2 <8=C;5.<br clear="all"> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a><a title=""><span lang="RU"> &nbsp;</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>592VA >@<0=.</i> 2@>?0: AB>@VO. .: A=>28, 2000. !.&nbsp;343.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a> <span lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</span> <i>0@2V=AL:89&nbsp;.</i> 5;8:0 9 0;0 #:@0W=0.<span lang=RU> </span> L2V2, 1925. !.<span lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</span> 4. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a> <span lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</span> <span lang=RU>-</span>=F8:;>?548G5A:89 A;>20@L @>:30C70 8 D@>=0.<span lang=RU> </span> 1891. ". 5. !.<span lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</span> 828. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</span> <i>=4@CAO:&nbsp;. </i>"5@<V=8  CAL:89 ,  >AL:89 ,  >AV9AL:89 V  V;>@CAL:89 2 ?C1;V:0FVOE <span lang=EN-US>XVI</span> <span lang=EN-US>XIX</span> AB>;VBL // 1V@=8: =0 ?>H0=C 20=0 V@GC:0. N=E5=; LN->@:; 0@86; V==V?53, 1974. !.&nbsp;3. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span lang="RU">[5]</span></a> <i>@CH52AL:89&nbsp;. </i>AB>@VO #:@0W=8- CA8. 8W2; L2V2, 1909. ".&nbsp;<span lang=EN-US>VII</span>. !.&nbsp;489. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span lang="RU">[6]</span></a><i> ;LEV2AL:89&nbsp;. </i>V;L=89 =0@V4. 0@H020, 1937. !.&nbsp;6. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span lang="RU">[7]</span></a> <i>>AB><0@>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. 02=>-;8 0;0O CAL AB0;0 ?8A0BLAO 0;>@>AA859? // 0?8A:8 #:@0W=AL:>3> =0C:>2>3> ">20@8AB20 2 8T2V. ., 1928. ".&nbsp;<span lang=EN-US>XXVII</span>. !.&nbsp;224. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span lang="RU">[8]</span></a> <i>@CH52AL:89&nbsp;. </i>AB>@VO #:@0W=8- CA8. 8W2; L2V2, 1905. ".&nbsp;<span lang=EN-US>V</span>. !.&nbsp;459. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span lang="RU">[9]</span></a> <i>0;CI8=AL:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;"</i>. 8B@>?>;8B >A8D >0= 5;O<8= CBAL:89. !B0=8A;02V2, 1938. !.&nbsp;1. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span lang="RU">[10]</span></a> <i>0:A8<>28G&nbsp;. </i>!>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. ., 1877. ".&nbsp;<span lang=EN-US>II</span>. !.&nbsp;308. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span lang="RU">[11]</span></a> <i>=4@CAO:&nbsp;. </i>0728  CAL V  #:@0W=0 // VB5@0BC@=>-=0C:>289 4>40B>:  >2>3> G0AC . 1939. '.&nbsp;20. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span lang="RU">[12]</span></a> <i>C:>2AL:89&nbsp;. </i>5B@> >38;0 9 ?8B0==O T4=>AB8 F5@:>2. .: 8AB5FB2>, 1997. !.&nbsp;198. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span lang="RU">[13]</span></a> <i>3VT=:>&nbsp;. </i>AB>@VO C:@0W=AL:>3> 4@C:0@AB20. L2V2, 1925. ".&nbsp;<span lang=EN-US>I</span>. !.&nbsp;245. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span lang="RU">[14]</span></a> <i>'C10B89&nbsp;.</i> AB>@VO E@8AB8O=AB20 =0 CAV-#:@0W=V. 8<; N >@:: 840==O #:@. 0B>;. #= BC, 1965. ".&nbsp;<span lang=EN-US>I</span>. !.&nbsp;667. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span lang="RU">[15]</span></a><i> !VG8=AL:89&nbsp;. </i>ABC? 4> C:@0W=AL:>3> :@0T7=02AB20. @030, 1937. !.&nbsp;19. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span lang="RU">[16]</span></a> <i>>@>H5=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. 0@8A VAB>@VW #:@0W=8. 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".&nbsp;7. !.&nbsp;64. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span lang="RU">[22<i>]</i></span></a><i> '838@8=&nbsp;.</i> #:@08=A:89 2>?@>A. 0@86, 1937. !.&nbsp;7. </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span lang="RU">[23]</span></a> <i>>;:>=A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>@548A;>285 // &0@8==K9&nbsp;. #:@08=A:>5 42865=85. 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".&nbsp;228. !.&nbsp;218.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span lang="RU">[39]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>A0528G&nbsp;/.&nbsp;. </i> 4@52=59H59 B>?>=8<88 @8:0@?0BLO 8 5@E=53> >1C6LO // !;02O=A:85 4@52=>AB8: !1. .: 0C:. 4C<:0, 1980. !.&nbsp;75 76.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span lang="RU">[40]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>(8@O52&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>5;0@CAL: CAL 5;0O, CAL '5@=0O 8 8B20 2 :0@B0E. 8=A:: 02C:0 V BME=V:0, 1991. !.&nbsp;5.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span lang="RU">[41<i>]</i></span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>0@A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;$. </i>5;>@CAAK. 0@H020: "8?. CG51=. >:@C30, 1903. ".&nbsp;. !.&nbsp;117.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span lang="RU">[42]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&2V:52VG&nbsp;. </i>4@046M=L=5 5;0@CAV V >;LHG0. 5=A:; V;L=O; 5@;V=, 1921. !.&nbsp;27.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span lang="RU">[43]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>7>B>2&nbsp;. </i>5;>@CAAK 8 ?>;O:8. >2=0, 1917. !.&nbsp;7.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span lang="RU">[44]</span></a> <span lang=EN-US>&nbsp;</span> <span lang=RU><i>>@>=:528G&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. 5;>@CAAK. ><5;L, 1917. !.&nbsp;4.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" title=""><span lang="RU">[45]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>Radzik&nbsp;R. </i>Samookre[lenie jako element [wiadomo[ci etnicznej ludu BiaBoruskiego w XIX&nbsp;wieku // Przegld Wschodni. T.&nbsp;IV, z.&nbsp;3. S.&nbsp;615.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span lang="RU">[46]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>8G&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> 0728 75<;V 15;>@CA:>9. V=A:, 1994. !.&nbsp;43.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span lang="RU">[47]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>!B0=:52VG&nbsp;4. </i>%@KALFVO=AB20 V 15;0@CA:V =0@>4. V;L=O, 1940. !.&nbsp;62.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" title=""><span lang="RU">[48]</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>>7=O:&nbsp;. </i>0H @>4=K9 O7K:. #63>@>4, 1923. !.&nbsp;19.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span lang="RU">[49]</span></a> <span lang=RU>-=F8:;>?548O 2>5==KE 8 <>@A:8E =0C:. 1., 1885. ".&nbsp;5. !.&nbsp;40.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span lang="RU">[50]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>!>1>;52A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i> CAA:89 =0@>4 :0: MB=>3@0D8G5A:>5 F5;>5. L2>2, 1911. !.&nbsp;7.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155203"><b><i><font size="4">XIII. >A:0;L</font></i></b></a><b><i><font size="4"><a name="XIII_Moskal"> </a></font></i></b> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> &nbsp; @>AB89 ;N4 >A:>2I8=8 1C2 40;5:89 2V4 E8B@><C4@8E A?5:C;OFV9 WE=VE ?@028B5;V2 V7 B8BC;0<8. !515 2V= 728G09=> =078202 E@8AB8O=0<8.  # 25;8G57=V9 G0AB8=V A2>TW B5@8B>@VW @>AV9AL:89 =0@>4 =5 40T A>1V =VO:>W =0728 <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. 2V4A8, ?@> I> 265 3>2>@8;>AO, 28?;820T B>9 482=89 D0:B, I> =0720 A5;O= 2 @>AV9AL:V9 <>2V (B@510 ?0< OB0B8, I> 2:;NG=> 4> XIX&nbsp;AB. A5;O=AB2> A:;040;> <0965 90&nbsp;2V4A>B:V2 =0A5;5==O >AVW) ?>E>48BL =5 2V4 WE <VAFO 70<5H:0==O (A5;>), V =5 2V4 @>4C WE 4VO;L=>ABV (E;V1>@>1AB2>), 0 70 @5;V3V9=>N >7=0:>N E@8AB8O=   :@5ABVO=8= . &5 2V47=0G02 I5 02B>@  AB>@VW CAV2 , 0 73>4>< V=HV 4>A;V4=8:8.  >AV9AL:V 75<;V ?V4 2;04>N >;>B>W @48 7VAB0;8AL E@8AB8O=AL:8<8. V;LH5 B>3>, T 2AV ?V4AB028 AB25@46C20B8, I> O:@07 2 ?5@V>4 <>=3>;>-B0B0@AL:>3> V30 E@8AB8O=AB2> AB0;> ?>-A?@026=L><C @5;V3VTN @>AV9AL:>3> =0@>4C. !0<5 ?>=OBBO  E@8AB8O=8= C D>@<V  :@5ABVO=8= V AB0;> 7 B8E ?V@ >7=0G5==O< >A=>2=>W <0A8 @>AV9AL:>3> =0A5;5==O, 2 B>9 G0A O: :=O7V B0 V=H0 7=0BL 7 >E>B>N @>48G0;0AL 7 B0B0@AL:8<8 25;L<>60<8, 22060NG8 70 G5ABL 1@0B8 70 6V=>:, O:I> =5 @>48G>: E0=V2, B> 2 :@09=L><C 28?04:C 7=0B=8E 4V28FL V7 @48 <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> > @52>;NFVW, ?>@O4 V7 A;>2><  :@5ABVO=8= , 70 5B=>=V< ?@0282 9>3> A8=>=V<  ?@02>A;02=89 . V4><89 ?0=A;02VAB 20= :A0:>2 2 ;8ABV 4> ?8AL<5==8:0 $.&nbsp;>AB>T2AL:>3> B0: ?@> F5 ?8H5:  C4@0 @VG =0?8A0B8 70:;8: 4> @CAA:>3> =0@>4C, O: 9>3> ?8HCBL 2 V=H8E :@0W=0E:  D@0=FC78 01>  1@8B0=FV   CAA:85! =5 3>48BLAO, A0<0 <>20 =5 B5@?8BL.  =0 2AVE AE>4:0E I>45==> ?> 2AVE ?@>AB>@0E >AVW 283>;>HCNBLAO ?@><>28 V7 70:;8:><:  @02>A;02=K5 . AL O: @CAA:V9 =0@>4 287=0G0T A2>N =0FV>=0;L=VABL <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. 57 AC<=V2C, FO A0<>=0720 T 4>40B:>28< A2V4G5==O< 25;8G57=>W @>;V F5@:28 2 ?@>F5AV A;>2 O=V70FVW =0A5;5==O 0;VAAO. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  #:@0W=V- CAV B0 2 V;>@CAVW =0I>45=L 26820;8AO B5@<V=8  >A:>2I8=0 V 2V4?>2V4=>  <>A:0;L .   A>60;5=8N O 4>;65= 70:;NG8BL >?8A0=85 > =@02AB25==>AB8 <0;>@>AA8O= =5?@8OB=>9 G5@B>9, O 4>;65=, =0:>=5F, B515 A:070BL > =5=028AB8 8E : 5;8:>@>AA8O=0<. 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V=, ?V4?02H8 ?V4 2>;N :=O7V2 7 B>3> A0<>3> @CAL:>3> @>4C, <CA82, G8 =0A8;LF5<, G8 =5E>BOG8, ?@8=OB8 A5 ?@V728I5, >4=0:> 6 BV;L:8 2 7=0G5==N ?>;VB8G=V<, 0 =V:>;8 2 5B=>3@0DVG=V<, 1> CAAN 2 7=0G5==N 5B=>3@0DVG=V< 720;8 B0: CAV ACAV48, 0 402=V9H5 V A0< AV25@, BV;L:8 =0H N3>70?04=89 :@09. !V25@O= 65 =07820T =0H =0@>4, O: V 2AV ACAV4=V >A:0;O<8 <a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title="">[30]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 AEV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE, 45 7402=0 70 26820==O F8E B5@<V=V2 ?5@5A;V4C20;8, 2>=8, O: =5 482=>, ?>1CBCNBL 4>=8=V. AL, =0?@8:;04, 40=V 5B=>3@0DVG=>W 5:A?548FVW, I> 4>A;V46C20;0 ?@8:>@4>==V @09>=8 !C<AL:>W B0 %0@:V2AL:>W >1;0AB59.  # <8=C;><C 2 A5;V ;5HHV, O: V C 2AVE V=H8E A5;0E =0 4>A;V46C20=V9 B5@8B>@VW, @>AVO=8 =07820;8 C:@0W=FV2 E>E;0<8, C:@0W=FV @>AVO=  :0F0?0<8, <>A:0;O<8 <a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title="">[31]</a>. 0;V 2 ?>2V4><;5==V 5:A?548FVW ?>40TBLAO 70?8A 15AV48 7  >1@CAAT;8< C:@0W=AL:8< A5;O=8=><:  0HV 4V48 1C;8 E>E;0<8,  @>7?>2V40T CG5@5=:> (1890&nbsp;@.&nbsp;=.),  0 <8 AC<VH, ?5@525@B=V. >ABC?>2> =0H0 <>20 7<VH0;0AO 7 @CAL:>N, 6825<> <V6 <>A:0;O<8 V @>7<>2;OB8 AB0;8 ?>-<>A:0;LAL:8 <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0A:V;L:8 A5<0=B8G=> @>71C4>20=89 5B=>=V<VG=89 B5@<V=  <>A:0;L 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V, <>6=0 AC48B8 =0 >A=>2V B>3>, I> A;>2=8: @V=G5=:0 ?>40T ? OB45AOB HVABL 9>3> 7=0G5=L, D>@< B0 2V4BV=:V2:  >A:0;5=:>, >A:0;5=:0; <>A:0;5=O, <>A:0;5=OB8; <>A:0;8:, <>A:0;8G:0; <>A:0;V2, <>A:0;520, <>A:0;525; <>A:0;V2=0, <>A:0;V2=8; <>A:0;L, <>A:0;O; <>A:0;L=O, <>A:0;L=V; <>A:0;LAB2>, <>A:0;LAB20; <>A:0;LG0, <>A:0;LG0B8; <>A:0;LG8:, <>A:0;LG8:0; <>A:0;LGC:, <>A:0;LGC:0; <>A:0;N30, <>A:0;N38; <>A:20, <>A:28 (BCB 2 5B=VG=><C @>7C<V==V:  >A:0;L, I> O:5AL AB0@5 70;V7> ?@>40202 V =5 GC2, I> 620289 <VI0=8= C G5<5@FV HB>2E02 9>3>:  >A:20, <>A:20, G8 ?@>40TH 70;V7>? ); <>A:2>DV;, <>A:2>DV;0; <>A:2>DV;LAB2>, <>A:2>DV;LAB20; <>A:2>DV;LAL:89, <>A:2>DV;LAL:0, <>A:2>DV;LAL:5; >A:V2I8=0, >A:>2I8=0, >A:>2I8=8; <>A:>25FL, <>A:>2FV; <>A:>2:0, <>A:>2:8; <>A:>2AL:89, <>A:>2AL:0, <>A:>2AL:5; <>A:>2I5=O, <>A:>2I5=OB8; <>A:>2AB2> . # A;>2=8:C 4>40=> I5 420 D@075>;>3VG=V 72>@>B8:  ?V4?CA:0B8, ?V42>78B8 <>A:0;O , I> >7=0G0T 1@5E0B8, >1<0=N20B8, V  ?5=O <>A:>2AL:0 C @>7C<V==V  157?@8G8==> GV?;OB8AO . >6=0 4>40B8, I> .&nbsp;@V=G5=:> ?@>?CAB82 B0:V D>@<8, O:  <>A:0;8E0, <>A:0;8E8 , B0 ?@>AB>=0@>4=C  <>A:>DV;, <>A:>DV;LAB2> . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 072C  <>A:0;L C68202 ;5:A0=4@ 5@F5=:  C, 0 O:I> ?VA;O 2AVE =0H8E <V@:C20=L #:@0W=0, O:0 ?0< OB0T 2AV CB8A:8 <>A:0;V2, V :@V?>A=89 AB0=, V 748@AB20, V 157?@02 O, V 3@01C=>:, V :=CB 7 >4=>3> 1>:C, 0;5 =5 701C20NG8, 7 4@C3>3>, O: W9 1C;> V ?@8 5GV >A?>;8BV9 7 6>2=V@0<8, ?0=0<8 V :>@>==8<8 C@O4>2FO<8,  =5 70E>G5 1CB8 =V ?>;LAL:>N, =V @>AV9AL:>N? >-<>T<C, ?8B0==O 28@VHCTBLAO 4C65 ?@>AB>. #:@0W=C =0;568BL C B0:><C @07V 287=0B8 2V;L=>N V =570;56=>N :@0W=>N <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !;>2>  <>A:0;L 2 >AVW =5 ;N18;8 =V:>;8. T;V=AL:89 O:>AL 7@>182 A?@>1C ?@>@5F5=7C20B8 @>1>BC >4O=AL:>3>  0AL:V C:@0W=AL:V :07:8 V =VG>3> 2 =L>3> =5 289H;>. !?5@5A5@4O 2V= >1@065=> ?@87=02AO:  !>G8=5=85 >B;8G05BAO A0<K< G8ABK< <0;>@>AA89A:8< O7K:><, :>B>@K9 A>25@H5==> =54>ABC?5= 4;O =0A, <>A:0;59 <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 091V;LH89 @>AV9AL:89 ;5:A8:>3@0D .&nbsp;0;L ?>40T, I> B5@<V=  <>A:0;L <0;>@>AV9AL:>3> ?>E>465==O V >7=0G0T:  <>A:28G, @CAA:89, A>;40B, 2>5==>A;C60I89. B <>A:0;O, E>BL ?>;K >B@56L, 40 C948! B> 845B? '>@B! 04=>, 01K =5 <>A:0;L. ! <>A:0;5< 4@C68AL, 0 :0<5=L 70 ?07CE>9 45@68 (0 70 :>; 45@68AL). CB8B, :0: <>A:0;L, 0 GB>1K :>=FK E>@>=8;. =05B <>A:0;L 4>@>3C, 0 A?@0H8205B! <i>>A:0;8BL</i>  <;@A. <>H5==8G0BL, >1<0=K20BL 2 B>@3>2;5 <a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title="">[35]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 6820NBLAO, V=:>;8, >1@07;82V 70 7<VAB>< 5B=>=V<8, ?@>B5 =>AVW B0:8E 5B=>=V<V2 =5 2V4GC20NBL >1@078. 0?@8:;04, 7030;L=>?>H8@5=89 A5@54 A;>2 O=AL:8E <>2 5B=>=V<  =V<5FL >7=0G0T ;N48=C, O:0 =5OA=>, =57@>7C<V;> 3>2>@8BL. 7030;V,  CAO:89, EB> @>7<>2;OT GC6>N =57@>7C<V;>N <>2>N. !0<V 6 =V<FV (deutsch) =5 >1@060NBLAO =0 F59 CI8?;8289 5B=>=V<. # ?>;LAL:V9 <>2V VB0;V9FV2 =07820NBL 2;>E0<8  =0720 ?>E>48BL 2V4 A;>20 20;0H8B8, B>1B> >A:>?;OB8. 0B><VABL 5B=>=V<  <>A:0;L A?@89<0TBLAO 9>3> =>AVO<8 O: >1@07;8289.  E>G >AVO, @>AV9AL:89, @>AVO=8  HBCG=0 =0720, 70?@>20465=0 ;8H5 7 XVI&nbsp;AB. =0 ?V4AB02V 3@5FL:>W D>@<8 Rhos <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="">[36]</a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span lang=RU>&nbsp;</span> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>!>1>;52A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> CAA:89 =0@>4 :0: MB=>3@0D8G5A:>5 F5;>5. 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'5@=V2FV, 1908. !.&nbsp;46.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span lang="RU">[28]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;9.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span lang="RU">[29]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>5GC9-528FL:89&nbsp;. </i>@8G5?0. V==V?53: "@87C1, 1955. !.&nbsp;89 91.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span lang="RU">[30]</span></a> <span lang=RU>>?8A8 7-=04 !O=C // 5B0. 1864. !&nbsp;5. !.&nbsp;72.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span lang="RU">[31]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>'86>20&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> 1 MB=8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA0E 2 2>AB>G=KE @09>=0E #:@08=K (> <0B5@80;0< M:A?548F8>==>3> >1A;54>20=8O 1966&nbsp;3>40) // !>2. MB=>3@0D8O. 1968. !&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;24.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span lang="RU">[32]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;24.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span lang="RU">[33]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>5@F5=&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> !>G8=5=8O. .: 74 2>  !!! , 1958. ".&nbsp;19. !.&nbsp;21.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span lang="RU">[34]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>5;8=A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. >;=>5 A>1@. A>G. ., 1953. ".&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;239.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span lang="RU">[35]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0;L&nbsp;. </i>">;:>2K9 A;>20@L 682>3> 25;8:>@CAA:>3> O7K:0. </span><span lang=EN-GB>.:</span> <span lang=RU>!</span><span lang=EN-GB>, 1955. </span> <span lang=RU>"</span><span lang=EN-GB>.&nbsp;II. </span> <span lang=RU>!</span><span lang=EN-GB>.&nbsp;349.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span lang="RU">[36]</span></a> <span lang=EN-GB><i>Br</i></span><span lang=RU><i>&uuml;</i></span><span lang=EN-GB><i>ckner&nbsp;A.</i></span> <span lang=EN-GB>S</span><span lang=RU>B</span><span lang=EN-GB>ownik etymologiczny j</span><span lang=RU></span><span lang=EN-GB>zyka polskiego. </span> <span lang=RU>Warszawa, 1957.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="20%"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="60%"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155204"><b><i><font size="4">XIV. >A:>2VO <V=OT A2>N =072C</font></i></b></a><font size="4">&nbsp; <a name="XIV_Moskovija_minjae_svoju_nazvu"></a></font> </p> </td> <td width="20%"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @89=OBV =0 >71@>T==O <>A:>2AL:8< ?@5AB>;>< V45>;>35<8 B8?C  5;8:0O ,  0;0O CAL,  A5O 5;8:0O, 0;0O 8 5;0O CA8 A0<>45@65F V B><C ?>4V1=V B8BC;8 1C;8 =0ABV;L:8 =5?@8@>4=V V =5>@30=VG=V 4;O A0<8E @>AV9AL:8E F0@V2, I> 2>=8 =VO: =5 <>3;8 4> =8E ?@8728G0WB8AL. @>3>;>A82H8 WE A2VB>2V O2=> 7 ?@>?030=48ABAL:>N <5B>N O: ?52=C V<?5@AL:C 4>:B@8=C, 2>=8 40;V ?>A;C3>2C20;8AO C;N1;5=>N WE=L><C A5@FN B5@<V=>;>3VTN, 45 2 @V7=8E 20@V0FVOE 28ABC?0;> A;>2>  >A:20 . !;>2>A?>;CG5==O  >A:>2A:>5 3>AC40@AB2> DV3C@CT 2 4>3>2>@V 7 0=VTN 2V4 12&nbsp;AVG=O 1701&nbsp;@>:C. # <V6=0@>4=><C 4>3>2>@V <V6 F0@5< 5B@><&nbsp; V VGGN >A?>;8B>N >;LAL:>N B0 5;8:8< :=O7V2AB2>< 8B>2AL:8< 2V4 28&nbsp;G5@2=O 1703&nbsp;@>:C 728G=> 26820TBLAO  >=0@E >A:>2A:V9 ,  2>9=0 >A:>2A:0O B>I>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 ?>G0B:C 1703&nbsp;@., O: 265 3>2>@8;>AL, C >A:2V 289H;0 ?5@H0 3075B0, O:0 =07820;0AO  54><>AB8 > 2>5==KE 8 8=KE 45;0E, 4>AB>9=KE 7=0=8O 8 ?0<OB8, A;CG82H8EAO 2 >A:>2A:>< 3>AC40@AB25 8 2 8=KE >:@5AB=KE AB@0=0E , I5 =07820;8 WW  54><>AB8 <>A:>2A:85 ,  54><>ABL <>A:>2A:0O . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1721&nbsp;@., :>;8 >A:>2VO 265 >AO3=C;0 3535<>=VN 2 !EV4=V9 2@>?V, 5B@>&nbsp; ?@89=O2 ?8H=89 B8BC; <?5@0B>@ A5@>AV9AL:89, ?@> I> 1C;> >?>2VI5=> B0:8<8 A;>20<8:   20&nbsp;45=L A53> >:BO1@O, ?> A>25BC 53> 25;8G5AB20, 2 ?>:070=85 A2>53> 4>;6=>3> 1;03>40@5=8O, 70 2KA>:CN 53> <8;>ABL 8 >B5G5AB:>5 ?>?5G5=85 8 AB0@0=85, :>B>@>5 >= > 1;03>?>;CG88 3>AC40@AB20 2> 2A5 2@5<O A2>53> A;02=59H53> 3>AC40@AB2>20=8O 8 >A>1;82> 2> 2@5<O H254A:>9 2>9=K O28BL 872>;8;, 8 2A5@>AA89A:>5 3>AC40@AB2> 8 B0:>5 A8;L=>5 8 4>1@>5 A>AB>O=85, 8 =0@>4 A2>9 ?>440=>9 8 B0:CN A;02C C 2A53> A25B0 548=>5 B>:<> @C:>2>645=85 ?@825;, :0: B> 2A5< 4>2>;L=> 8725AB=>, 8<5=5< A2>53> =0@>40 @>AA89A:>3>, 401K 872>;8; ?@8=OBL, ?> ?@8<5@C 4@C38E, >B =8E B8B;>: >BF0 >B5G5AB20, 8<?5@0B>@0 2A5@>AA89A:>3>, 5B@0 5;8:>3>&  <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. !0<0 ?>AB0BL 5B@0&nbsp;I =02VBL C @>AV9AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW <0T @>71V6=V >FV=:8. 4=>G0A=> 7 >DVFV9=8<8 7030;L=>2V4><8<8 ?0=53V@8:0<8, =8H:>< 3>2>@8BLAO V ?@> B5, I> 5B@>&nbsp;I  A8=>2182FO, 3>;;0=4>DV; V B0T<=89 ;NB5@0=8=, V 27030;V T A8=>< =V<5FL:>3> ?@842>@=>3> 0?B5:0@O.  ?><5@ 5B@>&nbsp;I, V F5 265 =5 ?>3>;>A:8, 0 4V03=>7, 2=0A;V4>: 70AB0@V;>3> A8DV;VAC, O:89 28:;8:02 28@07:8 2 <>G>2><C :0=0;V <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1725&nbsp;@.  54><>AB8 <>A:>2A:85 ?5@59<5=>20=> =0  54><>AB8 >AA89A:85 . V4@CG=89 F0@O 5B@0&nbsp;I 5=LHV:>2 28A;02 4> ?>A;0 2 >?5=3035= B0:C 48@5:B82C:  > 2A5E :C@0=B0E ?5G0B0NB 3>AC40@AB2> =0H5 >A:>2A:8<, 0 =5 >AA89A:8<, 8 B>3> @048 872>;LB5 C A51O A85 ?@5AB5@5GL, GB>1 ?5G0B0;8 >AA89A:8<, > G5< 8 : ?@>G8< :> 2A5< 2>@0< ?8A0=> <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. "0: >A:>2AL:5 3>AC40@AB2> 7<V=8;> A2>N ?@8@>4=C 2V:>2VG=C =072C, ?5@5B2>@82H8AL 2 >AV9AL:C V<?5@VN. 0720 FO ?@>VA=C20;0 4> 15@57=O 1917&nbsp;@., :>;8 A;>2> V<?5@VO 70<V=5=> @5A?C1;V:>N. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  &VTN =072>N >A:>2VO ?@03=C;0 ?>:070B8 A2>N :C;LBC@=VABL ?5@54 =0@>40<8 70E>4C V ?>;53H8B8 48?;><0B8G=V ?5@53>2>@8 <>A:>2AL:>3> C@O4C. 5B@>&nbsp;I 22>482 =072C >AAVO 4;O B>3>, I>1 225AB8 2 ?><8;:C 2@>?C, 1CFV<B> >A:>2VO =5 ?V4:>@8;0 #:@0W=C, 1CFV<B> <>A:>2AL:89 V C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>48 T >4=8< V B8< 65 =0@>4><, I> =V18B> <0NBL A?V;L=C VAB>@VN V I> 1>@>BL10 075?8 =5 <0;0 =0FV>=0;L=>-45@602=>3> E0@0:B5@C, 0 1C;0 2=CB@VH=L>N 1>@>BL1>N 70 2;04C 2 45@602V <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <V=0 =0728 AB0;0AO  2=0A;V4>: 70E>?;5==O <>A:>2AL:8<8 F0@O<8 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L, O:V AB0=>28;8 107C 8W2AL:>W CAV B0 V;>@CAVW, A0<5 F5 ?5@59<5=C20==O ?>A;C68;> VAB>@8:>2V 8E09;>2V @CH52AL:><C ?V4AB02>N 70O28B8:  <8 T =0@>4 C O:>3> 2:@0;8 =072C <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;0A=5 70 5B@0&nbsp; 2V41C;0AO B0:0 203><0 70 A2>W<8 =0A;V4:0<8 V45>;>3VG=0 ?5@5<V=0 5B=>=V<C:  & A0<0 =0720 CAL, 28@20=0 V7 A5@FO 8T20 70;V7=>N @C:>N 5B@0&  <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>.  %T@ VB5@ , O: 70;N1:8 =078202 A515 5B@>&nbsp;, =>A82AO =02VBL 7 =0<V@>< ?5@5=5AB8 AB>;8FN 4> 8T20. /: 2V4><>, 5B@>&nbsp; =5=0284V2 <VAB> >A:2C V 2AV <>A:>2AL:V ?>@O4:8, 2V= 73>45= 1C2 =0 A2V9 C;N1;5=89 3>;;0=4AL:>-=V<5FL:89 :HB0;B =02VBL 7<V=8B8 2V@C =0 ;NB5@0=AL:C, 7025AB8 ;0B8=AL:89 0;D02VB V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;?.  >A:>2AL:5 F0@AB2> ?>G0;> =07820B8AO >AVTN BV;L:8 ?@8 5B@V&nbsp;I, :>;8 B>9 C?5@H5, =0G51B> V=:>3=VB>, W7482 4> 2@>?8 V 45 9>3> ?5@H89 @07 =5 ?@89=O2 6>45= :>@>;V2AL:89 42V@, E>G0 =0 10;0E 25;L<>6 2V= 1C2 ?@8ACB=V9. @>AB> >A:2C B>4V =VEB> =5 7=02 V 220602 WW 07V0BAL:>N :@0W=>N.  4> 07V0BV2 B>4V 1C;> AB02;5==O =530B82=5.  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AL G><C, ?>25@=C2H8AL 7 2@>?8, <>A:>2AL:89 F0@ ?5@59<5=C202 A2>T F0@AB2> 2 >AV9AL:5, 0 <>A:0;V 2?5@H5 4V7=0;8AO, I> 2>=8 25;8:>@>A8. >?><>3;> >A:2V I5 9 B5, I> #:@0W=AL:0 CAL (0 #:@0W=C 7=0;8 =0 0E>4V BV;L:8 O: CAL) 1C;0 265 ?V4 >A:2>N. 5;8:>@>A8  F5 T48=89 C A2VBV =0@>4, O:89 4> ?>G0B:C 18&nbsp;AB. =5 <02 A2>TW =0728, 0 7202AO <>A:>2AL:8< ;N4>< <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. <V=NNG8 5B=>=V<, 5B@>&nbsp;I A?>4V202AO =5 BV;L:8 7=8I8B8 B0:8< G8=>< ?>GCBBO 2V4@C1=>ABV C:@0W=FV2 B0 1V;>@CAV2 C 2V4=>H5==V 4> <>A:>28BV2, 0;5 9 F8E >AB0==VE ?@8E8;8B8 4> T2@>?59AL:>W F82V;V70FVW. # B0:><C ?;0=V 4VO;8 9>3> ?>A;V4>2=8:8, 7>:@5<0 0B5@8=0&nbsp;II <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. 0 FN B5<C 2 1869&nbsp;@. 2840B=89 1C:>28=AL:89 ?>5B A8? .@V9 $54L:>28G ?8A02 C AB0BBV  )>1 =5 1C;> ?V7=>! >;>A A?>A5@54 @CAL:>3> =0@>4C B0:5:  2545=> 1V9 ?V4 >;B02>N (1709), >A:0;V 74>1C;8 CAL, WE F0@ 5B@> ?@8A2>W2 A>1V V< O ?>1V465=>3> =0@>4C, 15@5 B8BC; F0@O CA8 V C:;040T A>1V B0:C ?@>3@0<C ?>;VB8G=C:  >A:28 =04 =V?@>, 7 =V?@0 =04 8A;C, 7 8A;8 ?V4 0@?0B8, 72V4A8 =04 C=09, 7 C=0N =04 >AD>@. '8 70?5@5G8BL EB>, I> 2V= AB02 =52V@=8< FV9 ?@>3@0<V 7030@10==O 2AVE !;02O=?  ;5 O:?  >4=>3> 1>:C <>A:>2AL:0 48:0 >@40, 7 4@C3>3> G8A;5==5, =0 B>9 G0A =0 4>A8BL 28A>:V< AB5?5=V :C;LBC@8 AB>OG5 A;02 O=AB2>& "V;L:8 ?@54?@8W<G828< F0@O< ?@> F5 =5 10==>. 65 2 XVIII&nbsp;2VFV =0:8=C;8 2>=8 A2>W< >@40< E@8ABVO=AB2> V F5@:>2=>-A;02O=AL:C <>2C, 7 :>B@>W, 7001A>@1C202H8 B>4VH=N @CAL:C ?8AL<5==VABL, ?>2AB0;0 B5?5@VH=O <>A:>2AL:0 <>20, 0 :>B@C 704;O =57=0==O VAB>@VW A;02O= 70E>4>< B0 G5@57 157A>@><=5 D0;LHC20==O VAB>@VW >A:0;O<8, I5 9 =8=V =07820NBL @CAL:>N (russische Sprache). / 1C4C WW =07820B8 702AV48 ?> V<5=8, <>A:>2AL:>N B0: A0<> O: V< O CAL =0;568BL BV;L:8 ?>;C4=52V9 >AVW, 0 =0720 CA8= ;8H5 =8=VH=8< CA8=0< <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !?>G0B:C, 2 5?>EC 5B@0&nbsp; V 9>3> ?5@H8E =0ABC?=8:V2, :>;8 ?5@54 :8W2AL:>N 2G5=VABN 1C;8 O:=09H8@H5 2V4:@8BV 425@V 4;O :C;LBC@=>3> 2?;82C (4>A8BL A:070B8, I> 70 5B@0 CAO 28I0 F5@:>2=0 VT@0@EVO A:;040;0AO 28:;NG=> 7 C:@0W=FV2 B0 1V;>@CAV2), @CAL:8< :=86=8:0< 74020;>AL, I> W< <0;> =5 240ABLAO  @CA8=V7C20B8 , =0 B>4VH=V9 T2@>?59AL:89 ?>3;O4,  <>A:>2AL:8E 20@20@V2 . # FL><C <02 W< 4>?><>3B8, O: 2>=8 3040;8, A?V;L=89 5B=>=V<. 5 ?@>9H;> 9 ?V2AB>;VBBO, O: =0ABC?8;> 3V@:5 @>7G0@C20==O. 450;8 :>70FL:>W @5A?C1;V:8  =5 <>3;8 A?V2VA=C20B8 7 02B>:@0BVTN, 70A048 @8<AL:>3> ?@020  7 07V9AL:>N 45A?>BVTN <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. >728B>: V<?5@VW ?VH>2 =521;030==> =5 70 4C<:>N =0W2=8E :=86=8:V2, 0 73V4=> 7 ?>;VB8:>N V 70:>=0<8 ?0=V2=>3> =0@>4C. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  @8G8=8 ?>@07:8 C:@0W=FV2 C WE 7<030==OE =0 :C;LBC@=><C ?>;V, A?@O<>20=8E =0 @5D>@<C20==O <>A:>2AL:>W 45@6028 V =01;865==O WW 4> 4V9A=8E :C;LBC@=>-VAB>@8G=8E B@048FV9 8W2AL:>W CAV, V=0:H5 :06CG8  4> C:@0W=AL:8E B@048FV9, ?>OA=NNBLAO ?@8G8=0<8 45@602=>-?>;VB8G=>3> V :C;LBC@=>3> ?>@O4:C. >20 @>AV9AL:0 45@6020 A2>W< AB8;5< V A2>W<8 ?>@O4:0<8 1C;0 <>A:>2AL:>3> ?>E>465==O V =5 <>3;0 1CB8 ?5@5B2>@5=0 ;8H5 :C;LBC@=8<8 70A>10<8 V :C;LBC@=8<8 A8;0<8 V=H>3> =0@>4C. !B8;L V >@30=V70FVO @>AV9AL:>W 45@6028 1C;8 3;81>:> 70:>@V=5=V 2 ?A8E>;>3VW V 4CE>2=>ABV <>A:>2AL:>3> =0@>4C.  B><C 1C;> CB>?VTN BC 45@602C :C;LBC@=> 702>N20B8 V @5D>@<C20B8 2 4CAV V AB8;V 7>2AV< V=H>3> =0@>4C 9 V=H>W :C;LBC@8. /:V 1 =5 1C;8 25;8:V C:@0W=AL:V 2?;828 2 @>AV9AL:V9 :C;LBC@V, @>AV9AL:0 45@6020 01A>@1C20;0 BV;L:8 B5, I> 2V4?>2V40;> W9 V ?A8E>;>3VW @>AV9AL:>3> =0@>4C. #:@0W=AL:0 :C;LBC@0 =5 <>3;0 ?5@5<>3B8 B5=45=FV9 V B@048FV9=>3> ;04C @>AV9AL:>3> ;N4C, 1> 2>=0 1C;0 W9 GC6>N V B><C G8=8;0 A?@>B82, O:89 ?V7=VH5 ?5@59H>2 C =0ABC? V =8I5==O C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8 2AV<0 04<V=VAB@0B82=8<8 V ?>;VFV9=8<8 70A>10<8 45@6028 <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @>2V4=0 :>70FL:0 25@AB20, :>;8AL 3>@40, A0<>2?52=5=0, B5?5@ 4>3>@O;0 2 B8E8E ECB>@0E, >AB>@>=L 25;8:8E 4>@V3 VAB>@VW. 091V;LH>N 6C@>N BVTW 25@AB28 AB0;>:   I> <8 ?>:CH0;8 1, <0BCH:0?  "0: @>7:;040;0AO B0 ?@>2V4=0 25@AB20 2 68BBV AB0@>A2VBAL:8E ?><VI8:V2. 5I04=0 V 35=V0;L=0 :0@8:0BC@0 >3>;O 2 9>3>  <0;>@>AV9AL:8E ?>2VABOE. =H0 G0AB8=0 BVTW :>70FL:>W ?@>2V4=>W 25@AB28 =5 <>3;0 70A?>:>WB8AO B0:8< 682>BV==O<. >=0 28E>48;0 =0 18BV H;OE8 VAB>@VW, 0 I> =0 =8E =5 1C;> 265 C:@0W=AL:8E 2>7V2, 2>=8 ?@8AV40;8 4> @>AV9AL:8E V<?5@AL:8E B0@0=B0AV2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0ABC?82 :C;LBC@=89 70=5?04 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L V 2V4GC65==O WE 2V4 70EV4=>3> A2VBC. <.&nbsp;>=F>2 ?@8G8=8 70=5?04C 5BL<0=I8=8 10G82 C <>@0;L=8E :0B53>@VOE.  0@0 ?>A8;0TBLAO O: :0@0 70 3@VE >A?0;>AB8, 70 B5, I> =0 3@VH=V9 75<;V 70<VABL  ?@04V4V2 25;8:8E @>7?0=>H8;8AO  ?@02=C:8 ?>30=V , I>  40;8 A515 2 ?CB0 27OB8 . 0 B5, I>  =5 AE0<5=C2AO ;N4 3@VH=89 ,  ?@0254=> >A?>4L 25;8:89 :0940=8 ?>25;V2 :C20BL =0 @V4 <0;>2V@V2 V =54>2V@:V2, =0 @V4  ;C:0289 V 3@VH=89, ?@0254=>  ?>B@V182 C@>4C 9>3> GC4>2>W :@0W=8. > =0I> 2>=8  GC68< 1>30< ?>65@;8 65@B28, ><5@78;8AL ? 0I> 725@=C;8 7 H;OEC 10BL:V2, =0I> AB0;8  1094C6V 4> WE G5A=>B, =0I> AB0;8 2V4ABC?=8:0<8, =0I>  2AO:><C A;C68;8 3>48;8 , O: @018 V  ;L>:0W ? 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'><C ?5@5AB0;8 B25@48<8 1CB8, ;8H  E8;8;8AO <>2 BV ;>78, :C48 2VB5@ 2VT ? 0I> AB0;8 2V2FO<8, ;N4L<8 7  >25G>N =0BC@>N , 3>B>28<8 =094>@>6G5 A2>T ?@>40B8  70 H<0B 3=8;>W :>210A8 , 3>B>2V 7@048B8 2A5, G><C ?>:;0=O;8AO 10BL:8, AB02H8  4O4L:0<8 >B5G5AB20 GC6>3> , ;;NG8 :@>2  =5 70 #:@0W=C, 0 70 WW :0B0 ? <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V 7<V=>N 5B=>=V<C >A:20 283@0;0 CA5; C:@0W=FV B0 1V;>@CA8 6 CA5 2B@0B8;8.  !0<5 7<V=0 5B=>=V<0 40;0 <>A:>28B0< <>6;82VABL ?@8A2>WB8 V CAV BV @>7<0E>< V 1030BAB2>< ?>482C 3V4=V :C;LBC@=V B0 ?>;VB8G=V =0410==O, I> AB2>@8;8 2 402=VE G0A0E <5G5< V A;>2>< A8=8 CAV. &0@ ?5@59=O2 3@5FL:89 B5@<V= >AAVO, I>1 B0:8< G8=>< V45>;>3VG=> >1 T4=0B8 >A:>2I8=C 7 #:@0W=>N. !;>20  CAL 4> A5W FV;V 2V= B><C =5 268202, 1> 2 >A:>2I8=V A;>2>  CAL A5@54 ?@>AB>3> =0@>4C =5 26820;>AO, 0 =0B><VABL =0 CA8-#:@0W=V (0 B0: A0<> 2 ACAV4=VE :@0OE V 2 FV;V9 2@>?V) A;>2>  CAL >7=0G0;> B>4V ;8H5 =0HC, 2;0AB82C CAL-#:@0W=C.  FV;V9 2@>?V 7=0;8, I>  CAL  F5 :@09 =04 !O=><, C3><, =VAB@><, =V?@><, 0 70B5 >A:>2I8=C =07820;8 B>4V 2 2@>?V =5 V=0:H5 O:  >A:>2I8=>N (=0 ;0B8=V: Moscovita, ?>-=V<5FL:8: Moskowitien V B. 4.). </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /:18 5B@> 5;8:89 1C2 ?@89=O2 =072C  CAL O:> =072C A2>TW <>A:>2AL:>W 45@6028, B> G5@57 A5 =0AB0;> 1 1C;> 10;0<CBAB2>, =5?>604=5 4;O 9>3> ?>;VB8G=8E 70<V@V2, 1> ;N48 <>3;8 1 A>1V 4C<0B8, I> >A:>2I8=0  A5 G0ABL =0H>W, 2;0AB82>W CA8. "8< G0A>< F0@ 5B@>&nbsp; 10602 A>1V 7 T4=0B8 CAL-#:@0W=C 7 >A:>2I8=>N 2 >4=5 BV;>, 0;5 B0:, I>18 OA=> 1C;>, =5=0G5 >A:>2I8=0 T >A5@54:><, 0 =0H0 CAL-#:@0W=0 ;8H5 =0G5 ?@8IV?:>N 4> A53> 3>;>2=>3> <>A:>2AL:>3> ?=O. AL-B><C 2E>?82AO 2V= B>3> A;>20  >AAVO , C6820=>3> 2 B8E G0A0E 45O:8<8 =0H8<8 F5@:>2=8<8 ?8A0B5;O<8 (0 =526820=>3> =V A5@54 =0@>4C =0H>3>, =V A5@54 =0@>4C <>A:>2AL:>3>) B0 =07202 B8< A;>2>< FV;C A2>N >A:>2AL:C 45@602C, 2 O:>W A:;04 2E>48;0 265 V #:@0W=0 7 ;V2>3> 1>:C =V?@0. ;0= 9>3> 1C2 OA=89  018 ?V4 =>2>N =072>N 7;CG8B8 E8B@> 2 >4=5 BV;> >A:>2I8=C V 2;0AB82C CAL-#:@0W=C <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0:8< G8=>< 7<V=0 =0728 <>A:>2AL:>W 45@6028 :8=C;0 28:;8: V45=B8G=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C. </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU>>;=>5 A>1@0=85 70:>=>2 >AA89A:>9 8<?5@88. !1., 1831. ".&nbsp;7. !.&nbsp;444.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a> <span lang=RU>!1>@=8: AB0B59 2 G5ABL .&nbsp;.&nbsp;>@A0:>20. 070=L, 1913. !.&nbsp;352.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a><I> </I><span lang=RU><i>!>;>2L52&nbsp;!.&nbsp;.</i> AB>@8O >AA88 A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5=. !1., 1896. ".&nbsp;XVII. !.&nbsp;638.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i> .&nbsp;.</i> #:@08=0. (0=E09, 1937. !.&nbsp;17.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span lang="RU">[5]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0=GC:&nbsp;. </i>>=OBBO  >AVO 2 70EV4=V9 :0@B>3@0DVW // #:@0W=AL:89 A0<>ABV9=8:. 1975. !&nbsp;210. !.&nbsp;70.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span lang="RU">[6]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@0G&nbsp;</i>. 5B, =5 <0;>@>AK // 8B5@0BC@=0O 3075B0. 1990. 11&nbsp;0?@.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span lang="RU">[7]</span></a><I> </I><span lang=RU><i>>A:>2G5=:>&nbsp;., >?@02:>&nbsp;. </i>0@<0 #:@0W=8. .: 84-2> @>A2VB0, 1997. !.&nbsp;105.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span lang="RU">[8]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&535;LAL:89&nbsp;. </i>2V4:8 27O;8AO V I> 7=0G0BL =0728  CAL V  #:@0W=0 ? L2V2, 1907. !.&nbsp;51.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span lang="RU">[9]</span></a> <span lang=RU>&8B. 70:<i> =4@CAO:&nbsp;. </i>"5@<V=8  CAL:89 ,  >AL:89 ,  >AV9AL:89 V  V;>@CAL:89 2 ?C1;V:0FVOE XVI XIX AB>;VBL // 1V@=8: =0 ?>H0=C 20=0 V@GC:0. N=E5=; LN->@:; 0@86; V==V?53, 1974. !.&nbsp;12.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span lang="RU">[10]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i> O1GC:&nbsp;.</i> V4 0;>@>AVW 4> #:@0W=8: ?0@04>:A8 70?V7=V;>3> =0FVTB2>@5==O. .: @8B8:0, 2000. !.&nbsp;54.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span lang="RU">[11]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>;C15=:>&nbsp;.</i> #:@0W=0 V >AVO C A2VB;V :C;LBC@=8E 270T<8=. LN->@:; 0@86; ">@>=B>: #:@0W=AL:5 A;>2>, 1987. !.&nbsp;288.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span lang="RU">[12]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>=F>2&nbsp;<. </i>CE =0H>W 402=8=8. @>3>18G: V4@>465==O, 1991. !.&nbsp;21.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span lang="RU">[13]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&535;LAL:89&nbsp;.</i> 2V4:8 27O;8AO V I> 7=0G0BL =0728  CAL V  #:@0W=0 ? L2V2, 1907. !.&nbsp;57.</span> </p> </ul> <p align="right">&nbsp; <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155205"><b><i><font size="4">XV. CA8=8</font></i></b></a><b><i><font size="4">&nbsp;<a name="XV_Rusyny"> </a></font></i></b> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  XIV XVII&nbsp;AB.AB. C =0C:>2><C >1V3C VA=CT 25;8:0 :V;L:VABL VAB>@8G=8E 4>:C<5=BV2 (?>;VB8G=8E, N@848G=8E, F5@:>2=8E), O:V =5 70;8H0NBL =09<5=H>3> AC<=V2C, I> V 2 ;8B>2AL:>-@CAL:C V 2 =0ABC?=C  :>70FL:C 4>1C =0FV>=0;L=0 B5@8B>@VO #:@0W=8 9<5=C20;0AO 40;V CAAN, 0 WW <5H:0=FV  @CA8=0<8. &5 ?V4B25@46CNBL B>3>G0A=V ;VB>?8A8, E@>=V:8, <5<C0@8, ?>75<5;L=V 0:B8, ?@82V;5W-40=8=8, 70?>2VB8, :=838 70?8AV2 8B>2AL:>W <5B@8:8, CAL:>W <5B@8:8 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4. 0?@8:;04, :8W2AL:>3> 2>T2>4C >ABO=B8=0 AB@>7L:>3> (1526 1608) 2 B>3>G0A=8E 4>:C<5=B0E ?>ABV9=> =07820NBL @CA8=>< <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. 5;5BV9 !<>B@8FL:89 B0: ?8A02 =0 ?>@>7V XVII&nbsp;AB. ?@> =0FV>=0;L=C V45=B8G=VABL:  5 2V@0 @>18BL CA8=0 @CA8=><, >;O:0 ?>;O:><, 8B28=0 ;8B28=><, 0 =0@>465==O V :@>2 @CAL:0, ?>;LAL:0 B0 ;8B>2AL:0 <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. # !<>B@8FL:>3>  @CA8=  F5 =5 EB> V=H89 O: C:@0W=5FL. # 1620&nbsp;@. G5@:0AL:89 ?V4AB0@>AB0 !5<5= 8:> ?@>:><5=BC202 :>@>;V2AL:89 AC4>289 ?>7>2, =0?8A0=89 4> =L>3> ?>;LAL:>N <>2>N, C B0:89 A?>AV1:  B> AB@0E8 =0 ;OE8, 0 O-< @CA8=. V40TB :>@>;L T3> <;., 65< @CA8=, 0 ?>728 <V=V ?> ?>;A:C H;5BL <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. !;02=>72VA=89 ?>;5<VAB 20= 8H5=AL:89 ?V4?8AC202AO B0::  >0= @CA8= KH5=A:V9 <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. 1> 70?8A 40B>20=89 1616&nbsp;@.   > B>9 4>@>7<span style='font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'>c</span> 20H59 HB> 8 ;OE><J 8 @CA8=><J AO C:07>20BL <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> =0;V7 25;8G57=>W :V;L:>ABV 465@5; 402 .&nbsp;@CH52AL:><C ?V4AB02C B25@48B8, I> ?>4V;LAL:0 V, 7>:@5<0 10@AL:0, >:>;8G=0 H;OEB0 2 XVI&nbsp;AB. 9<5=C20;0AO 2 >DVFV9=8E <0B5@V0;0E  @CA8=0<8 <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  ?@0FV  %<5;L=8GG8=0 1648 1649 C ACG0A=8E 2V@H0E , 70?5@5GCNG8 B57C ?>;LAL:8E VAB>@8:V2 (4>409<> V @>AV9AL:8E) ?@> =V18B> 28:;NG=> A>FV0;L=89, 0 =5 =0FV>=0;L=89 E0@0:B5@ %<5;L=8GG8=8, .&nbsp;$@0=:> @>73;O40T B>3>G0A=V ?>;LAL:V 2V@HV, 7 O:8E >4=>AB09=> 28?;820T,  I> A5 1C;> ?>2AB0==O @CAL:>3> ;N4C. CAL ?V4=O;0AO ?@>B8 ?>;O:V2, CAL E>G5 283=0B8 ;OEV2 V7 A2>WE 3@0=8FL <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. # 2V@H0E 3>2>@8BLAO:  Nigdy si Mazur z Rusinem nie zgodzi (=V:>;8 ?>;O: =5 ?>3>48BLAO 7 @CA8=><) <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;0A8: AB0@>?>;LAL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 .&nbsp;V<>@>28G (1597 1677) C F8:;V 2V@HV2  Sielanki nowe ruski B0: 7<0;L>2CT ?>;LAL:>-@CAL:89 =0FV>=0;L=89 0=B03>=V7<: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:6.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <i>Gdym go prosiB, |eby mi jak swemu folgowaB,</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2cm;"> <i>RzekB na to, |e[ty Rusin, kotiuho, niedoszBy,</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2cm;"> <i>Bo misem lackim ruski ko[ci twe obrosBy</i><a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><i>[9]</i></a> <i>.</i> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # =0@>4=V9 4C<V  >EV4 =0 >;402VN =0FV>=0;L=VABL 35BL<0=0 >340=0 %<5;L=8FL:>3> GVB:> 287=0G0TBLAO   @CA8= : </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:6.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <i>9 20=5 >B>FL:89, :>@>;N ?>;LAL:89.</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2cm;"> <i>"8 6 1> B> =0 A;02=V9 #:@0W=V ? TH, 3C;OTH,</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2cm;"> <i> >1 <>W9 B8 ?@83>4V =VG>3> =5 7=0TH,</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2cm;"> <i>)> 6 B> 20H 35BL<0= %<5;L=8FL:89 CA8=,</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2cm;"> <i>AN <>N 75<;N 2>;>AL:C >1@CH82.</i><a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><i>[10]</i></a> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> #  VB>?8AV !0<>284FO 7481CT<> A:0@3C =0 ?>;LAL:V CB8A:8 4> 1648&nbsp;@., :>;8 2AV< 1C;> 4>1@5 70 28=OB:><  0=V65;V =09;V?H><C E@8AB8O=8=>2V @CA8=>2V .  V=H><C <VAFV:  > A<5@B8 65 :=O7O ;5;:>28G0, 2 @>:C 1340 :>@>; ?>;A:89 078<V@ 5@289, :=O65=VT VT2A:>T =0 2>T2>4AB2> ?@5<V=8;, V 2AN 0;CN >AAVN =0 ?>2VB8 @>74V;8;, V7 @CA8=V2 ?>AB0=>28; 2>52>48, :0HB5;O=8, AB0@>AB8, AC4V8 8 ?@>GV8 C@O4=8:8 <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /:I> ?@>AB568B8 VAB>@8G=89 @>728B>: B5@<V=>;>3VW, B> 70=5?04 AB0@>W 5B=>=V<V:8, 7>:@5<0 B5@<V=C  @CA8= , 70?>G0B:C202 =4@CAV2AL:89 4>3>2V@. 0 30=51=8< =4@CAV2AL:8< 4>3>2>@>< ?@> ?>4V; #:@0W=8, C:;045=8< <V6 >;LI5N V >A:>2I8=>N C 1667&nbsp;@>FV, >A:20 >45@60;0 V2>15@566O V  B8<G0A>2> =0 420 @>:8 <VAB> 8W2, 0 >;LI0  @5HBC C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L, 70 28=OB:>< 0:0@?0BBO, O:5 =0;560;> B>4V 4> #3>@I8=8. 0?>@V7L:0 !VG ?>B@0?;O;0 ?V4 A?V;L=C ?@>B5:FVN >;LIV B0 >A:28. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0T<=0 7<>20 70 A?8=>N C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C 42>E V<?5@V0;VAB8G=8E E860:V2  >4=>3> 7V !E>4C, 4@C3>3> V7 0E>4C  @>745@;0 =02?V; 6825 BV;> #:@0W=8. 0 V24=V =028A0;0 =04 #:@0W=>N I5 B@5BO, =5 <5=H 03@5A82=0, A8;0  <CAC;L<0=AL:0 "C@5GG8=0 V WW A0B5;VB @8<AL:5 E0=AB2>.  1672&nbsp;@. >4V;;O ?5@51C20;> ?V4 2;04>N BC@:V2, I> =0FV;N20;8AO =0 L2V2 V 8W2. "0: #:@0W=0 ?>B@0?8;0 2 A<5@B5;L=V 35>?>;VB8G=V  :;VIV . > @5GV, F59 65 =5I04=89 <5E0=V7< 35>?>;VB8G=8E  :;VIV2 7;>2VA=> ?@>O282 A515 ?@8 @>74V;0E >;LIV, 0 2 =>2VB=VE G0A0E ?@8 @>73@><0E V<5GG8=8 C 42>E A2VB>28E 2V9=0E. #:@0W=AL:0 :>70FL:0 45@6020 ?@8 B>4VH=L><C A?V22V4=>H5==V <V;VB0@=8E A8; 2AB>OB8 ?@>B8 35>?>;VB8G=8E  :;VIV2 =5 <0;0 H0=AV2. @5HB>N, ?@>B8 A?V;L=>W :>0;VFVW B0:8E <>3CB=VE B>3>G0A=8E V<?5@V0;VAB8G=8E 45@602, O: >A:>2VO, >;LI0 V "C@5GG8=0 7 WE 3@V7=8< 2V9AL:>28< ?>B5=FV0;><, =5 <0;0 H0=AV2 28AB>OB8 6>4=0 45@6020 2@>?8. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> =4@CAV2AL:89 4>3>2V@ 402 ?>G0B>: 60E;82><C ?5@V>4>2V 2 VAB>@VW #:@0W=8   25;8:V9 @CW=V , :>;8 =0@>4 B5@?V2 157?5@5@2=89 BO30@ 7>2=VH=L>3> B8A:C V 2=CB@VH=VE G20@.  CW=0 70:V=G8;0AO =5I0A;82>N 4;O C:@0W=FV2 >;B02AL:>N 18B2>N (1709&nbsp;@.), ?VA;O O:>W <>A:>2AL:V 2V9AL:>2V 30@=V7>=8 >AB0B>G=> 70AV;8 ?> <VAB0E V2>15@566O. !0<5 B>4V (1721&nbsp;@.) =0ABC?8;0 7<V=0 =0728 >A:>2AL:>3> F0@AB20 =0 >AV9AL:C V<?5@VN. "0: 7 O28;0AO 5B=>=V<VG=0 =5287=0G5=VABL: 7<VHC20==O =0I>45=L, 0 =5 ;8H5 ?V4 3CAOG8< ?5@>< C F5@:>2=8E :0=F5;O@VOE, B0:8E B5@<V=V2, O: CAL- >AAVO, @CA8=-@CAA:V9, I> 4>25;> 4> 703@>7;82>3> 4;O =0FV>=0;L=>W V45=B8G=>ABV 10;0<CBAB20. 5 <5=H =5157?5G=8< 1C2 =0A046C20=89 >A:2>N 0A8<V;OB>@AL:89 B5@<V=  <0;>@>A .  !B0@H89 1@0B 70<VABL  @CA8=0 AB02 =0A =07820B8 B>  <0;>@CA>< , B>  N6=>@CAA>< , B>  G5@:0A>< 01>  G5@:0H0=8=>< , 0 B> 9 ?@>AB>  E>E;>< <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. 0ABC?=8:>< 703@>65=><C 5B=>=V<C  @CA8= =0 V2>15@566V ?52=89 G0A A;C682 B5@<V=  :>70: , O:89 @04H5 >7=0G02 AB0=>2C ?@8=0;56=VABL.  >70FB2>, I> =V:>;8 =5 ?5@5AB020;> 1CB8 ;8H5 ACA?V;L=>N 25@AB2>N, AB020;> @5?@575=B0=B>< FV;>3> =0@>4C, 0 =0A;V4:>< B>3> B5@<V=8: =0@V4 :>70FL:89, =0@V4 :>70:>-@CAL:89, V 70<V=0 ?>=OBL :>70FB20 V C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:>3> =0@>4C  A5 @VG H8@>:> @>7?>2AN465=0 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XVII V XVIII&nbsp;2V:0E <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. V43><>=>< F8E ?>4V9 T B0:V A;>20 2 =0FV>=0;L=><C 3V<=V: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:6.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:3.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <i>CHC 9 BV;> <8 ?>;>68<<br> 0 =0HC A2>1>4C,<br>  ?>:065<, I> <8, 1@0BBO,<br> >70FL:>3> @>4C.</i> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V A;>2>  :>70: AB0;> >7=0G0B8 2V;L=8E, 3>@48E, 30@=8E, 2V4206=8E ;N459 27030;V. # ?>1CB>2V9 ?>;LAL:V9 <>2V A;>2>  :>70: >7=0G0T =04728G09=> 2V4206=C ;N48=C. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 B0:8E B@03VG=8E >1AB028= :@0W=0 2B@0G0;0 A2>N 402=N, VAB>@8G=C =072C, 0 =0@>4  V< O. @> B>4VH=N E8AB:VABL 2 >7=0G5==V =0FV>=0;L=>3> V<5=V <>6CBL A2V4G8B8 70?8A8, O:V @>18;8 ABC45=B8.  #:@0W=FV, 70?8ACNG8AL 4> C=V25@A8B5BC, 2:07C20;8 A2>N =0FV>=0;L=C ?@8=0;56=VABL:  C:@0W=5FL 3@5:>-@CAL:>W 2V@8 ,  :>70: ,  :8O=8= ,  7 #:@0W=8 @CAL:89 ,  @CB5= ,  7 8T20 =0 #:@0W=V B>I> <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. VA;O ?>;B02AL:>3> ?>3@><C V 6>@AB>:8E <>A:>2AL:8E @5?@5AV9 G0AB8=0 :>70FL:>W AB0@H8=8, CA2V4><;NNG8 157=04V9=VABL VAB>@8G=>W ?5@A?5:B828, AB0;0 H284:> @>AV9I8B8AO, ?>:20?;82> ?5@5E>4OG8 2 @>7@O4 V<?5@AL:>3> 42>@O=AB20. %0@0:B5@=8<8 T BCB ?>3;O48 .&nbsp;0@B>A0, A8=0 2V4><>3> A:C;L?B>@0. V=,  AE8;ONG8 3>;>2C ?5@54 <>38;>N 35BL<0=0 .&nbsp;075?8, <5;0=E>;V9=> 70C206C202, I> 9>3> 0BL:V2I8=0, 2B@0B82H8 A2>T V< O B0 E>@>1@5 :>70FB2>, @>74V;8;0 4>;N 1030BL>E V=H8E, :>;8AL A;02=8E =0@>4V2 <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. @>F5A @C9=0FVW C:@0W=AL:>3> 5B=>AC, ?5@5B2>@5==O 9>3> 2 5B=>3@0DVG=C <0AC 1C2 4>25@H5=89 ?>:@V?0G5==O< A5;O= 70 0B5@8=8 II. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1793&nbsp;@. 2 @57C;LB0BV G5@3>2>3> ?>4V;C >;LIV B0:>6 V @02>15@566O ?>B@0?8;> ?V4 <>A:>2AL:5 ?0=C20==O. >@V==0 ;N4=VABL @02>15@566O  70:@V?0G5=V, =5?8AL<5==V A5;O=8 B@8<0;8AO I5 B>4V A2>3> ?@0402=L>3> 5B=>=V<C  @CA8= . # B>3>G0A=V9 4@0<V :8W2AL:>3> ?>E>465==O ?>;O:0< 70:840;>AO, I> W< <8;VH89 T2@59  =565;8 CA8= <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. @> H8@>:5 DC=:FV>=C20==O =0 @02>15@566V 5B=>=V<C @CA8= A2V4G0BL, 7>:@5<0, 40=V 7 5B=>3@0DVW. 02545<> 4;O V;NAB@0FVW :V;L:0 ?@8:;04V2.  8B02 T45= G>;>2V: BC@G8=0: 4;O G>3> 2>=8 <0NB ?> :V;L:0 6V=>:? "C@G8= T<C 2V4:0702, 68 >3, O: @>740202 6V=:8, B> BC@G8= 2A0<?5@54 ?@81V3: B> >3 T<C 402 :V;L:0=04FOB. @81V3 ?>;O:,  B> >3 T<C 402 ? OBL. @81V3 @CA8=  B> T<C >3 402 B@8 <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>.  B>3>G0A=8E =0@>4=8E :07:0E @02>15@566O >?>2V40TBLAO:  /: ?>;O: @CA8=0 ?>2VA82 , 01> O:  065 ?>;O: 4> @CA8=0 . # =0@>4=>3> ?>4V;LAL:>3> 5B=>3@0D0 .&nbsp;8<V=AL:>3>, I> 7V1@02 C 1850-E @>:0E A8;C-A8;5==C D>;L:;>@=8E <0B5@V0;V2, 70 A;>20<8 0:04. .&nbsp;>1>48,  B5@<V=  @CAA:89 =09G0ABVH5 ?@8:;040TBLAO 4>  @CA8=0 , 0 =5 4>  @>AVO=8=0 . >AVO= .&nbsp;8<V=AL:89 725 <>A:0;O<8 01> =02VBL  :0F0?0<8 <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. # 2>;8=AL:V9 :07FV ?@> 7<VO 3>2>@8BLAO  O: 7<V9 ?> CAV ;VB02, CA>< =0?0E02AO, V 9><C CA8= 2>=OT <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. 2B>@ 2V@H>20=8E ?5@5@>1>: =0@>4=8E ?@8:07>: >4V;;O, A;025B=8E  !?V2><>2>: , ?8A02, =0?@8:;04, C 2V@HV  "@8 F0@V (1859): </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:6.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:3.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <i>&830=, @CA8=, B@5BV9 ;OE<br> @> B> 3>2>@8;8,<br> /:18 F0@AB2> EB> W< 402,<br> )> 1 2>=8 @>18;8.</i><a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><i>[20]</i></a> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;5 9 =0 @02>15@566V 5B=>=V<  @CA8= G5@57 AB2>@5=5 @>AV9AL:>N 04<V=VAB@0FVTN 10;0<CBAB2> B5@<V=V2 AB02 B56 70B@0G0B8AO. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /28I5 2B@0B8 5B=>=V<C =5 ?@>9H;> ?>27 C203C 7=0<5=8B>3> =0@>4>7=02FO XIX&nbsp;AB. 02;0 'C18=AL:>3>:  0;>@CA, B0< 45 2V= 7CAB@VG0TBLAO 7 ?>;O:><, <>;4020=8=><, C3>@F5<, B0< 2V= B25@4> 7=0T, I> 2V=  CA8= <a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title="">[21]</a>.  B0<, 45 7CAB@VG02AO 7  @CAA:8< , B> @>73C1;N202AO. 0 ?>G0B>: XX&nbsp;AB. 2 E>B8=AL:><C ?>2VBV 1C;> 112&nbsp;AV;, 45 68;8 ;N48, O:V =07820;8 A515  @CA8=0<8 V 22&nbsp;<VH0=8E 7 <>;4020=0<8 A5;0 <a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title="">[22]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  ?>3;O4C 28I5=02545=>W AB8A;>W VAB>@VW 26820==O 5B=>=V<C  @CA8= 2 XIV XIX&nbsp;AB. 482=8< 283;O40NBL B0:V 2V4><>ABV ACG0A=>3> H:V;L=>3> ?V4@CG=8:0:  0720  #:@0W=0 ?>E>48BL 2V4 A;>20  :@09 V  :@0W=0 . >@O4 7 FVTN =072>N ?>1CBC20;8 V B@048FV9=V <VAF52V =0728:  CAL ,  CAL:0 75<;O ,  0;8FL:0 CAL ,  0@?0BAL:0 CAL . #:@0W=FV 0@?0BAL:>W CAV =07820;8 A515 @CA8=0<8 <a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title="">[23]</a>. 0A?@024V =5 VA=C20;0  B@048FV9=0 <VAF520 =0720 0@?0BAL:0 CAL V, 728G09=>, =07820;8 A515 @CA8=0<8 =5 ;8H5 <5H:0=FV FVTW <VDVG=>W 0@?0BAL:>W CAV, 0 A?>:>=2V:C, 4>2H89 G0A, 25AL C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4. @>B5, <>6;82>, 02B>@8 ?V4@CG=8:0 A?8@0;8AO =0 ;8AB  5;8:><C 2>64N B>20@8HC !B0;V=C , I> 9>3> =04VA;0;0 2 1944&nbsp;@. 4> >A:28 :C?:0 ?@02>A;02=8E 70:0@?0BAL:8E 1V;>5<V3@0=BV2 B0 <>A:2>DV;V2. >=8 ?@>A8;8 !B0;V=0 2:;NG8B8 0:0@?0BBO 4> A:;04C !!!  ?V4 =072>N  0@?0B>@CAA:0O !>25BA:0O 5A?C1;8:0 . # ;8ABV 40;V 3>2>@8BLAO:  5;0=8O 8 <5GBK =0H8E ?@54:>2 1K;8 2A5340 B5, GB>1K =0H0 >1;0ABL 70 0@?0B0<8, 70A5;5=0 @CA8=0<8, B.&nbsp;5. CA8-AK=0<8, 2>72@0B8;0AL : A2>59 <0B5@8 5;8:>9 CA8& A0< =0@>4 8<5=C5B A51O:  :0@?0B>@CAA , @CA8=, B.&nbsp;5. CA8-AK=, 25@0  @CAA:0O , 65=0  @CAA:0O , <0<0  @CAA:0O 8&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4. ! =0720=85<:  #:@08=0 ,  C:@08=A:89 , =0H =0@>4 1K; ?>7=0:><;5= B>;L:> ?>4 G5HA:8< 2;04KG5AB2><, ?>A;5 ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, 8 B> 8=B5;;835=F859, ?@8H54H59 87 0;8G8=K <a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="">[24]</a>.  B>W 5B=>=V<VG=>W 020=BC@=>W 70BVW 2 B>9 G0A =VG>3> =5 289H;>. 8 I5 25@=5<>AO ?>BV< 4> @>73;O4C 5B=>=V<C @CA8= 2 0EV4=V9 #:@0W=V.<br clear="all"> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>/:>25=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>#:@0W=AL:0 H;OEB0 7 :V=FO XIV 4> A5@548=8 XVII&nbsp;AB.: (>;8=L V &5=B@0;L=0 #:@0W=0). .: 0C:. 4C<:0, 1993. !.&nbsp;75.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;83.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;103.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>)C@0B&nbsp;. </i>> 1V>3@0DVW V ?8A0=L 20=0 7 8H=V // "(. 1909. ".&nbsp;87. !.&nbsp;48.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span lang="RU">[5]</span></a> <span lang=RU>. . ., 1887. '.&nbsp;. ".&nbsp;7. !.&nbsp;277.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span lang="RU">[6]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@CH52A:89&nbsp;</i>. 0@A:>5 AB0@>AB2>: AB>@8G5A:85 >G5@:8. ., 1894. !.&nbsp;178.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span lang="RU">[7]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>$@0=:>&nbsp;.</i> %<5;L=8GG8=0 1648 1649&nbsp;@>:V2 C ACG0A=8E 2V@H0E // "(. 1898. ".&nbsp;23 24. !.&nbsp;17.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span lang="RU">[8]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;18.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span lang="RU">[9]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>$@0=:>&nbsp;</i>. %<5;L=8GG8=0 1648 1649&nbsp;@>:V2 C ACG0A=8E 2V@H0E // "(. 1898. ".&nbsp;23 24. !.&nbsp;19.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span lang="RU">[10]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>;5AA0&nbsp;$.</i> #:@0W=AL:0 CA=0 A;>25A=VABL. L2V2, 1938. !.&nbsp;312.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span lang="RU">[11]</span></a> <span lang=RU>5B>?8AL !0<>284F0 ?> =>2>>B:@KBK< A?8A:0<&  .: 74. @5<. ><8A. 4;O @071>@0 4@52=. 0:B>2, 1878. !.&nbsp;212.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span lang="RU">[12]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0F8528G&nbsp;.</i> >;O:8 8 @CA8=K // 852A:0O AB0@8=0. 1882. ".&nbsp;. !.&nbsp;307.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span lang="RU">[13]</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>@CH52AL:89&nbsp;.</i> %<5;L=8FL:89 V %<5;L=8GG8=0 // "(. 1898. ".&nbsp;23 24. !.&nbsp;18.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span lang="RU">[14]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>7N10&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>8EV4FV 7 #:@0W=8 2 C=V25@A8B5B0E V<5GG8=8 C XVIII&nbsp;AB. // AB>@8G=V 4>A;V465==O. AB>@VO 70@C1V6=8E :@0W=. .: 0C:. 4C<:0, 1989. 8?.&nbsp;15. !.&nbsp;5.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span lang="RU">[15]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@02G5=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. 0@8A8 7 C:@0W=AL:>W VAB>@V>3@0DVW 5?>E8 =0FV>=0;L=>3> V4@>465==O (4@C30 ?>;>28=0 XVIII  A5@548=0 XIX&nbsp;AB.). %.: A=>20, 1996. !.&nbsp;29.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span lang="RU">[16]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>@48=AL:89&nbsp;/.</i>  8;>ABL >6VO , C:@0W=AL:0 4@0<0 7 1728&nbsp;@. // "(. 1925. ".&nbsp;136 137. !.&nbsp;36.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span lang="RU">[17]</span></a> <span lang=RU>07:8 B0 >?>2V40==O >4V;;O 2 70?8A0E 1850 1860 8E&nbsp;@@. .: 84-2> &nbsp;# ! , 1928. !.&nbsp;64.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span lang="RU">[18]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;269.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span lang="RU">[19]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"@C4K MB=>3@0D8G5A:>-AB0B8AB8G5A:>9 7:A?548F88 2 0?04=>-@CAA:89 :@09. !1., 1878. ".&nbsp;II. !.&nbsp;172.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span lang="RU">[20]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i> C40=AL:89&nbsp;!.</i> "2>@8. .: 0C:. 4C<:0, 1959. ".&nbsp;. !.&nbsp;200.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span lang="RU">[21]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"@C4K MB=>3@0D8G5A:>-AB0B8AB8G5A:>9 M:A?548F88 2 0?04=>-@CAA:89 :@09. !1., 1872. ".&nbsp;VII. !.&nbsp;357.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span lang="RU">[22]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>5AB>@>2A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>5AA0@01A:85 CA8=K: AB>@8:>-MB=>3@0D8G5A:89 >G5@:. 0@H020, 1905. !.&nbsp;9.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span lang="RU">[23]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>!5@3VT=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;/., !<>;V9&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> AB>@VO #:@0W=8 (7 =09402=VH8E G0AV2 4> :V=FO XVIII&nbsp;AB>;VBBO): 02G0;L=89 ?>AV1=8: 4;O 7 8&nbsp;:;0AV2 A5@54=L>W H:>;8. .: A2VB0, 1995. !.&nbsp;79.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span lang="RU">[24]</span></a> <span lang=RU>'>@=0 :=830 #:@0W=8: 1. 4>:C<5=BV2. .: @>A2VB0, 1998. !.&nbsp;61.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155206"><b><i><font size="4">XVI. @8A2V9=89 ?@8:<5B=8:</font></i></b></a><font size="4">&nbsp; <a name="XVI_Prysvijnyj_prykmetnyk"></a></font> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !0<>=0728 2AVE A;>2 O=AL:8E =0@>4V2 T AC1AB0=B820<8, B>1B> 2V4?>2V40NBL =0 70?8B0==O  EB>? (=0?@8:;04, ?>;O:, G5E, E>@20B, A;>20: V B. 4.). >AVO=8 6, 4>B@8<CNG8AL FL>3> ?@028;0 I>4> V=H8E =0@>4V2, A515 =07820NBL 0B@81CB82=>. 0 70?8B0==O ?@> =0FV>=0;L=C ?@8=0;56=VABL 2V4?>2V40NBL: @<I>CAA:V9, @CAA:0O,</I> B>1B> 40NBL 2V4?>2V4L =0 ?8B0==O ?@8A2V9=>3> ?@8:<5B=8:0   G89? 5 :06CBL <I>@CA8=,</I> O: F5 1C;> ?@89=OB> 2 5?>EC 8W2AL:>W 45@6028, 0 :06CBL <I>@CAA:V9.</I>  >7L<5< A;>2>  @CAA:89 . / 4C<0N, 5A;8 23;O45BLAO 2 A;>2> 4> A0<>9 3;C18=K, <>6=> <=>3>5 ?>=OBL. !;>2> 7=0G8B 3>@074> 1>;LH5, G5< <K 4C<05<, >=> =8:>340 =5 ;65B. 1 MB>< :>340-B> E>@>H> A:070; 52 ">;AB>9: K <>65< >1<0=K20BLAO, 0 O7K: =5 >1<0=K205B. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0: 2>B, 2A5 =0@>4K <K =07K205< 8<5=5< ACI5AB28B5;L=K<  =5<5F, ?>;O:, 0=3;8G0=8=, GC20H, C715:& 065 =0@>4, A>AB>O2H89 87 =5A:>;L:> A>B G5;>25:  C4M3M, A00<8.  B>;L:>  @CAA:89 845B :0: ?@8;030B5;L=>5.  MB><, =0 <>9 273;O4, 25;8G09H89 A<KA; <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. &59  25;8G09H89 A<KA; ?>ABV9=> ?@825@B0T C203C 4>A;V4=8:V2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  0720  @CAL:89 (=5  @CA8= ) C <>A:>2AL:8E 75<;OE  F5 B2V@ HBCG=89, =0:8=5=89 4C65 ?V7=> 48=0ABVTN, E>G C 2V4=>H5==V 4> C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C B0< ?>ABV9=> ?0=C20;> ?>GCBBO GC6>AB8 <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. !;V4 =03>;>A8B8, I> <>A:>2FV =V 2 <8=C;><C, =V B5?5@ =5 26820;8 5B=>=V<0 @CA8=. 7O2H8 GC65 V< O, @>AVO=8 >4=0: <CAV;8 9>3> 45I> ?5@5:@CB8B8, B>G=VH5 2V4=>28B8 A2>N AB0@C ?5@5:@CG5=C D>@<C. !?@020 2 B><C, I> WE ACG0A=0 A0<>=0720  @CA:VT T A2>T@V4=8< @5;V:B>< :>;>=V0;L=>W :;8G:8 A;>2 O=V7>20=>W GC4V.  V;L:0=04FOBL C@0;>-0;B09AL:8E =><04=8E ?;5<5= 157 :C;LBC@8 9 45@6028 ?V418;8 :8W2AL:V, 0 ?V7=VH =>23>@>4AL:V :C;LBC@B@535@8 2 % %&nbsp;AB. V E@8AB8O=V7C20;8, =02 O702H8 W< 1>3>A;C61>2C <>2C 8T20, :@V?0FB2> (4;O ;V?H>3> 5:>=><VG=>3> 2878A:C) V =072C, I> 2:07C20;0 =0 ?@8=0;56=VABL 4> 8T20- CA8 ( @CAA:VT ) <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> B0: 70<VABL B5@<V=C  @CA8= @>AVO=8 ?>G0;8 26820B8 B5@<V= @CAA:V9, G8< AB25@46CNBL, =0 ?>3;O4 45O:8E 4>A;V4=8:V2, I> 945BLAO ?@> B>3>, EB> =0;568BL @CA8=0<.  C4CG8  @CAL:8<8 ;N4L<8 2 :>;>=VO;L=>-V<?5@AL:><C 7=0G5==V B>3> G0AC, AB02H8  @CAL:>W 2V@8 ?VA;O ?@89=OBBO E@8AB8O=AB20 V ?5@59H>2H8 4> 26820==O  @CAL:>W <>28 A2>WE :C;LBC@=> 40;5:> 28I8E ?0=V2 CA8=V2, AB0;8 2>=8 A0<V =07820B8 A515 2 ?@8:<5B=8:>2V9 D>@<V  CALA:VT , 0 73>4><  CAA:VT , >4=8=0   CAA:V9 V WE ?@8:<5B=8:   @CAA:V9 <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. #O2V<> A>1V, I> C 2V4?>2V4L =0 70?8B0==O ?@> =0FV>=0;L=C ?@8=0;56=VABL ?>;O: 2V4?>2V2 18: ?>;LAL:89, 0 A;>20:  A;>20FL:89, G5E  G5AL:89, 0, 4>409<>, C:@0W=5FL A:0702 18, I> 2V= C:@0W=AL:89.  CA8= F5 9<5==8:, F5 A;>2>, I> 287=0G0T >A>1C, I> 4VT, I> VA=CT;  @CAA:89  F5 ?@8:<5B=8:, A;>2>, I> >7=0G0T ?@8=0;56=VABL 4> G>3>AL, O:CAL O:VABL B>3> G8 V=H>3> 9<5==8:0; A;>2>  @CA:89 >7=0G0T B5, I> =0;568BL (G8 :>;8AL =0;560;>) CAV, G8 @CA8=>2V, 1> 9 4V9A=>, BV ;N48, I> :>;8AL 68;8 =0 <>A:>2AL:8E 75<;OE, =V:>;8 =5 1C;8  @CA8=0<8 , 2>=8 1C;8 BV;L:8  @CAA:8<8 , ?@8=0;56=8<8 4> CAV. "8< G0A><, O: @CA8=8  B> ;N48, I> 2>;>4V;8 =5 BV;L:8 A2>TN 75<;5N, O:C <8 B5?5@ 725<> C:@0W=AL:>N, 0;5 9 B8<8 ?V2=VG=8<8 75<;O<8, I> =07820NBLAO  @CAA:8<8 <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> '0AB> VAB>@8:8 A5@54=L>2VGGO A;>2>  @CAA:89 ?>2 O7CNBL 7 ?@02>A;02=>N F5@:2>N.  7=0G5==O  @CAA:89 B@510 BCB @>7C<VB8 O: >7=0G5==O @5;V3V9=5, 0 =5 5B=VG=5. CAA:VT  >7=0G0T ?5@H 70 2A5  ?@02>A;02=V <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5 A;V4 4C<0B8, I> A0<V @>AVO=8 =5 @>7C<VNBL CAVTW 42>7=0G=>ABV ?@8:<5B=8:>2>3> E0@0:B5@C A2>TW ACG0A=>W A0<>=0728.  / >1@0I0N 2=8<0=85 =0 B>B D0:B, ?8H5 DV;>A>D, ;V=32VAB B0 VAB>@8: .&nbsp;>68=>2,  GB> @CAA:85, :065BAO, >48= 87 =5<=>38E =0@>4>2 2 <8@5, A0<>=0720=85 :>B>@>3> O2;O5BAO ?@8;030B5;L=K<, 0 =5 ACI5AB28B5;L=K<. AB0B8, 2 A0<>< @CAA:>< O7K:5 ?@54AB028B5;8 4@C38E =0@>4>2 (:@><5 @CAA:>3>) =0720=K 8<5=5< ACI5AB28B5;L=K<: 0=3;8G0=8=, 3@C78=, BC@:<5=, GC20H.  O 4C<0N, GB> A0<> A;>2> @CAA:85 (5A;8 24C<0BLAO, 2A;CH0BLAO 2 53> A<KA;) A?>A>1=> ?><>GL =0< ?>=OBL, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, =5C:>@5=5==>ABL 2 4@52=5< 8 ?@>G=>< 1KB88, 0 A 4@C3>9  B>B D0:B, GB> @CAA:85  B>;L:> >1L548=ONI55 =0G0;> 4;O <=>38E =0@>4>2, 682CI8E 8A?>:>= 25:>2 =0 B5@@8B>@88 >AA88 <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. =HV @>AV9AL:V 02B>@8 ?8HCBL B0::  @CAA:85  MB> =5:>5 ?@8BO60B5;L=>5 =0720=85, 2 :>B>@>< 3;02=K< O2;O5BAO B>, GB> ;N48 ?@8=04;560B 75<;5, @CAA:85 ?@8=04;560I85 >AA88.  @CA8=K  MB> =0720=85 A0<>4>AB0B>G=>5. "0:>5 65, :0: ?>;O:8, 0=3;8G0=5, H254K 8;8, A:065<, :0B0;>=FK <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # XVIII XIX&nbsp;AB. @>18;8AO A?@>18, ?@0240 =5240;V, 28?@028B8 B5@<V=  @CAA:V9 , 70?@>2048B8 9>3> 26820==O C AC1AB0=B82=V9 D>@<V. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> A>1;82> 2V47=0G0;8AO 2 FL><C ?>5B8, 28304CNG8 2AO:8E @>AAV2, @>AAVO=V2 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;?., 0;5 =>2>B2>@8 B0: V =5 ?@89=O;8AO. 0?@8:;04, CH:V= 268202 C 2V@HV  >A?><8=0=8O > &0@A:>< !5;5 >FV B5@<V=8: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:6.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <I>5 A5 ;L 8=5@2K @>AA:89 E@0<?<br> >77@52 2>:@C3 A51O, A> 274>E>< @>AA 25I05B& <br> 5AA<5@B=K 2K 2>25:, > @>AA:8 8A?>;8=K& <br> , 3@><:89 25: 2>5==8E A?>@>2,<br> !2845B5;L A;02K @>AA8O=!</I> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> &0@AL:89 B@C104C@ 02@8;> 5@602V= ?8A02: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:6.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <I>> GB> B515 A>N7, > >AA,<br> (03=8 8 2AO B2>O 2A5;5==0.</I> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @>B5 28@07  @>AA ,  @>AA:89 , ?>@>465=89 28A>:8<  HB8;5< , AB02 A?@89<0B8AO O: 0@E0WG=89 V =5 ?@89=O2AO <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. (BCG=8< V =04C<0=8< T B0:>6 B5@<V=  @CAAK .  =:>;8 2 ;VB5@0BC@V 7CAB@VG0T<> B5@<V=  @CAAK , 283040=89 2G5=>N VAB>@V>3@0DVTN V 2 465@5;0E =52V4><89 <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>.  FL>3> ?@82>4C .&nbsp;><5@0=F 3>2>@8BL:   A0<>< MB=>=8<5  @CAA:85 A;KH8BAO ?;5=5==>ABL, ?@8=04;56=>ABL, 0 =5 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 1KB85. 8B05F, BC@>:, =5<5F, 684  2A5 >=8 >1>7=0G5=K 8<5=5< ACI5AB28B5;L=K<, 2A5 ACBL A0<8 ?> A515. ">;L:> @CAA:89  8<O ?@8;030B5;L=>5. K;8 ?>?KB:8 225AB8 4@C385 8<5=0: @CA8G8, @>AAK, => >=8 =5 ?@828;8AL. 0@>4 A>7=020; A51O @CAA:8< (10@A:8<, F0@A:8<, :075==K<, @CAA:8<). CAA:85 =5 2;045NB >AA859; >=8 ?@8=04;560B CA8 <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> AB0==V< G0A>< 2 CAB0E :@5<;V2AL:8E ?@028B5;V2 =01@0;0 ?>?C;O@=>ABV =0720  @>AA8O=5 . 830402 FN =072C 2 ?5B@>2AL:V G0A8 C:@0W=5FL $5>D0= @>:>?>28G.  &59 =5>;>3V7< AB0=5 4C65 <>4=8< 2 :V=FV XX&nbsp;AB. ?VA;O @>7?04C A>2TBAL:>W V<?5@VW <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. ;5 >7=0G0T 2V= =5 5B=>=V<, =5 V< O =0@>4C, 0 A:>@VH5 45@602=C ?@8=0;56=VABL, 2 40=><C 28?04:C 3@><04O= >AV9AL:>W $545@0FVW.<br clear="all"> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>68=>2&nbsp;. </i> CAA:0O 845O // 80;>3. 1991. !&nbsp;7. !.&nbsp;24.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>!B0EV2&nbsp;</i>. ?;82 %<5;L=8GG8=8 =0 D>@<0FVN C:@0W=AL:>W =0FVW // "(. 1948. ".&nbsp;156. !.&nbsp;75.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>8?0&nbsp;.. </i>@87=0G5==O #:@0W=8. LN->@:: >25@;O, 1953. !.&nbsp;153.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>A0@5=:>->A0@528G&nbsp;.</i> >A:>2AL:89 ADV=:A. LN->@:, 1957. !.&nbsp;92.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span lang="RU">[5]</span></a><I> </I><span lang=RU><i>=0FL:89&nbsp;.</i> 0H5 =0FV>=0;L=5 V< O. 0H =0FV>=0;L=89 35@1. [.&nbsp;<.]: #:@0W=AL:5 28402=8FB2>  5@5<>30 , 1949. !.&nbsp;25.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span lang="RU">[6]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>5;;5@&nbsp;.&nbsp;/</i>. AB>@8O >AA89A:>9 <?5@88:  B@5E B><0E. .:   , 1997. ".&nbsp;I. !.&nbsp;117.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span lang="RU">[7]</span></a> <span lang=RU>>;>40O 320@48O. 1994. !&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;204.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span lang="RU">[8]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>CH:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;., C@>2A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. >AA8O, :>B>@>9 =5 1K;> 2. CAA:0O B;0=B840: AB>@8G5A:>5 @0AA;54>20=85. @0A=>O@A:: >=CA; .: -@5AA, 2000. !.&nbsp;82.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span lang="RU">[9]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>35520&nbsp; .&nbsp;. </i>!B@0=K 8 =0@>4K: @>8AE>645=85 =0720=89. .: 0C:0, 1990. !.&nbsp;152.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span lang="RU">[10]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>070@5=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>. 1 8<5=8  CAL 2 =5<5F:8E 8AB>G=8:0E IX XI&nbsp;22. // >?@>AK O7K:>7=0=8O. 1980. !&nbsp;5. !.&nbsp;54.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span lang="RU">[11]</span></a><I> </I><span lang=RU><i>CH:>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;., C@>2A:89&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i> >AA8O, :>B>@>9 =5 1K;> 2. CAA:0O B;0=B840: AB>@8G5A:>5 @0AA;54>20=85. @0A=>O@A:: >=CA; .: -@5AA, 2000. !.&nbsp;82.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span lang="RU">[12]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>5;;5@&nbsp;.&nbsp;/.</i> AB>@8O >AA89A:>9 <?5@88:  B@5E B><0E. .:   , 1997. ".&nbsp;II. !.&nbsp;93.</span> </p> </ul> <p align="right">&nbsp; <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155207"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">XVII. #:@0W=0</font></i></b></span></a><font size="4">&nbsp;<a name="XVII_Ukrajina"> </a></font> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "5@<V=  #:@0W=0 282>48BLAO I5 7 XII&nbsp;AB., 7 2V4><8E A;V2 ;VB>?8AFO ?@> B5, I> 1187&nbsp;@. ?VA;O ?5@54G0A=>W A<5@BV <>;>4>3> :=O7O >;>48<8@0 5@5OA;02AL:>3>  ?;0:0H0AO ?> =5<J 2A8 5@5OA;02F8& > =5<J 65 #:@09=0 <=>3> ?>AB>=0 <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. 45BLAO BCB ?@> 3@0=8G=89 :@09 @CAL:>W 45@6028 V ?V4 =072>N #:@0W=0 @>7C<VTBLAO ACG0A=0 >;B02I8=0. 2><0 @>:0<8 ?V7=VH5, C 1189&nbsp;@., >7=0G0TBLAO 2 ;VB>?8AV B5@<V=>< #:@0W=0 V=H0 ?@8:>@4>==0 75<;O  ?V245==0 0;8G8=0:  =O7L >AB8A;02 ?@89H>2 2 30;8FL:C C:@08=C <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !;>2> #:@0W=0 70 A2>W< ?>E>465==O< T =0@>4=>N V H8@>:> 2V418;0AO 2 =0@>4=8E VAB>@8G=8E ?VA=OE V 4C<0E. .&nbsp;>@>7 22060T, I> B5@<V= #:@0W=0, 9<>2V@=>, 28=8: I5 2 4>=>2VB=N 4>1C V 2 =0H><C VAB>@8G=><C D>;L:;>@V A;>2>  #:@0W=0 0A>FVNTBLAO 7 ?>=OBBO< 2>;V <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. # D>;L:;>@V B5@<V= #:@0W=0  AB0T G8<>AL 6828<, I> 2<VT ?;0:0B8 =04 A2>TN =54>;5N.  =0H8E ;VB>?8A0E, =0@>4=8E ?VA=OE V V=H8E B2>@0E ?8AL<5=AB20 10G8<>, O: 2>=0  AB>3=5 ,  6C@8BLAO ,  AC<CT 9 >?;0:CT ,  ;5<5=BCT <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. >70FL:V ?VA=V XV XVIII&nbsp;AB., 45 7CAB@VG0T<> A;>2> #:@0W=0, 70A2V4GCNBL 72 O70=C 7 F8< A;>2>< 28A>:C =0FV>=0;L=C A2V4><VABL:  9 T 2 <5=5 @>48=0  2AO #:@0W=0 . >70:-;8F0@ 220602  A2>N #:@0W=C 4>@>6G>N =04 CA5: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <i>9 V 2V7L<VBL <5=5, ?@52@06V <C@70:8,<br> "0 28254VBL =0 <>38;C:<br> 9 =5E09 65 O AB0=C, ?>482;NAO<br> "0 =0 A2>N #:@0W=C!</i> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  < O #:@0W=8  F5 ?@>4C:B 35>3@0DVG=8E V VAB>@8G=8E >1AB028= C:@0W=AL:>W 75<;V V =0@>4C, 0 V45O, 7 O:>N 2>=0 O:=09BVA=VH5 72 O70=0, F5 =09@V4=VH0 48B8=0 C:@0W=AL:>3> A2VB>3;O4C <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. !0<5 A;>2>  #:@0W=0 2V47=0G0TBLAO ?@8201;82>N <8;>72CG=VABN  71V3>< 3>;>A=8E V 472V=:8E 72C:V2, 0 B><C B0: 30@<>=V9=> 72CG8BL 2 =0@>4=8E ?VA=OE. # D>;L:;>@V  V4=0 #:@0W=0 6V=>G>3> @>4C V ?5@A>=VDV:CTBLAO 7 <0BV@ N.  &5 =5 BV;L:8 :0B53>@VO 3@0<0B8G=0, 0 9 <VD>;>3VG=0. 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V4><89 <>2>7=025FL ?@>D.&nbsp;/.&nbsp; C4=8FL:89, 0=0;V7CNG8 @>7<0WBV ?>3;O48 =0 ?>E>465==O =0728  #:@0W=0 , 7@>182 28A=>2>::  >65, 2 =V >4=V9 4V;O=FV C:@0W=AL:>W =0C:8 =5 1C;> ABV;L:8 0<0B>@AB20, 48;5B0=B87<C 9 A0<>2>;V <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. "0:, =0?@8:;04, >AB0==V< G0A>< ?@>?03CTBLAO B;C<0G5==O B5@<V=C  #:@0W=0 70 4>?><>3>N =0?V2<VDVG=8E  C:@V2 G8  C:@0=V2 . "25@4OBL, I> O:5AL 4@V1=5 ?;5< O ?>;01AL:8E A;>2 O=, I> 68;> =0 ?@8;O30NGV9 4> 0;BV9AL:>3> <>@O B5@8B>@VW ?V2=VG=>W V<5GG8=8 (2V4 VII&nbsp;AB. 4> XI&nbsp;AB.), =0G51B> 2 4>=>2VB=N 4>1C =07820;>AO  C:@8 01>  C:@0=8 , V B8< A0<8<  O2=> <0T 2V4=>H5==O 4> =0728 #:@0W=8 <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. 2V4A8, H;OE>< :0@:>;><=8E 5B8<>;>3VG=8E <C4@0FV9, 4>E>4OBL 4> 28A=>2:C, I> ?5@2VA=8< 7=0G5==O< =0728  #:@0W=0 T 75<;O ?>1@0B8<V2.  2BV<, ?@> =0?V2<VDVG=8E ?>;01AL:8E  C:@V2 G8  C:@0=V2 C?5@H5 703>2>@82 @>AV9AL:89 6C@=0;VAB 04T64V= 2 1837&nbsp;@>FV. 04T64V= 220602, I> 5=548, =0 9>3> 4C<:C ?@54:8 A;>2 O=, @>7;8;8AO 7 0@?0B C 2AVE =0?@O<:0E, 0 A5@54 FVTW 25=54>-A;>2 O=AL:>W B5GVW,  C:@8-C:@0=8 ?>?;82;8 4> @0=45=1C@3VW. @8E8;L=8:8 B0:>W ?>;01AL:>W 25@AVW G><CAL <V@:CNBL:  5 28:;NG5=>, I> 2>=8 O:8<>AL G8=>< 72 O70=V 7 E>@>=V<>< (3@.&nbsp;E>@0  :@0W=0) #:@0W=0 <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. !;V4 ?V4:@5A;8B8, I> 70 482>286=8< ?@8?CI5==O< 04T64V=0 B0WBLAO 2V4><0 V<?5@AL:0 3V?>B570 >3>4V=0-!>1>;T2AL:>3> ?@> C:@0W=FV2 O: ?@> :0@?0BAL:8E ?@8H5;LFV2 =0 15@538 =V?@0, I> =V18B> B0< 709=O;8 <VAF5, A?>@>6=V;5 ?> @>AVO=0E. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >6=0 BCB 73040B8 V B0:C D0=B07VN:  0< 240;>AO 2AB0=>28B8, I> C:B@VO=8  F5 C:V, B>1B> CG5=V B@VO=8, O: =07820;8AL 1@0E<0=8  =091V;LH >A2VG5=0 V 2?;82>20 25@AB20 B@>O=AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20.  ?;8=>< G0AC =0720 C:B@VO=8, 1C4CG8 4C65 ?@5AB86=>N, ?>H8@8;0AL =0 2AV 25@AB28 B@VO=V2 V, ?@>9H>2H8 :V;L:0 AB04V9, =01C;0 B5?5@VH=L>W D>@<8 C:@0W=FV <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. > B0:8E D0=B07V9 B@510 4>;CG8B8 28304:8 25;8:>@>AV9AL:8E H>2V=VABV2, O:V =0728  #:@0W=0  C:@0W=AB2> @>73;O40NBL O: ?@>4C:B =V<5FL:8E, 02AB@V9AL:8E G8 20BV:0=AL:8E 7<>2  =0 4>40B>: 4> B>3> 22060NBL, I> 28=09H;8 9>3> 2A5 6 ?>;O:8. 0?@8:;04, 02B>@AB2> =072V  C:@0W=FV ?@8?8ACNBL 42>< ?>;LAL:8< 3@0D0<: '0FL:><C V >B>FL:><C <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. 535=40, I> =0720 C:@0W=FV 1C;0  284C<0=0 ?>;O:0<8 , 01> =V<FO<8, G8 I5 :8<AL, <0;0 =0 <5BV: ?>-?5@H5 7=8I8B8 2V@C A0<8E C:@0W=FV2 2 C:@0W=AL:V V450;8, ?>-4@C35 <0B8  70:>==5 28?@0240==O, O: :0702 .&nbsp;!FV1>@AL:89,  4;O ?5@5A;V4C20==O =091V;LH 7027OB8E V 2V4206=8E <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> B=>287=0G0;L=89 B5@<V=  #:@0W=0 ?>@>482 C<>2=> 42V H:>;8: ?@8E8;L=8:V2 <56V2AL:>W B5>@VW V A0<>1CB=8:V2 <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. 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AL O: 0@3C<5=BCT A2>N ?>78FVN =091V;LH 2V4><89 V7 =8E !5@3V9 (5;CE8=:  <VAB V 7=0G5==O C:@0W=AL:>3> A;>20  #:@0W=0 =VO: =5 <>6=0 ?>OA=8B8 7<VAB>< V 7=0G5==O< B0:>3> 6 ?> 3>;>A>2V <>A:>2AL:>3> A;>20, O: A5 @>18;8 7 ?>OA=5==O< A;>20  #:@0W=0 ?@>D.&nbsp;@CH52AL:89, ?@>D.&nbsp;V==8G5=:>, &53;8=AL:89, 0@2V=AL:89, !2T=FVFL:89, .&nbsp;(C;L38=, :=O7L >;:>=AL:89, !B>@>65=:>, )53;>2 V 1030B> V=H8E, G8< 4>?><>3;8 25;8:><C ?>;VB8G=><C V :C;LBC@=><C 10;0<CBAB2C B0 H:>4V ?@>B8 =0FV>=0;L=>3>, :C;LBC@=>3>, ?>;VB8G=>3> V <V6=0@>4=>3> 2V4@>465==O 9 68BBO C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @024828< V =0C:>28< H;OE>< 2 AV9 A?@02V ?VH>2 I5 2 40 E @>:0E XIX&nbsp;2V:C ?@>D.&nbsp;0:A8<>28G, O:89 70 ?>OA=5==O< C:@0W=AL:>3> A;>20 ?VH>2 =5 4> ?>;LAL:>W B0 <>A:>2AL:>W, 0 4> C:@0W=AL:>W <>28, 7 O:>N C:@0W=AL:V A;>20 72 O70=V >@30=VG=>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> > <>A:>2AL:8  C:@0W=0 , 2V4=>A82H8AL 4> 75<;V, 7=0G8BL B5 6 A0<5, I> ?> C:@0W=AL:8  >:@0W=0 .  7=0G5=V  >:@0W=0 <>A:>2AL:>W 75<;V . !;>2>  C:@0W=0 26820TBLAO 2 <>A:>2AL:8E (=0?@8:;04 2 A:>2AL:V<) ;VB>?8A0E, 70:>=0E, 0:B0E. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  >DVFVO;L=>3> <>A:>2AL:>3> 268B:C A;>2>  C:@0W=0 2 7<8A;V  >:@0W=8 <>A:>2FV AB0;8 ?><0;C 282>48B8 C A515 7 1654&nbsp;@>:C, 7 O:>3> G0AC 2>=8 <CA8;8 26820B8 9>3> 2 C:@0W=AL:><C 7<8A;V. >=8 70<V=8;8 9>3> C A515 C:@0W=AL:8< A;>2><  >:@0W=0 , I>1 C=8:=CB8 ?;CB0=8=8 9 =5?>@>7C<V=L I>4> C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C B0 9>3> B5@8B>@VW. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >A:>2AL:5 A;>2>  C:@0W=0 282>4OBL 728G09=> >4  C :@09 (G>3>). 5<;O, O:0 ;568BL  C :@0O O:>WAL B5@8B>@VW  A5 1> T  C:@0W=0 B>W B5@8B>@VW. ;5 6 ?>-C:@0W=AL:8 B0:0 75<;O 725BLAO  >:@0W=>N , 0 =VO: =5  C:@0W=>N . >-C:@0W=AL:8 =5 <>6=0 A:070B8  C :@0O G>3>AL, 0 B@510 A:070B8  A:@0N ,  >:@09 ,  > :@0W G>3>AL. 65 G5@57 A5 >4=> =5 <>6=0 282>48B8 C:@0W=AL:>3> A;>20  C:@0W=0 >4  C :@0O (?>@V2=. >:@0TFL, >:@09:0, >:@09>:). </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >-C:@0W=AL:8  >:@0W=0 V  C:@0W=0  F5 FV;:>< @V6=V ?>=OBBO V ?>E>4OBL >4 @V6=8E A;V2 7>2AV< =5 >4=>3>, 0 @V6=>3> 7<VABC. >=8 ?>E>4OBL >4 A;V2  >:@0OB8 V  C:@0OB8 . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !;>2>  C:@0OB8  7=0G8BL >4@V70B8 >4 FV;>3> H<0B, O:89 CO2;OT A0< A>1>N ?VA;O A2>3> >:@5<89, A0<>ABV9=89 ?@54<5B 7 A2>W<8 :@0O<8, <560<8, :V=FO<8, 7 A2>W<8 >:@0W=0<8. !;>2>  C:@0W=0  A5 A?5FV0;L=5 ?>=OBBO ?@> H<0B>: 75<;V, O:89 >4@V70=> (2:@0O=>, C:@0O=>) 7 FV;>3> V O:89 ?VA;O AL>3> AB0T >:@5<8< FV;8< V <0T A0<>ABV9=5 7=0G5==O, A0< CO2;OT A>1>N A2VB ( 5;8:89 A2VB #:@0W=0 B0 =V345 ?@>68B8&  ), >:@5<C 75<;N, B5@8B>@VN, 7 A2>W<8 <560<8, >:@0W=0<8, 3@0=8FO<8. !5 ?>=OBBO 2V4=>A8BLAO BV;L:8 4> 75<;V <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !5@3V9 (5;CE8= 2 @52>;NFVN AB02 G;5=>< &5=B@0;L=>W 048, <V=VAB@>< NAB8FVW 2 C@O4V 8@5:B>@VW, ?V7=VH5 ?@>D5A>@>< :0@=>3> ?@020 #:@0W=AL:>3> V;L=>3> #=V25@A8B5BC 9 #:@0W=AL:>3> 5403>3VG=>3> =AB8BCBC V<.&nbsp;.&nbsp;@03><0=>20 C @07V. 8ABC?02 2V= V O: ?>5B ?V4 ?A524>=V<>< !.&nbsp;02;5=:> V 70BOB> 1>@>2AO 7 B57>N @>AV9AL:>W VAB>@V>3@0DVW, I>, <>2;O2, =0720 #:@0W=0 >7=0G0T >:@0W=C >AVW. # 1936&nbsp;@. =0 FN B5<C 28?CAB82 :=86:C, O:C 2 1992&nbsp;@. ?5@52840=> 2 @>3>18GV. @0FO !.&nbsp;(5;CE8=0 T B5?5@ 4C65 ?>?C;O@=>N.   ?>G0B:C 90&nbsp;@@. 2 #:@0W=V V 2 AEV4=V9 4V0A?>@V AB0;0 2V4><0 :=830 ?@>D5A>@0 !.&nbsp;(5;CE8=0:  #:@0W=0  =0720 =0H>W 75<;V 7 =09402=VH8E G0AV2 . @>0=0;V7C202H8 G8A;5==V 465@5;0, 2 B><C G8A;V 9 70@C1V6=V, 02B>@ @>18BL 28A=>2>: ?@> =0@>4=C 9 A?>:>=2VG=C =072C V<5=V #:@0W=0 4;O VAB>@8G=8E 75<5;L C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, 0 ;V=32VAB8G=89 V 5B=>3@0DVG=89 0=0;V7 4>72>;82 ?>OA=8B8 ?5@2VA=5 7=0G5==O A;>20 O:  2:@0O=0 (2V4>:@5<;5=0 2 A2>T :>@8ABC20==O) 75<;O . ;0A=5, V 2 ACG0A=><C <>2>7=02AB2V A;>20 <i>:@09, :@0W=0, :@0OB8, :@>WB8</i> @>73;O40NBLAO O: B0:V, I> <0NBL A?V;L=89 :>@V=L  9>3> 282>4OBL 2V4 ?5@2VA=>3> (V=4>T2@>?59AL:>3>) :>@5=O <i>:@VBV</i> V7 7=0G5==O< <i>2V44V;OB8,</i> <i>2V4>:@5<;N20B8.</i> V7=8FO ;8H5 2 B><C, I> >AL C65 @>:V2 B@8AB0 A;>2C  #:@0W=0 =0<030NBLAO =040B8 B> 7=0G5==O >:@0W=8 GC6>W 45@6028, >B>B>6=NNG8 A;>20 <i>>:@0W=0</i> 9 <i>C:@0W=0,</i> B> 7=0G5==O ?>3@0=8GGO, 282>4OG8 9>3> 2V4 A;>2>A?>;CG5==O C <i>:@0O </i> <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>. "0: C:@0W=FV, I> 682CBL 2 >AVW, 7 24OG=VABN 28:>@8AB>2CNBL ?>3;O48 (5;CE8=0. < 740TBLAO =V18B> =5<0T 1V;LH ?5@5:>=;828E V, 3>;>2=5, 1V;LH 4>AB>2V@=8E 0@3C<5=BV2 2 1>@>BL1V 7 G>@>A>B5=AL:8<8 V=A8=C0FVO<8. 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VB5@0BC@=5 2V4@>465==O XVI&nbsp;2. ?@89=O;> A5 V<O 4;O >7=0G5==O A2>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> 68BO <a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="">[24]</a>. </p> <p> 840B=89 <>2>7=025FL /.&nbsp; C4=8FL:89 ?8A02:  & 2AV ?>OA=5==O =0728  #:@0W=0 , I> 2 O6CBL WW 35=57C 157?>A5@54=L> 7 4VTA;>2><  :@0OB8  =5=0C:>2V, F5 B8?>2V ?A524>;>3VW <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="">[25]</a>. 7030;V ?@>D.&nbsp;/.&nbsp; C4=8FL:89 ?5@5:>=;82> 4>2>48BL, I>  7=0G5=5289 @>728B>: A;>20  #:@0W=0 2 =0?@O<:C  75<;V, :@0W=8 27030;V , ?>G5@57 ?@><V6=C AB04VN  <5=H>W ?@>AB>@>2>W >48=8FV, G0AB8=8 75<;V VH>2 7 ?5@2VA=>3> 7=0G5==O  <56V2AL:>W 75<;V, ?>3@0=8GGO <a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="">[26]</a> . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /:I> =02:>;> B;C<0G5==O 5B=>=V<C  #:@0W=0 4>AV B>G0BLAO 6202V AC?5@5G:8, B> AB>A>2=> ?5@2VA=>3> <VAF5@>7B0HC20==O >A>1;828E ?@8=F8?>28E @>7E>465=L =5<0T. #AV AE>4OBLAO =0 B><C, I> =0720 #:@0W=0 ?>O28;0AO =0 >7=0G5==O A5@54=L>3> >4=V?@>2 O, I> <56C20;> 7 25;8:8< AB5?><.  0<VB=5 B5, I> O: :>;8AL C :=O68E G0A0E V7 8T20 ?>H8@8;0AO =0 2AV 75<;V =0H>3> =0@>4C =0720  CAL , B0: A0<> 2 G0A0E >70GG8=8 ?>H8@8;0AO 72V4B8 =0720  #:@0W=0 <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>.  OG5A;02 8?8=AL:89 2V47=0G02:   @VGGN E0@0:B5@=>N, I> :;8G 2V4@>465==O 289H>2 7 BVTW A0<>W =044=V?@O=AL:>W ?>;O=AL:>W 75<;V, I> 2 ?5@H89 ?5@V>4, 2 G0A8 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 =07820;0AO CAL,  0 2 4@C389 ?5@V>4, ?>G8=0NG8 7 XVI&nbsp;AB., 720;0AO #:@0W=>N <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>. ;0A=5, FO >1AB028=0 1C;0 70?>@C:>N ?>H8@5==O =>2>3> 5B=>=V<C. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "@510 ?0< OB0B8, I> B5@<V= #:@0W=0 ?@>9H>2 A5<0=B8G=C 52>;NFVN.  0 ?>G0B:C XIX&nbsp;AB. >DVFV9=5 26820==O B5@<V=0 #:@0W=0 AB>AC20;>AO ;8H5 !;>1>60=I8=8. &5 ?>OA=NT, G><C B>3>G0A=V ?8AL<5==8:8 <>3;8 ?@>B8AB02;OB8 #:@0W=C (!;>1V4AL:>-#:@0W=AL:C 3C15@=VN) 0;>@>AVW ('5@=V3V2AL:V9 B0 >;B02AL:V9 3C15@=VO<, I> 2V4?>2V40;> :>;8H=V9 5BL<0=I8=V). >;LAL:V 465@5;0 XIX&nbsp;AB. @53C;O@=> 3>2>@OBL ?@>  >;8=L, >4V;;O 9 #:@0W=C , ?V4 FVTN >AB0==L>N @>7C<VNG8 8W2I8=C <a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title="">[29]</a>. @> A5<0=B8G=C 52>;NFVN ?>=OBBO #:@0W=0 ?8H5 .&nbsp;(?>@;N:.  5 <5=H ?>H8@5=8<, =V6 <VD, I> #:@0W=0 1C;0 B@8 7 ?>;>28=>N AB>;VBBO G0AB8=>N >AVW, T =5?@028;L=V B;C<0G5==O 7=0G5==O =0728  #:@0W=0 . 2VA=>, 2 =091C:20;L=VH><C @>7C<V==V =0720  #:@0W=0 A?@024V >7=0G0T  >:@0W=0 . @>B5 FO =0720 2 =8=VH=L><C, ACG0A=><C @>7C<V==V 4C65 2V4@V7=OTBLAO 2V4 B>3> 7=0G5==O B5@<V=C  #:@0W=0 , O:8< ?>A;C3>2C20;8AO 2 <8=C;><C ?>;O:8 B0 @>AVO=8 4;O >7=0G5==O A2>WE ?@8:>@4>=L, A2>WE 4>ACG0A=8E  #:@0W= . ("><C ?@54:8 ACG0A=8E C:@0W=FV2 B56 25;8 <>2C ?@> #:@0W=C, B0 =5 =07820;8 A515 C:@0W=FO<8). 0 1V;LH5, B5, I> ?>;O:8 =07820;8  #:@0W=>N 2 >48= G0A, 25;L<8 2V4@V7=O;>AL 2V4 B>3>, I> 2>=8 =07820;8  #:@0W=>N 2 V=HV G0A8; B0: A0<> <>6=0 A:070B8 ?@> @>AVO= B0 WE=V  #:@0W=8 . 06;82> B5, I> =0?@8:V=FV 452 OB=04FOB>3> AB>;VBBO =0@>4, =8=V 7=0=89 O: C:@0W=FV, ?>G02 =07820B8 A515 C:@0W=AL:8<, 0 A2>N 0BL:V2I8=C  #:@0W=>N <a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title="">[30]</a>.  !;>2>  #:@0W=0 , >7=0G0T, =0 4C<:C 1030BL>E, ?>3@0=8G=0 75<;O 9 A?5@HC AB>AC20;0AO A?@024V ?>3@0=8G=>W A<C38, I> 2 =V9 :>@5=8;0AO :>70GG8=0. 5@5=5A5==O :>70FL:>W A8AB5<8 7 ?>3@0=8GGO =0 2>;>ABL A?@8O;> ?>H8@5==N 9 ?>?C;O@870FVW =0728  #:@0W=0 , I> WE B5?5@ AB0;8 C6820B8  7@07C BV;L:8 2 @>7<>2=V9 <>2V,  O: =0728 2AVTW B5@8B>@VW, O:0 >?8=8;0AO ?V4 :>70FL:>N N@8A48:FVTN. >25 V< O ABC?=52> 70<V=8;> B@048FV9=5,  CAL , I> 282>48;>AO 2V4 A5@54=L>2VG=>W 8W2AL:>W 45@6028 <a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title="">[31]</a>. "0:>3> 6 ?>3;O4C 4>B@8<C20;8AO C:@0W=AL:V 35>3@0D8 !.&nbsp; C4=8FL:89, .&nbsp;>;L=8FL:89, .&nbsp;C1V9>28G. 5>3@0D8 =03>;>HC20;8, I> #:@0W=0  T <56>2>N :@0W=>N 2@>?8, ;568BL =0 ?5@5E>4V 4> 7VW 9 4> WW AB5?>2>-?CAB8==>W G0AB8=8, ;568BL =0 >:@0W=0E !5@5475<=>3> <>@O, ;568BL =0 ?>3@0=8GGV ;VAV2 V AB5?V2 <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  <>A:2>F5=B@8G=>W B0 20@H02>F5=B@8G=>W B>G:8 7>@C, <>6;82>, =0720 #:@0W=0 283;O40T A>@><;82>N B5@<V=>;>3VG=>N 204>N, <>2;O2, O:0AL B0< >:>;8FO G8 B> >;LIV, G8 B> >AVW.  :8T2>F5=B@8G=>W B>G:8 7>@C =0720 #:@0W=0, C:@0W=5FL 283;O40T B5@<V=>< 7 3;81>:8< VAB>@8G=8< 4>AB>W=AB2><, O: =0720 :@0W=8 V =0@>4C  @>7B0H>20=>3> =0 5;8:><C AB5?>2><C :>@4>=V <V6 2@>?>N V 7VTN <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5>?>;VB8G=> #:@0W=0 ?>4V;OTBLAO =0 B@8 270T<>?>2 O70=V G0AB8=8: F5=B@0;L=>T2@>?59AL:0, AEV4=>T2@>?59AL:0 V ?V245==>-A5@5475<=><>@AL:0. 07>< 2>=8 B2>@OBL 5;8:89 :>@4>= <V6 2@>?>N V 7VTN, :>@4>=, O:89 4;O 70EV4=>W F82V;V70FVW 2V4V3@02 V 2V4V3@0T 28=OB:>2> 4>;5=>A=C @>;L.  V=B5@?@5B0FVW 5:0;>3C C:@0W=AL:>3> =0FV>=0;VAB0 ?@> F59 :>@4>= <>28BLAO 7 <VAB8G=>N 3>@4VABN:  /  CE >42VG=>W AB8EVW, I> 715@V3 "515 2V4 B0B0@AL:>W ?>B>?8 9 ?>AB0282 =0 3@0=V 42>E A2VBV2 B2>@8B8 =>25 68BBO <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>.  :>6=><C @07V B5?5@ AC?5@5G:8 <V6  A0<>1CB=8:0<8 V ?@8E8;L=8:0<8 <56V2AL:>W B5>@VW ?>7102;5=V ?>;VB8G=>3> 7=0G5==O. >AV9AL:5 B0 ?>;LAL:5 B;C<0G5==O A5<0=B8:8 =0728 #:@0W=0 2V4 A;>20  >:@0W=0 , O:5 28:;8:0;> B0:5 @>74@0BC20==O, 157?>2>@>B=> 2B@0B8;> 3>AB@89 ?>;VB8G=89 A5=A >:>;8FV G8 ?5@8D5@VW 1C4L-G>3>.  #:@0W=>N AB02 >7=0GC20B8AO 35>3@0DVG=89 ?@>ABV@, I> ?@>ABO302AO 2V4 75<5;L 4>=AL:8E :>70:V2 4> ?V2=VG=8E 3@0DAB2 #3>@I8=8, 2V4 38@;0 C=0N 4> B>G>: ?V2=VG=VH5 !C< B0 %0@:>20 <a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title="">[35]</a>. 840B=89 4>A;V4=8: V ?>?C;O@870B>@ =0H>3> =>2>3> 5B=>=V<C .&nbsp;0@2V=AL:89 AB25@482:  2V4 XVII&nbsp;AB. TAB2CT =>25 7030;L=>=0@>4=5 V< O:  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL ,  C:@0W=AL:89 , :>B@5 265 B>4V >1=O;> CAV =0HV =0@>4>?8A=V 75<;V <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="">[36]</a>. !CG0A=0 B5@8B>@VO #:@0W=AL:>W 45@6028 T 242VGV 1V;LH>N 2V4 B5@8B>@VW >;LIV B0 1V;LH>N 2V4 >A=>2=>W 5B=>3@0DVG=>W B5@8B>@VW B.&nbsp;72.  &5=B@0;L=>W >AVW .  02VBL ?>25@E>289 ?>3;O4 =0 <0?C 2@>?8 40T 7@>7C<VB8, I> B0:89 >1H8@ =5 <>65 1CB8  >:>;8F5N 01>  ?5@8D5@VTN 1C4L-G>3> <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="">[37]</a>. =H8<8 A;>20<8, A?5:C;OFVW =02:>;> ?>E>465==O 5B=>B>?>=V<C  #:@0W=0 =>AOBL B5?5@ 265 G8AB> 0:045<VG=89, :01V=5B=89 E0@0:B5@.  ;O ACG0A=>3> C:@0W=FO, O:89 A5@F5< 2V4GC20T, 0 72V4A8 9 CA2V4><;NT A5<0=B8:C =0728 A2>3> :@0N, #:@0W=0 2 WW 45@602=><C AB0BCAV 9 :C;LBC@=8E 702>N20==OE =5 ?5@53C:CTBLAO =V 7 O:>N ?>@C1V6=VABN, 0 B8< 1V;LH5 ?5@8D5@V9=VABN, 1> B0:V ?>=OBBO AB>A>2=> =5W, :>;8 9 =5 FV;:>< 2V4V9H;8 2 701CBBO, B> 3@C=BC 4;O 682CG>ABV =5 <0NBL. ;O =L>3> 2>=0 AB0T 10BL:V2I8=>N, 0, >B65, 9 ?>78FVTN 3@><04O=AB20, ?@54<5B>< =0H>W =0FV>=0;L=>W 3>@4>ABV 9 ;N1>2V, 21>;V20=L V BC@1>B8 V, @07>< 7 B8<, ?@8;CG5==O< 4> 2A5A2VB=L>W D545@0FVW <V6=0FV>=0;L=>3> 4CE>2=>3> T4=0==O B0 4> A:0@1=8FV FV==>AB59 7030;L=>;N4AL:>W F82V;V70FVW <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>. 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AB>@8G=0 =5>1EV4=VABL</font></i></b></span></a>&nbsp; <a name="XVIII_Istorychna_neobhidnisc"></a> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 <0;>?@>4C:B82=>N ?>;5<VG=>N 702VA>N =02:>;> ?@>1;5<8 5B8<>;>3VW A;>20  #:@0W=0 G0AB>-3CAB> I570NBL 7 ?>;O 7>@C ?8B0==O, =04728G09=> 203><V 4;O @>7C<V==O ACB=>ABV VAB>@8G=>W 4>;V C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C. >-?5@H5, F5 ?8B0==O ?@> ?@8G8=C, O:0 7<CA8;0 =0@>4 ?><V=OB8 5B=>287=0G0;L=V B5@<V=8, 0, ?>-4@C35,  O: FV ?5@5<V=8 2V41C20;8AO 2 VAB>@8G=V9 @50;L=>ABV. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">   1>:C C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C ?5@5EV4 4> =>2>3> 5B=>=V<C 1C2, 7@5HB>N, =5 G8< V=H8<, O: ?@>B84VTN 0A8<V;OB>@AL:8< ?@>F5A0<, ?>;VB8FV 45=0FV>=0;V70FVW C:@0W=FV2, @>7G8=5==O WE 2  >1I5@CAA:>< <>@5 , O:0 =52V4ABC?=> ?@>2>48;0AO ?@02;OG8<8 :>;0<8 >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW.  E0@0:B5@=>, I> =0720=89 ?5@5EV4 0:B82=VH5 ?@>BV:02 V @0=VH5 7025@H82AO 2 @53V>=0E #:@0W=8, 1;86G8E 4> >AVW, B>4V O: C 70EV4=8E @53V>=0E, AC<V6=8E V7 ?>;LAL:8< 5B=>A><, I5 4> =5402=L>3> G0AC 715@53;8AO 5B=VG=V A0<>287=0G5==O  CAL V  @CAL:89 ( @CA8=AL:89 ) <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> G5284=>, ?>H8@5==O =>2>W A0<>=0728 AB8<C;N20;>AL 2>@>6>N <>A:>2AL:>N B0:B8:>N <V<V:@VW 2 5B=>=V<VG=V9 B5@<V=>;>3VW. "@510 1C;>  7=09B8 A>1V =>25 V< O, I> 30@0=BC20;> 1 9>3> =0FV>=0;L=C =570;56=VABL, I> =5 4020;> 1 <>6;82>AB8 <>A:>2AL:8< H0E@0O< 3@0B8 =0 ?><VH0=V =072 >AVO 7 CAAN <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. )>1 7V@20B8 A<5@B5;L=> =5157?5G=89 0A8<V;OB>@AL:89 =0B8A: <>A:>2AL:>3> F0@87<C, 70 >1AB028= ?>2=>3> ?>;VB8G=>3> B0 :C;LBC@=>3> 157?@02 O, =5 1C;> V=H>3> 28E>4C, 70 A2V4G5==O< 1030BL>E 02B>@V2, O: 70<V=8B8 =072C CAL-@CA8= V=H>N =072>N.  )>1 2V4@V7=8B8 A2>N =0FVN V B5@8B>@VN 2V4 <>A:0;V2, V=B5;V35=FVO =0H0 <CAV;0 2V4:8=CB8 A2>N 402=N =072C  @CAL:>W 9 ?@89=O;0 4;O A2>TW =0FVW =0HC =0@>4=N =072C   C:@0W=AL:0 , 0 4;O B5@8B>@VW =072C  #:@0W=0 , O:0 26820TBLAO 2 =0@>4=8E ?VA=OE <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. @> ?>B@51C 7<V=8B8 5B=>=V< 28A;>2;N20;8AL 1030B> B>3>G0A=8E C:@0W=AL:8E ?0B@V>BV2. >7C<V==O FL>3> ?@>F5AC ?>ABV9=> =0@>AB0;>:  C <V@C B>3>, O: ?>=OBBO <0;>@>AV9AL:>W ?>;VB8G=>W =0FVW, <0;>@>AV9AL:8E ?@02 V A2>1>4 AB020;8 =0410==O< VAB>@VW, =0FV>=0;L=0 A0<>A2V4><VABL C:@0W=AL:>W 25@EV2:8 ?>G8=0;0 >@VT=BC20B8AO =0 V=HV, 7>:@5<0 =0 35>3@0DVG=V B0 5B=VG=V 7=0:>2V A8<2>;8. @>B5 2 :V=FV XVIII  =0 ?>G0B:C XIX&nbsp;AB. F59 ?@>F5A 1C2 40;5:8< 2V4 A2>3> 7025@H5==O. @> F5 A2V4G8BL, 7>:@5<0, =0O2=VABL @V7=8E =09<5=C20=L C:@0W=AL:>W B5@8B>@VW B0 =0@>4C: >:@V<  0;>@>AVO , F5 B0:>6  #:@0W=0 ,  CAL ,  >AVO ,  .6=0O CAL B0 45O:V V=HV, ?>EV4=V 2V4 =0720=8E <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. ;5 ?>ABC?>2> B0 =5CE8;L=>, 2A5 6 B0:8, 2V41C202AO ?@>F5A 281>@C T48=>W =0728. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  < O @CAL:>3> 7@>18;>AL V 4;O ?V2=>GV, V 4;O AE>4C B8< 65, G8< 7 402=VE ;VB 7>AB020;>AL, O: 28=OB:>25 =0410==O ?V245==>-70EV4=>3> =0@>4C (B>1B>, C:@0W=AL:>3>). ">4V >AB0==V9 7>AB0202AO O:18 157 =0728; 9>3> <VAF525 ?@820B=5 V< O, O:5 26820;>AO V=H8< =0@>4>< (<>A:>28B0<8) ;8H5 7030;L=5 (45@602=5), 7@>18;>AO 4;O 4@C3>3> B8<, G8< @0=VH5 1C;> 4;O ?5@H>3>. # ?V245==>-@CAL:>3> (C:@0W=AL:>3>) =0@>4C =V18 1C;> 2:@045=> 9>3> ?@>728I5. >;L ?>28==0 1C;0 ?5@5<V=8B8AO C 72>@>B=><C 283;O4V. "0: O: 2 AB0@8=C ?V2=VG=>-AEV4=0 CAL (>A:>2I8=0, 0;VAAO) =07820;>AO  CAAN BV;L:8 2 7030;L=><C 7=0G5==V (C @>7C<V==V 45@602=><C), 0 2 A2>W< G0AB:>2V< <0;0 2;0A=5 =09<5=C20==O (>A:>2VO, 0;VAAO), B0: B5?5@ ?V245==>-@CAL:89 (C:@0W=AL:89) =0@>4 <V3 =0720B8AO 2 7030;L=><C (C 45@602=><C) @>7C<V==V, 0;5 2 G0AB:>2V<, A2>T@V4=V<, ?>28=5= 1C2 =09B8 A>1V V=HC =072C <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0: ?8A02 7=0<5=8B89 ?@>D5A>@ :8W2AL:>3> (V ?5B5@1C@7L:>3>) C=V25@A8B5BC 8:>;0 >AB><0@>2. @> ?>B@51C 7=09B8 A>1V V=HC A0<>=072C ?8A02 V A;02=>72VA=89 ?@>D5A>@ ;L2V2AL:>3> C=V25@A8B5BC <5;O= 3>=>2AL:89:  0H =0@>4 B><C =5 28=C20B, I> F0@V <>A:>2AL:V ?5@5=5A;8 =072C CAL =0 A2>N 45@602C, B0 I> =0H0 10BL:V2I8=0 ;8H8;0AO A2>3> ?8B><>3> V<5=V <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /: 10G8<>, 420 C:@0W=AL:V ?0B@V>B8-V=B5;5:BC0;8, I> >4=>G0A=> 68;8 ?> @V7=V AB>@>=8 V<?5@V0;VAB8G=8E :>@4>=V2 (>48= 2 >AVW, 4@C389  2 2AB@VW), >4=>73V4=> ?>OA=NNBL ?@8G8=C 7<V=8 5B=>=V<C. "0:C 6 ?@8G8=C ?>40NBL V 2G5=V-GC68=FV:  0<030==O >A5;L=8:V2 V245==>W >AVW, B0: 720=8E <0;>@CAV2, ?CAB8B8 2 C68B>: 7=>2C =0728  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL ,  C:@0W=AL:89 ,  707=0G02 287=0G=89 02AB@>-E>@20BAL:89 A;02VAB .&nbsp;/3VG,  ?>OA=NTBLAO B8<, I> 2 =8E ?@>:8=C;0AO =0FV>=0;L=0 A2V4><VABL V 2>=8 ?@8@>4=L> 1060NBL O:><>30 A8;L=VH5 707=0G8B8 5B=VG=C >:@5<VH=VABL <0;>@CAV2 AC?@>B8 >DVFV9=>W 25;8:>@CAL:>W =0@>4=>AB8, 26820NG8 7>2AV< >:@5<>W =0728, O:0 28:;NG0;0 1 CAO:5 7<VH0==O 25;8:>@CAV2 V <0;>@CAV2 <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0:5 7<VHC20==O ?@8725;>, O: A?@0254;82> 707=0G0T .&nbsp;V;;5@, 4> B>3>, I>  B5@8B>@VO ACG0A=>W #:@0W=8 ?5@5B2>@8;0AO 2 XIX&nbsp;AB. 2 >1 T:B A?@026=L>W B5@<V=>;>3VG=>W 2V9=8 <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. >AV9AL:89 0:045<V: >@H 28ABC?82 C 1912&nbsp;@. 2 3075B0E  #B@> >AA88 V  8@652K5 254><>AB8 7 B0:8< ?>OA=5==O< 5B=>=V<VG=>W A8BC0FVW C:@0W=FV2 2 >AVW:  0B@V>B8 2V4><>3> :HB0;BC =040NBL ?5@5203C 725@B0B8AO 4> ?>GCBBV2, =V6 4> ;>3V:8, 0 5B=>3@0DVG=5 AB0=>28I5 C:@0W=FV2, =0 60;L, B0:5, I> =040T <>6;82VABL ;>3VG=>W A202>;V 2 >FV=FV WE ?;5<V==>W >A>1;82>ABV: 7 >4=>3> 1>:C  E0E>;  =5 B5, I>  :0F0? , 0 7 V=H>3> 1>:C, =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 ?>;O:0, G5E0, A5@10 V 2AO:>3> V=H>3> A;>2 O=8=0, 2V=  @CAA:89 . >3VG=> 4C<0NG0 ;N48=0 A:065:  B0:, 2V=  @CAA:89 , 0;5 =5  25;8:>@>A .  @>AV9AL:89 A?5FV0;VAB V7 ?0B@V>B8G=8E A?@02 ?5@5<>6=> 283C:=5:  30, 2V=   @CAA:89 . 8  B0: A0<>  @CAA:85 . 8E>48BL 2V= =VG8< =5 2V4@V7=OTBLAO 2V4 =0A V =5 A<VT 28<030B8 G>3>AL >A>1;82>3>. AL =0 FL><C 42>O:><C A<8A;V A;>20  CAL ,  @CAA:89 , V 3@C=BCNBLAO =5?>@>7C<V==O  =5 702648 I8@V  =0H8E ?>;VB8:V2, B5>@5B8G=8E V ?@0:B8G=8E, 2V4=>A=> <0;>@>AV2 01> C:@0W=FV2 <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0A:V;L:8 3>AB@>N ?>;VB8G=>N =5>1EV4=VABN 4;O =0H>W CO@<;5=>W =0FVW AB0;0 ?@>1;5<0 ?5@5E>4C =0 =>289 5B=>=V<, <8 <>65<> A:;0AB8 A>1V CO2;5==O V7 A;V2 .&nbsp;@CH52AL:>3>, O:89 >A>18AB> =5 2 <0;V9 <V@V A?@8G8=82AO 4> B>3>, I> <8 B5?5@ 725<>AO C:@0W=FO<8. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  VB5@0BC@=5 2V4@>465==O XIX&nbsp;AB. ?@89<0T =072C C:@0W=AL:>3> 4;O >7=0G5==O =>2>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> 68BBO. ;O B>3>, I>1 ?V4:@5A;8B8 72 O7>: =>2>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> 68BBO V7 AB0@8<8 B@048FVO<8 =0H>3> =0@>4C, 28=8:;0 A:;04=0 D>@<0 #:@0W=0- CAL, C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:89: AB0@5 B@048FV9=5 V< O ?>2 O7C20;>AO 7 =>28< B5@<V=>< C:@0W=AL:>3> 2V4@>465==O V @CEC. @>B5 >AB0==V< G0A>< 2A5 H8@H5 26820NBLAO V 2 C:@0W=AL:V9, V 2 V=H8E ;VB5@0BC@0E ?@>ABV B5@<V=8 #:@0W=0, C:@0W=AL:89 =5 BV;L:8 AB>A>2=> ACG0A=>3> 68BBO, 0;5 :>;8 V45BLAO ?@> ?>?5@54=V 9>3> D078 V FO =0720 28BVA=OT ?>ABC?>2> 2AV V=HV. 0 >7=0G5==O 6 CAVTW AC:C?=>ABV AEV4=>-A;>2 O=AL:8E 3@C?, C DV;>;>3V2 720=8E 728G09=> @CAL:>N, 4>2>48BLAO 26820B8 =072C AEV4=>-A;>2 O=AL:0, I>1 C=8:=CB8 ?;CB0=8=8 @CAA:>3> 2 7=0G5==V  25;8:>@>AV9AL:>3> , @CAA:>3> C 7=0G5==V  AEV4=>-A;>2 O=AL:>3> , V =0@5HBV @CAL:>3> 2 7=0G5==V  C:@0W=AL:>3> (O: 2>=> I5 9 4> AL>3>4=V 2 ?>2=V9 A8;V 7>AB0TBLAO 2 C68B:C 0;8G8=8, C:>28=8 V #3>@AL:>W CAV). "0:0 ?;CB0=8=0 40T ?@8G8=C 4> ?>ABV9=8E =5=02<8A=8E V =02<8A=8E =5?>@>7C<V=L, V FO >1AB028=0 7<CA8;0 C:@0W=AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2> 2 >AB0==V9 G0A B25@4> V @VHCG5 ?@89=OB8 =0728 #:@0W=0, C:@0W=AL:89. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # FV9 =5OA=>ABV, ?;CB0=8=V B5@<V=>;>3VW 2V418;0AO 206:0 VAB>@8G=0 4>;O C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C. 5A?@8OB;82V VAB>@8G=V C<>28 ?>71028;8 9>3> 1C4L-O:>3> 7=0G5==O 2 ACG0A=><C :C;LBC@=><C V ?>;VB8G=><C 68BBV, E>G 2V= =0;568BL 4> =09G8A;5==VH8E =0@>4V2 2@>?8. ><?0:B=>N <0A>N 709<0NBL C:@0W=FV 25;8:C B0 @>4NGC B5@8B>@VN, 0 A2>TN VAB>@VTN V 28B2>@0<8 A2>3> 4CE0 2>=8 4>25;8, I> 2>;>4VNBL 2840B=8<8 74V1=>ABO<8, 1030B8< >140@C20==O< V <0NBL ?@02> =0 >AO3=5==O A2>3> >A>1;82>3> <VAFO C 2A5;5=AL:V9 VAB>@VW. >7182H8 ?>;VB8G=5 68BBO C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, >?CAB82H8 9>3> =0 4=> 5:>=><VG=>3>, :C;LBC@=>3>, 0 @07>< 7 B8< =0FV>=0;L=>3> C?04:C, =5A?@8OB;82V VAB>@8G=V C<>28 ?>:@8;8 701CBBO< A2VB;V V A;02=V <><5=B8 9>3> <8=C;>3> 68BBO, ?@>O28 9>3> 0:B82=>ABV, 9>3> B2>@G>W 5=5@3VW V =0 FV;V AB>;VBBO :8=C;8 =0 @>7?CBBO ?>;VB8G=>W 1>@>BL18 O: 15771@>9=C, 15770E8A=C 74>18G 702>9>2=8FL:8E 0?5B8BV2 ACAV4V2, O: 5B=>3@0DVG=C <0AC, ?>7102;5=C =0FV>=0;L=>W DV7V>=><VW, 157 B@048FV9, =02VBL 157 V<5=V <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 ?5@HV9 AB>@V=FV A2>TW DC=40<5=B0;L=>W ?@0FV  AB>@VO #:@0W=8- CA8 .&nbsp;@CH52AL:89 707=0G0T:  >3> AB0@5, VAB>@8G=5 V< O: CAL, @CA8=, @CAL:89, 2 G0A8 9>3> ?>;VB8G=>3> 9 :C;LBC@=>3> C?04:C 1C;> ?@8A2>T=5 25;8:>@CAL:8< =0@>4><, :>B@>3> ?>;VB8G=5 9 :C;LBC@=5 68BBO @>728=C;>AO =0 B@048FVOE 402=L>W CAL:>W 45@6028, B0: I> >A:>2AL:0 45@6020 (?5@54>2AV< =0A;V4:>< 48=0AB8G=8E 72 O7:V2) C2060;0 A515 WW A?04:>T<=8F5N. >;8 C XVII&nbsp;AB. 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"5?5@ 65 2 C:@0W=AL:V< ?8AL<5=AB2V ?@89=OB> V< O:  C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:89 <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  0=0;>3VG=89 A?>AV1 ?>OA=N20;8 VAB>@8G=C ?>B@51C 7<V=8 C:@0W=FO<8 5B=>=V<C :C=L-5@560=AL:89 B0 V=HV C:@0W=AL:V 2G5=V:  & 4;O 2V4@V6=5==O @V4=>W CA8 2V4 5;8:>W CA8 O: >A:>2I8=8 AB0;8 =07820B8 A2>N CAL #:@0W=>N V 7 B>W =0728 28B2>@8;8 A;>20:  C:@0W=5FL  C:@0W=AL:89 <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. &O ?@>1;5<0 AB0;0 ?>ABV9=8< AN65B>< 4;O C:@0W=AL:8E 02B>@V2 C 4>@52>;NFV9=V G0A8.  0H =0@V4 2 <560E @>AV9AL:>3> F0@AB20, 018 2V4@V6=8B8 A2>N =0@>4=VABL 2V4 <>A:>2AL:>W, <CA82 FV;:>< 70:8=CB8 A;>20  CAL V  @CAL:0 <>20 (=0 >7=0G5==O =0H>W 75<;V V <>28), 0 =0B><VBL <CAV2 C6820B8 ;8H5 A;V2  #:@0W=0 V  C:@0W=AL:89 <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. >OA=NNG8 ?@8G8=8 7<V=8 5B=>=V<C, ?@>D5A>@ "><0HV2AL:89 ?8A02:  8 A2>3> V<5=8 =5 7@V:0T<>AO, <8 T @CAL:89 =0@V4 V =0H0 <>20 T @CAL:0 <>20, 0;5 I>18 =VEB> =5 <V3 10;0<CB8B8 I> =0H =0@V4 V <>A:>2AL:89 =0@V4  B> >4=>  B><C <8 =07820T<> A515 C:@0W=FO<8. > <8 I> V=H>3>, 0 @>AAVO=8,  @CAA:VT I> V=H>3>; =0H0 VAB>@VO >4=>, 0 WE 4@C30 <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0:5 6 ?>OA=5==O 7@>1;5=> 2 A?5FV0;L=V9 71V@FV AB0B59, I> 289H;0 =0 ?>G0B:C XX&nbsp;AB>;VBBO =0 C:>28=V.  0HV ;N48 CAV 4>1@5 7=0NBL, I> CA8= I> V=H5 0 >A:0;L I> V=H5. 4=0: <>A:0;V =07820NBL A515 B0:>6  @CA:8<8 V =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 =0H>3>  @CAL:>3> ?8HCBL 420  A .  ?8AL<V-B>  @CAA:89 (7 42><0  A ) 7=0G8BL @>A89AL:89 01> <>A:>2AL:89, 0  @CAL:89 (7 >4=8<  A ) >7=0G0T =0H =0@V4. 0 ?8AL<V A5 284:>,  0;5 O: EB> 3>2>@8BL, B> 2 15AV4V =5 <>6 @>7@V6=8B8, G8 2V= A:0702  @CA:89 7 42><0  A (2 7=0GV=N  @>A89A:89 ), G8 A:0702  @CAL:89 7 >4=8<  A (2 7=0GV=N  @CAL:89 ). "><C V7 B>3> 28E>48BL G8AB> 10;0<CBAB2> <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @8G8=8 ?5@5E>4C =0 =>289 5B=>=V< 2V4><89 C:@0W=AL:89 ?C1;VF8AB ?>OA=N202 B0::  AB>@VO 40;0 =0< =>25 V< O, <0;> I> <>;>4H5 B0 :@0I5 2V4 AB0@>3>, 701@0=>3> 2>@>30<8, C68B>3> 4> A2>WE ?>30=8E 3=>18B5;LAL:8E FV;59, I> A5 =>2V9H5, 74>@>2V9H5 V< O =5 4>?CA:0T 265 =VO:>3> 10;0<CBAB20, =5 @>18BL =0H>W 75<;V =V ?>;LAL:>N B>;>:>N, =V <>A:>2AL:>N 709<0=I8=>N, BV;L:8 =0H8< 2;0A=8< ?@04V4=8< 4>1@><, =0 :>B@V< =0H =0@V4 ?>28=5= AB0B8 A2>W< 28:;NG=8< ?0=>< <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # :=86FV, O:0 289H;0 =0 ?>G0B:C @52>;NFVW, 7=>2C 7=0E>48<> 0=0;>3VG=V 0@3C<5=B8.  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A:070; =4@89, 2AB@OE=C2 1KAB@> 3>;>2>N 8 2K?@O<82 25AL ?@O<>9, :0: =04@5G=K9 >A>:>@, AB0= A2>9&  B> A:070;, GB> <>O >BG87=0 #:@09=0? <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a> 1> 7=0<5=8B5 3>3>;V2AL:5 70?8B0==O:  '8 7=0TB5 28 C:@0W=AL:C =VG? </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> .&nbsp;@VF0: ?>2 O7CT CB25@465==O A;>20  #:@0W=0 7 CB2>@5==O< 2 1805&nbsp;@. %0@:V2AL:>3> C=V25@A8B5BC.  &5 1C2 ?5@H89 C=V25@A8B5B 70EV4=>3> B8?C. !0<5 72V4B0< ?>G8=0TBLAO ?@><V=N20==O A2VBAL:8E V459 2 #:@0W=V <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 82G5==O 5B=>3@0DVW B0 D>;L:;>@C, O:5 ?V4 2?;82>< 682>B2>@=8E V459 @><0=B87<C =01@0;> H8@>:>3> @>728B:C, 28O28;> <VF=C 5B=VG=C =5?>4V;L=VABL C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, E>G @>745@B>3> 7030@1=8:0<8 =0 G0AB8=8. &O >1AB028=0, 4> @5GV, 15=B568;0 B8E 4>3<0B8G=8E 5B=>;>3V2, O:V 3040NBL, I> T4=VABL 5B=VG=>W A?V;L=>B8 3@C=BCTBLAO =0 7>2=VH=8E 0B@81CB0E: =0 A?V;L=V9 45@602V, =0 A?V;L=><C 5:>=><VG=><C @8=:C, =0 A?V;L=V9 N@8A?@C45=FVW, A?V;L=><C 2V9AL:C V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;V=. 8@078 7482C20==O 7 =5B8?>2>ABV C:@0W=FV2, O:V ?>?@8 2V4ACB=VABL 73040=8E 0B@81CBV2 70;8H8;8AO T48=8< =0@>4>< V 7C<V;8 >1 T4=0B8AO 2@5HBV-@5HB, ?>481CT<> 4> AL>3>4=V:  07NG89 ?@8:;04 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, 75<;V O:>3> 1V;LHC G0AB8=C 9>3> VAB>@VW 2E>48;8 4> 45@602, AB2>@5=8E V=H8<8 5B=>A0<8 <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>. >409<>, I> B0:8<8 =5B8?>28<8 =0@>40<8 283;O40NBL T2@5W B0 2V@<5=8. 4=VABL C:@0W=FV2 ?@>O2;O;0AO 2 >4=>@V4=8E 728G0OE, 2V@C20==OE, A?>A>1V 68BBO, 2 ?VA=OE, 4C<0E, ?@8A;V2 OE, ?@8:07:0E, :07:0E B0 V=H8E D>@<0E CA=>W B2>@G>ABV, 0 B0:>6 2 A?V;L=8E V450;0E, 0=0;>3VG=8E <>B820E, C ?>4V1=>ABV 28@07V2, 72>@>BV2, ?>4V1=>ABV 5B8<>;>3VG=8E D>@< B0 D>=5B8G=8E >A>1;82>AB59 <>28 <a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title="">[35]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  (8@>:5 ?>H8@5==O =0728 #:@0W=0, C:@0W=AL:89, 7>:@5<0 2 XVIII 9 XIX AB., <V6 C:@0W=AL:8< =0@>4>< 28:;8:0;> @50:FV9=V 70E>48 7 1>:C >:C?0=BV2 #:@0W=8, 7>AV1=>, @>AVO=, 2:;NG=> 4> 701>@>=8 FVTW =0728 9 >DVFV9=>-C@O4>2>3> 22545==O B5@<V=>;>3VW  0;>@>AVO ,  <0;>@>AV9AL:89 . "0, =572060NG8 =0 2AV 701>@>=8, =0720 #:@0W=0 68;0 3;81>:> 2 =0@>4=V9 A2V4><>ABV, I> 7=09H;> A2>T D>@<0;L=5 7025@H5==O =0 ?>G0B:C XX&nbsp;AB. <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="">[36]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  A5@548=8 XIX&nbsp;AB. ?V4 @>AV9AL:>N 709<0=I8=>N 7 O28;0AO ?0B@V>B8G=0 ACA?V;L=>-3@><04AL:0 B5GVO, I> 4VAB0;0 E0@0:B5@=C =072C  C:@0W=>DV;LAB2> . 0 7<V=C W9 ?@89H;8 73>4>< =>2V B5GVW 7 =>28<8 =0720<8.  030;>< ?@54AB02=8:8 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> @CEC ?>@5D>@<5==>W 4>18 4VAB0;8 @V7=V =0728 2 VAB>@8G=8E 465@5;0E. &5, 7>:@5<0,  3@><04V2FV ,  <0;>@CA>DV;8 , @CA8=>DV;8 ,  C:@0W=AL:V E;>?><0=8 ,  E>E;><0=8 ,  C:@0W=AL:V A>FVO;VAB8-D545@0;VAB8 B>I> <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="">[37]</a>. #:@0W=>DV;8 4>:;0;8 25;8:8E 7CA8;L 4;O 715@565==O B0 282G5==O =0@>4=>W :C;LBC@8  <>28, ?VA=5=L, =0@>4=>W B2>@G>ABV, VAB>@VW, ?>1CBC B>I>. ;0A=5, C:@0W=>DV;8 AB0;8 ?5@H8<8 CB25@46C20B8 V ?>H8@N20B8 =>289 =0FV>=0;L=89 5B=>=V<. # ;8ABV 4> .&nbsp;@03><0=>20 7 1891&nbsp;@. 5AO #:@0W=:0 AB25@46C20;0:  !:06C 0<, I> <8 2V4:8=C;8 =072C  C:@0W=>DV;8 , 0 725<>AL ?@>AB> C:@0W=FV, 1> <8 B0:8<8 TAL<>, >:@V< 2AO:>3>  DV;LAB20 <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  C:@0W=>DV;LAL:>3> @CEC 28@>A;> =0?@8:V=FV XIX&nbsp;AB. @048:0;L=5 @0BAB2> "0@0AV2FV2. # 9>3> ?@>3@0<>28E 70A040E (1893&nbsp;@.) 2V47=0G5=>:  !:065<> :>@>B:>: C:@0W=>DV;LAB2> ?>:070;> =0< V FV;><C A2VB>28, I> VA=CT V =84VT O:89AL 7=52>;5=89, 7@01>20=89 =0@>4, I> 725BLAO #:@0W=FO<8 <a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title="">[39]</a>. 48= V7 70A=>2=8:V2 @0BAB20 "0@0AV2FV2 3@><04AL:89 V ?>;VB8G=89 4VOG 8:>;0 VE=>2AL:89 C 1@>HC@V, I> 289H;0 2 1900&nbsp;@>FV ?V4 703>;>2:><  !0<>ABV9=0 #:@0W=0 ?8A02:  8 =5 E>G5<> 4>2H5 7=>A8B8 ?0=C20==O GC68=FV2, =5 E>G5<> 1V;LH5 7=52038 =0 A2>W9 75<;V. 0A 3>@AB:0, 0;5 <8 A8;L=V =0H>N ;N1>2 N 4> #:@0W=8 <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title="">[40]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !CG0A=8:8 7304CNBL O: 206:> 1C;> 2 4>@52>;NFV9=V G0A8 ?5@59B8 =0 B5@<V=8  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL .  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A>18AB>  >AC40@L <?5@0B>@, 2 284C ?@>O2;5=89 C:@08=>D8;LA:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0<VB82 ?>3@><=V C@O4>2V 70E>48, O:V <0;8 7=8I8B8 C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4 O: B0:89 <a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title="">[42]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0:8< G8=><, B>;5@0=B=5 01>, B>G=VH5, 1094C65 AB02;5==O 4> B5@<V=C  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL 7 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XIX&nbsp;AB. 7<V=8;>AO =0 3>AB@> 2>@>65. >AB><0@>2 C ;8ABV 4> 5@F5=0 A:0@682AO, I> =0720  #:@0W=0 AB0;0 22060B8AO  ?@54>AC48B5;L=>9 <a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title="">[43]</a>. :@V< A;>20  #:@0W=0 , =5F5=7C@=8<8 287=020;8AO B5@<V=8  0;>@>AA8O ,  5BL<0=I8=0 <a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title="">[44]</a>.  1863 @>:C F0@AL:V A0B@0?8 AB0;8 701>@>=OB8 7304C20B8 B5@<V=8  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=AL:89 , 70<V=82H8 WE B5@<V=0<8  .3 >AA88 ,  N6=>@CAA:89 , B>1B> =072>N 157 4>:;04=>3> 5B=>3@0DVG=>3> 7<VABC. !0<5 FL>3> 6 1863&nbsp;@>:C, 70 71V3>< >1AB028=, C ;L2V2AL:><C G0A>?8AV  5B0 7 O282AO 2V@H 02;0 'C18=AL:>3>  )5 =5 2<5@;0 #:@0W=0 , I> ?><8;:>2> 1C2 2<VI5=89 ?V4 V<5=5< "0@0A0 (52G5=:0. &5 A?>=C:0;> 30;8FL:>3> :><?>78B>@0 8E09;0 5@18FL:>3> A:><?>=C20B8 4> =L>3> <C78:C. VA=O 4C65 H284:> =01@0;0 25;8:>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV. # 1917&nbsp;@. &5=B@0;L=>N 04>N 1C;0 >DVFV9=> 287=0=0 =0FV>=0;L=8< 3V<=><. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> VA;O A:0AC20==O  0;>@>AV9AL:>3> 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@AB20 (1854) B5@<V=  0;>@>AVO AB02 B56 ?>B@>EC 70=5?040B8. ;O @02>15@56=>W #:@0W=8 @>AV9AL:V 1N@>:@0B8 283040;8 =>2C =072C  .3>-0?04=K9 :@09 .  >4V1=> 4> B>3>, O: 70<VABL 8B20 9 V;>@CAVO 22545=> =072C  !525@>-0?04=K9 @09 , 70<VABL >;LIV  @828A;O=A:89 @09 , B0: V 70<VABL #:@0W=8 ?>O28;0AO =0720  .3>-0?04=K9 @09 , 26820=0, ?@0240, BV;L:8 4;O >7=0G5==O @02>15@56=>W #:@0W=8 <a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title="">[45]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1897&nbsp;@. 8:>;0&nbsp;II 725;V2 =5 7304C20B8 2 >DVFV9=8E 4>:C<5=B0E ?@> &0@AB2> >;LAL:5. >AV9AL:V 1N@>:@0B8 2V44020;8 ?5@5203C B0:8< =09<5=C20==O<, O: @82VA;O=AL:89 :@09, "8D;VAL:0 V CB0WAL:0 3C15@=VW  B>1B> ;8H5 =0728 35>3@0DVG=V, 6>4=8E =0FV>=0;L=8E. ;O ?V24=O #:@0W=8 1C;0 283040=0 =0720  >2>@>AVO , ?V4 2?;82>< :;0A8G=8E A?><8=V2,  I> >E>?8;8 0B5@8=C&nbsp;II V WW >B>G5==O 2 72 O7:C 7  3@5FL:8< ?@>T:B>< V<?5@0B@8FV. "CB  >2>@>AVO T ?@>AB> :0;L:0  >2>W @5FVW <a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title="">[46]</a>. >6=0 1C;> ?8A0B8 ?@> C:@0W=AL:C EC4>1C 01> ?@> C:@0W=AL:C ?H5=8FN, 0;5 26820B8 B5@<V=8  C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4 ,  C:@0W=AL:0 <>20 701>@>=O;>AO <a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title="">[47]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> DVFV9=> 4>72>;O;>AO 26820B8 >1@07;8289 B5@<V=  <0;>@>A C ?@>B8203C 4> 1C=4NG>3>  25;8:>@>A0 .  &5=7C@0 701>@>=OT C:@0W=FO< =07820B8 A2V9 =0@>4 A2>W< V<5=5<, 0 25;8BL CAN48 26820B8  @CAA:89  0 7 25;8:>W ?@>B5:FVW  N6=>-@CAA:89 , 01>  <0;>@CAA:89 <a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title="">[48]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >O28;>AO B0T<=5 @>7?>@O465==O, O:5 28<030;> 2V4 F5=7C@8 O:=09AC2>@VH5 AB028B8AL 4> 2AL>3>, I> 1C;> 72 O70=5 7 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N 9 =0@>4=VABN. "2>@8 ?@> #:@0W=C 22060;8AO =5157?5G=8<8 =02VBL B>4V, :>;8 2>=8 1C;8 =0?8A0=V @>AV9AL:>N <>2>N. # 1863&nbsp;@. 289H>2 0;CT2AL:89 F8@:C;O@ ?@> B5, I> C:@0W=AL:>W <>28  =5 1K;>, =5B, 8 1KBL =5 <>65B . 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O: B>4V ,  ?8A02 $@0=:> <a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title="">[50]</a>. >AV9AL:0 V<?5@VO =0A8;LAB2>< V 1@5E=5N 1C4C20;0 2028;>=AL:C 256C, ?>@CHCNG8 70:>=8, 2AB0=>2;5=V >3><, 7>:@5<0, 70:>= <=>68==>ABV <>2 01>, H8@H5  70:>= =5>1EV4=>W @V7=><0=VB=>ABV. # V1;VW (:=830 AB5@, 1.22) =0?8A0=>:   ?>@>7A8;02 2V= ;8AB8 4> 2AVE F0@AL:8E >:@C3, 4> :>6=>W >:@C38  ?8AL<>< WW, V 4> :>6=>3> =0@>4C  <>2>N 9>3>, I>1 :>65= G>;>2V: 1C2 ?0=>< C 4><V A2>T<C, V 3>2>@82 ?@> F5 <>2>N A2>3> =0@>4C . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # >AVW ?@>BO3>< B@L>E AB>@VG 289H;0 =87:0 C:07V2 V F8@:C;O@V2 A?@O<>20=8E ?@>B8 C:@0W=AL:>W <>28, O:C 2 :V=FV XIX&nbsp;AB. =07820;8  =0@5GVT< ?0ABCE>D V A2V=>?0A>D . )5 5B@>&nbsp;I 2 1720&nbsp;@. 701>@>=82 :=83>4@C:C20==O C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N. &L>3> @>:C 5B@>&nbsp;I 28402 C:07, I>1  2=>2L :=83J =8:0:8EJ, :@><5 F5@:>2=KEJ ?@56=8EJ 8740=89, =5 ?5G0B0BL; 0 >=KO F5@:>2=KO AB0@KO :=838 AJ B0:8<8 65 F5@:>2=K<8 :=830<8 8A?@02;820BL ?@5645 ?5G0B8 AJ B5<8 25;8:>@>AA89A:8<8 ?5G0BL<8, 401K =8:0:>9 @>7=8 8 >A>1>3> =0@5G8O 2J =8EJ =5 1K;> <a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title="">[51]</a>. 0B5@8=0&nbsp;II 701>@>=8;0 28:;040==O C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N 2 8T2>->38;O=AL:V9 0:045<VW. # 1769&nbsp;@. ?>O282AO #:07 !8=>4C >AV9AL:>W F5@:28 ?@> 28;CG5==O C =0A5;5==O C:@0W=AL:8E 1C:20@V2. V7=VH5 ?>O28;8AO 7304C20=V 265 0;CT2AL:89 F8@:C;O@ B0 <AL:89 C:07. # 1908&nbsp;@. #:07 A5=0BC >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW 287=02 C:@0W=><>2=C :C;LBC@=C B0 >A2VB=N 4VO;L=VABL H:V4;82>N.  !0<0 4C<:0 ?@> VA=C20==O C:@0W=AL:>W <>28 702AV348 2V418@0;0 A>;>4:89 A>= @>AVO=0<. >6=89 ?@>O2 =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV 9 @CEC =0 :@0W=V 220602AO 7;>G8=>< ?@>B8 @>AV9AL:>W 45@602=>ABV, O:89 2V4 5B@0 5@H>3> 06 4> >AB0==L>3> ><0=>20 :20;VDV:C202AO  A5?0@0B87<>< <a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title="">[52]</a>. # 1933&nbsp;@. 2 #:@0W=C =04V9H;0 B5;53@0<0 !B0;V=0 ?@> ?@8?8=5==O  C:@0W=V70FVW . >BV< 1C;> ?>;>65==O ?@> >1;C4=89 2V;L=89  281V@ <>28 =02G0==O; >AB0=>20 & # B0 5@E>2=>W 048 # !  (1958&nbsp;@.) ?@> =54>FV;L=VABL 28:;040==O C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N C 28I8E =02G0;L=8E 70:;040E. # 1978&nbsp;@. &  ! ?@89=O2 ?>AB0=>2C ?@> ?>A8;5==O 28:;040==O @>AV9AL:>W <>28 B0 ;VB5@0BC@8. # 1983&nbsp;@. 289H;0 3>@572VA=0 >AB0=>20 &  ! ?@> ?>A8;5=5 282G5==O @>AV9AL:>W <>28, ?>4V; :;0AV2 2 C:@0W=AL:8E H:>;0E =0 42V 3@C?8 B0 ?V428I5==O 70@?;0B8 =0 15% 2G8B5;O< @>AV9AL:>W <>28. 84=> 73040;8, I> 4> 1917&nbsp;@>:C G8=>2=8:0< 2 #:@0W=V (=0 @02>15@566V) ?;0B8;8 50% =04102:8 4> 70@>1VB=>W ?;0B8 70  >1@CAT=VT :@0O . '5@3>289 ;5=C< &  ! ?@89=O2 ?>AB0=>2C ?@>  70:>=>402G5 70:@V?;5==O @>AV9AL:>W <>28 O: 7030;L=>45@602=>W , 0 5@E>2=0 040 ! !  ?@89=O;0 0:>= ?@> <>28 =0@>4V2 ! ! , 45 @>AV9AL:V9 <>2V =04020;>AO AB0BCA >DVFV9=>W. "0:8< G8=>< 1C2 ?V43>B>2;5=89 3@C=B 4;O ?>2=>W 0A8<V;OFVW C:@0W=AL:>W ;N4=>ABV.  A8<V;OFVO @>7?>G8=0TBLAO 7 040?B0FVW ?V4:>@5=>3> =0A5;5==O 4> :C;LBC@8 702>9>2=8:V2, 74V9A=NTBLAO G5@57 70A2>T==O WE <>28 O: 70A>1C A?V;:C20==O 7 >DVFV9=>N 2;04>N V 7025@HCTBLAO G5@57 420-B@8 ?>:>;V==O (I> 28@>A;8 2 C<>20E GC6>75<=>3> ?0=C20==O) ?5@5E>4>< =0 <>2C 702>9>2=8:V2, 0 B8< A0<8<  V 7<V=>N :>;8H=L>W 5B=VG=>W A0<>A2V4><>ABV. 15@565==O >:@5<8E @8A 2 >4O7V, ?>1CBV, 728G0OE =5 <0NBL ?@8=F8?>2>3> 7=0G5==O; 2>=8 2B@0G0NBL @>;L CA2V4><;5=8E A8<2>;V2  >7=0: 5B=VG=>W ?@8=0;56=>ABV <a href="#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title="">[53]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >;VB8:0 5B=>F84C 2 F0@AL:V9 >AVW ?@>2>48;0AL ?V4 0:><?0=5<5=B @>73=C740=8E FL:C20=L V =0:;5?V2 7 1>:C ?@5A8 CAVE =0?@O<:V2, 2V4  5AB=8:0 2@>?K ,  852;O=8=0 ,  CAA:>3> 25AB=8:0 4>  >;>A0 . 0903@5A82=VHV =0?04:8 ;C=0;8 7V AB>@V=>:  852;O=8=0 , O:89 28E>482 7 B0:8< 5B=>=V<VG=8< 5?V3@0D><:  -B> :@09 @CAA:89, @CAA:89, @CAA:89! '>@=>A>B5==89  852;O=8= ?>ABV9=> 240202AO 4> 3;C7;82>3> ?0@>4VN20==O C:@0W=AL:>W <>28, I>, 4> @5GV, ?@0:B8:CNBL 2 >AVW 4>=8=V.  #40@=8< ?@8:;04>< =573@01=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>W <>28 AB02 ?@8?8AC20=89 .&nbsp;.&nbsp;!B0@8FL:><C ?5@5:;04 7=0<5=8B>3> 30<;5BV2AL:>3> 70?8B0==O C B0:><C 72CG0==V:  CB8 G8 =5 1CB8, >AL-B> 70:>28:0 . 0A?@024V ?5@5:;04 72CG02:  8B8 G8 =5 68B8? AL 2 GV< @VG <a href="#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title="">[54]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> #:;040G C:@0W=>D>1AL:>3> 71V@=8:0, I> =5402=> 289H>2 C >A:2V, O:89AL !<>;V= FV;89 @>74V; B0: V =07202:  CBK GK =5 1CBK?  >AL-B> 70:>2K:0, 8;8 1  C:@0V=AL:>< O7K:5 . 0;V !<>;V= 7;>1=> ?>2B>@NT AB0@C 28304:C V AB25@46CT, I> A0<5 B0:8< T C ?5@5:;04V .&nbsp;!B0@8FL:>3> 30<;5BV2AL:5 ?8B0==O  =0  =570;56=>9 ,  >B@C1=>9  C:@0V=AL:>9 <>25 <a href="#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title="">[55]</a>. >6=0 1 BCB 2V4?>2VAB8 H>2V=VAB8G=8< =0A<VH:0< 7 C:@0W=AL:>W <>28, I>, 70 40=8<8 ;V=32VAB8:8, GC6V A;>20 F5@:>2=>A;>2 O=AL:>3> (B>1B> AB0@>1>;30@AL:>3>) ?>E>465==O  2 @>AV9AL:V9 <>2V A:;040NBL G8 =5 ?>;>28=C 2AL>3> A;>2=8:>2>3> 70?0AC <a href="#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" title="">[56]</a>. @024C :06CBL, I> GC60 <>20 702648 A<VH=0, 0 A2>O  702648 ?@5:@0A=0. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> &V;V 35=5@0FVW <>A:>2AL:8E ?C1;VF8ABV2 V =0C:>2FV2 ?@0FN20;8 =04 284C<C20==O< 4>:07V2 B>3>, I> B5@<V=8  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL T HBCG=8<8 =>2>CB2>@5==O<8, =0A;V4:>< 7>2=VH=L>W (=V<5FL:>W, 02AB@V9AL:>W, ?>;LAL:>W, 20B8:0=AL:>W V B.&nbsp;V=.) 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"0:5 =>20B>@AB2> V<?5@0B>@0, I> =07202 ?V42;04=89 9><C =0@>4 HBCG=8< V<5=5<, O:5 T A8=>=V<>< :C;LBC@=>3> @>7:>;C FVTW =0@>4=>ABV, 3@VH8BL ?@>B8 AB0@>W B@048FVW <a href="#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" title="">[70]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> '>@=>A>B5=5FL )53>;T2 =5 BV;L:8 B5>@5B8G=> 70?5@5GC202 C:@0W=AL:C A0<>=072C, <>2C V :C;LBC@C =0H>3> =0@>4C, 0;5 28AC=C2 FV;C ?@>3@0<C ?>A8;5==O @5?@5AV9 V ?5@5A;V4C20=L. .&nbsp;5=V= :@8B8:C202 )53>;T20, FL>3>, 70 9>3> A;>20<8,  A:065=>3> G>@=>A>B5=FO , I>  FL:CNG8 C:@0W=FV2 70  A5?0@0B87< , 70 ?@03=5==O 4> 2V4>:@5<;5==O, B8< A0<8< 2V4AB>NT ?@82V;5W 25;8:>@CAL:8E ?><VI8:V2 V 25;8:>@CAL:>W 1C@6C07VW =0  A2>N 45@602C. >1VB=8G89 :;0A ?@>B8 2AO:8E ?@82V;5W2; B><C 2V= 2V4AB>NT ?@02> =0FV9 =0 A0<>287=0G5==O <a href="#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" title="">[71]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> =0A;V4>: @52>;NFVW 1905&nbsp;@>:C 701>@>=0 =0 C:@0W=AL:89 5B=>=V< AB8EV9=> 7=8:;0 =0 O:89AL G0A 7 ?>@O4:C 4=O. >73C1;5=0 F0@AL:0 04<V=VAB@0FVO 1C;0 B8<G0A>2> 157?>@04=>N. ;5 265 ?>G8=0NG8 7 1907&nbsp;@>:C @50:FVO 7<VF=V;0. =>2C 27O;8AO 70?>?04;82> ?5@5A;V4C20B8 B5@<V=8  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=AL:89 . @>B8 =>2>3> 5B=>=V<C 28ABC?0;8 @V7=V C@O4>2FV, 28E>20=V C B@048FVOE  ?@02>A;028O, A0<>45@6028O, =0@>4=>AB8 , 728G09=>, =0@>4=>ABV @>AV9AL:>W <a href="#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" title="">[72]</a>. 0?@8:;04, ?>;B02AL:89 3C15@=0B>@, 7 >AB759AL:8E =V<FV2, =0 ?@V728I5 >33>2CB, C B0T<=><C ;8ABV <V=VAB@C 2=CB@VH=VE A?@02 2V4 4&nbsp;;NB>3> 1914&nbsp;@>:C, <V6 V=H8<, ?@>?>=C202 B0:V 70A>18 1>@>BL18 7 C:@0W=AB2><: </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  @82;5:0BL =0 4>;6=>AB8 CG8B5;59 75<A:8E =0G0;L=KE H:>; ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 B>;L:> >4=8E 25;8:>@CAA>2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 07=0G0BL =0 4>;6=>AB8 8=A?5:B>@>2 =0@>4=8E CG8;8I& 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 25;8:>@CAA>2. "0:>2K<8 65, :>=5G=>, 4>;6=K 1KBL 8 48@5:B>@K =0@>4=8E CG8;8I. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> AO:>3> CG8B5;O, ?@>O2;ONI53> A:;>==>ABL : C:@08=A:><C 42865=8N, =5<54;5==> CAB@0=OBL. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >AB028BL ?@028;L=> >1CG5=85 8AB>@88 >AA88 2 H:>;5 8 AB@>609H5 2<5=8BL 2 >1O70==>AB8 CG8B5;O  2=54@OBL 2 <>;>456L ?>=OB85 > 548=>9, =545;8<>9 >AA88, ?>OA=OO A<KA; A;>20  C:@08=0 , B> 5ABL  >:@08=0 >AC40@AB20 2 1K;K5 2@5<5=0. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 1@0B8BL >A>1>5 2=8<0=85 =0 A5;LA:>5 4CE>25=AB2>, =0 53> ?>;8B8G5A:85 C15645=8O& 5>1E>48<> 2> 3;025 5?0@E88 AB028BL @5>A2OI5==KE @E85@552 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 25;8:>@CAA>2& 845BL A2OI5==8:>2 8 8<5BL A =8<8 ?>1>;LH5 >1I5=8O. :070BL A0<>5 :@CB>5 402;5=85 =0 B5E 87 =8E, :>B>@K5 70@065=K C:@08=>D8;LA:8<8 AB@5<;5=8O<8. ?0@E80;L=KE =01;N40B5;59 70 F5@:>2=>-?@8E>4A:8<8 H:>;0<8 =07=0G0BL 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 25;8:>@CAA>2& </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 1@0B8BL >A>1;82>5 2=8<0=85 =0 A5<8=0@88& !B028BL 2> 3;025 8E @5:B>@>2 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 25;8:>@CAA>2& #G0I89 ?5@A>=0; 4>;65= 1KBL B>;L:> 87 25;8:>@CAA>2 . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> C15@=0B>@ >33>2CB  A F5;LN 1>@L1K A C:@08=A:8< 42865=85< ?@>?>=CT @>18B8  @07JOA=5=85, GB>  C:@08=0 >7=0G05B  >:@08=C & GB> =8:>340 =8:0:>3>  C:@08=A:>3> =0@>40 =5 1K;>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> A;54AB285 B>3>, GB> =0720=85  C:@08=A:89 A;C68B D;0-3><, ?>4 :>B>@K< 2545BAO 42865=85, A;54>20;> 1K 157CA;>2=> 2>A?@5B8BL 2A5, GB> 2KABC?05B ?>4 =8< 8, =0>1>@>B, =5 AB5A=OBL B>3>, GB> 845B ?>4 <0;>@CAA:8< D;03>< . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> )5 9 4>40=> >33>2CB>< B0:5: </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  A;54AB285 CG0AB8O 52@552 2> 2AO:>< 2>>1I5 @52>;NF8>==>< 42865=88, 2 B>< G8A;5 2 C:@08=>D8;LA:><& 2A5E 52@552& 2KA5;OBL <a href="#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" title="">[73]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !5@54 @>AV9AL:>W ?@02;OG>W 25@EV2:8 =V:>;8 =5 1@0:C20;> ?@>5:B0=BV2 (B8?C >33>2CB0) ?>7102;5==O C:@0W=FV2 @V4=>W <>28, 0 B8< A0<8< ;V:2V40FVW C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C. $;V35;L-04 NB0=B V<?5@0B>@0  60=40@<AL:89 ?>;:>2=8: 10@>= >@D  ?@54 O282 ;5:A0=4@C&nbsp;II 2 1863&nbsp;@. ?@>5:B, 45 7>:@5<0 ?@>?>=C20;>AO:  =02>4=5=85 :@0O 4> G@572KG09=>AB8 45H52K<8 @CAA:8<8 :=830<8 . 0;V >@D ?V4:@5A;N202,  GB> 5A;8 ?@028B5;LAB2C C40ABAO A45;0BL MB8 :=838 1>;55 45H52K<8, G5< A>>B25BAB2CNI85 <0;>@CAA:85, B> 8 =C64K 2 04<8=8AB@0B82=KE 70?@5B0E =5 1C45B.  ?5@A?5:B825, C:07K20; >@D, MB> ;8H8;> 1K 8 <0;>@>AA89A:CN ;8B5@0BC@C H0=A>2 A:>;L:>-=81C4L ACI5AB25==> @0AH8@8BL :@C3 G8B0B5;59 <a href="#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" title="">[74]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> AL B0:  ;8H5 =04728G09=8< V 2A57030;L=8< =0?@C65==O<, 70;V7=>N 48AF8?;V=>N, 60E;828<8 65@B20<8 <>3;0 VA=C20B8 FO 651@0FL:0, 20@20@AL:0, I> 157:V=5G=> @>7@>AB0TBLAO, 45@6020 <a href="#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" title="">[75]</a>, O:0 ?>ABV9=> 74V9A=N20;0 5B=>F84 ?V4:>@5=8E =0@>4V2. V4 :V=5FL VA=C20==O F0@AL:>W V<?5@VW 265 V B5@<V=  <0;>@>AA =5 704>2>;L=O2 G>@=>A>B5==8E 0A8<V;OB>@V2, 2>=8 ?@03=C;8, I>1 C:@0W=FV 720;8 A515 BV;L:8 D>@<>N  @CAA:89 . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 044=V?@O=I8=V 1>@>BL10 70 =>289 5B=>=V< B@820;0 4> ;NB>3> 1917&nbsp;@>:C, B>1B> 4> :@0EC F0@87<C. @0240, CAO:V B0< F0@AL:V 35=5@0;8 5=V:V=8, @0=35;V, >;G0:8 I5 O:89AL G0A ?> B><C 70BOB> GV?;O;8AO 70 :>;>=V0;L=V B5@<V=8  <0;>@>A ,  0;>@>AVO , ?@>B5 7;><8B8 =0@>4=C 2>;N W< 1C;> 265 =5 ?V4 A8;C <a href="#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" title="">[76]</a>.  OG5A;02 8?8=AL:89, 0:B82=89 4VOG C:@0W=AL:>3> 2V4@>465==O, I5 C 1912&nbsp;@>FV AB25@482:  & AL>3>4=V 2AO A2V4><0 G0AB8=0 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C ?@89=O;0, O: =0FV>=0;L=V, =0728: #:@0W=0, C:@0W=5FL, C:@0W=AL:89. 8B0==O B8< A0<8< =0 AL>3>4=V 28G5@?0=5: 287=0T<> A515 70 =0@>4 >:@5<89 2V4 V=H8E A;>2 O=AL:8E V =5A;>2 O=AL:8E V =07820T<> A515 C:@0W=AL:8< =0@>4>< <a href="#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" title="">[77]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> AB0B>G=> ?5@5<>30 =>2>3> 5B=>=V<C =0 044=V?@O=I8=V =0AB0;0 ?VA;O :@>2>?@>;8B=8E 872>;L=8E <030=L 1917 1921&nbsp;@>:V2.<br clear="all"> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0;8209:>&nbsp;.</i> 5F5?FVO #:@0W=8 2 0EV4=V9 2@>?V XVI XVIII&nbsp;AB. // !CG0A=VABL. 1993. !&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;103.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>=0FL:89&nbsp;</i>. 0H5 =0FV>=0;L=5 V< O. 0H =0FV>=0;L=89 35@1. [.&nbsp;<.]: #:@0W=AL:5 284 2>  5@5<>30 , 1949. !.&nbsp;28.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>'8:0;5=:>&nbsp;. </i>)>45==8: (1907 1917). L2V2, 1931. !.&nbsp;348.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@02G5=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i></span> <span lang=RU>0@8A8 7 C:@0W=AL:>W VAB>@V>3@0DVW 5?>E8 =0FV>=0;L=>3> V4@>465==O (4@C30 ?>;>28=0 XVIII  A5@548=0 XIX&nbsp;AB.). %.: A=>20, 1996. !.&nbsp;29.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span lang="RU">[5]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>AB><0@>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>!>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89. !1., 1903. =.&nbsp;. !.&nbsp;37.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span lang="RU">[6]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>3>=>2AL:89&nbsp;.</i> AB>@VO ;VB5@0BC@8 @CAL:>W. L2V2, 1891. ".&nbsp;I. !.&nbsp;8.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span lang="RU">[7]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>@>H5=:>&nbsp;. </i>0B@>A;02 /3VG ?@> C:@0W=AL:C <>2C V ?@> =072C  C:@0W=FV // 0?8A:8 AB>@8G=>-DV;>;>3VG=>3 <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155209"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">XIX. 0;8FL:89 ? T<>=B</font></i></b></span></a><font size="4">&nbsp; <a name="XIX_Galyckyj_pjemont"></a></font> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> #?@>4>26 XVII XIX&nbsp;AB.AB. 5B=>=V<  @CA8= ?>ABC?>2> 2V4AC=C2AO =0 70EV4, =0 BV 5B=>3@0DVG=V 75<;V, O:V 1C;8 ?>70 70AO3>< F0@AL:>W V<?5@VW 7 WW =02<8A=8< B5@<V=>;>3VG=8< ?5@5=07820==O<. VG:0 1@CG AB0;0 =5 ;8H5 <V645@602=8<, 0;5 9, 4> ?52=>W <V@8, 5B=>=V<VG=8< :>@4>=><. 0 70EV4 2V4 1@CG0 ;560;8 =5 ?V42;04=V >AVW  0;8G8=0, C:>28=0 V 0:0@?0BBO. 5@HV 42V 75<;V >?8=8;8AO C <560E 2AB@V9AL:>W V<?5@VW =0?@8:V=FV XVIII&nbsp;AB.  1867&nbsp;@. V 0:0@?0BBO AB0;> D>@<0;L=> A:;04>2>N G0AB8=>N 42>T48=>W <>=0@EVW  2AB@>-#3>@I8=8, E>G =0A?@024V 70;8H0;>AO =040;V ?V4 C3>@AL:8< ?@02;V==O<. V4@>AV9AL:0 #:@0W=0 C XIX&nbsp;AB. AB0=>28;0 1;87L:> 85% CAVTW C:@0W=AL:>W 5B=VG=>W B5@8B>@VW. 5HB0 15% ?@8?040;0 =0 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V, O:V 1C;8 ?@8T4=0=V 4> 2AB@V9AL:>W V<?5@VW. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;O 2AB@VW 7 WW 48=0AB8G=8<8 ?>2 O70==O<8 01A1C@3V2 7 0;8FL:>->;8=AL:8<8 :=O7O<8 7 >2>;>4V==O<  :>@>==8< :@0T< A?>G0B:C 1C;> =57@>7C<V;8<, EB> 2 0;8G8=V 6825. 5H:0=FV2 0;8G8=8 =07820;8 B>  Russen , B>  @CB5=FV (die Ruthenen). &O >AB0==O =0720  Ruthenen AB0;0 7030;L=>?@89=OB>N.  0728 Ruthene C68T :06489 CA8=, 3>2>@OG8 ?>-=V<5FL:8, =5 22060NG8 WW 4;O A515 >1@07>N <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. ;5 A?@>10, 7 1>:C 45O:8E ?>;LAL:8E :V;, 70<V=8B8 2 =0HV9 <>2V  @CA8=V2 =0  @CB5=V2 , 0 =0@>4 ?@>720B8  @CB5=AL:8< , 28:;8:0;0 =0 AB>@V=:0E >@30=C @CA8=V2  >@O 0;8FL:0 @V7:89 ?@>B5AB. 2AB@V9AL:89 =0<VA=8: 0;8G8=8 3@0D >;CE>2AL:89 7<CH5=89 1C2 ?>?@>E0B8 V45=L 40B8 >DVFV9=5 C@O4>25 ?>OA=5==O,  O: ?5@5:;040B8 ?>-?>;LAL:8  Ruthene ,  Ruthenisch , ?@8 G><C 707=0G82, I> BCB =5 B0: 206;820 DV;>;>3VG=0 4>:;04=VABL, O: @04H5 ?>;VB8G=5 7=0G5==O <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !?@020 @>73;O40;0AO 2 45@602=V9  ><VAVW 4;O CABV9=5==O A;>2 O=AL:>W ?@02=8G>W B5@<V=>;>3VW . 2B>@8B5B=89 G5AL:89 A;02VAB .&nbsp;(0D0@8: ?V4B@8<02 ?@>B5AB @CA8=V2. 0 ?>78B82=5 @VH5==O :><VAVW, O: 7304CNBL CG0A=8:8, 2?;8=C;0 I5 9 B0 >1AB028=0, I> 2AV< 4C65 A?>4>102AO @CA8=AL:89 30;8FL:89 E>@. 0 4@C6=V9 70102V G;5=0< :><VAVW, 7>:@5<0, A?>4>10;0AO ?VA=O 8B28=>28G0  CAL:89 <>;>45FL , O:0 ?>G8=0TBLAO A;>20<8: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:6.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:3.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <i>/ I0A=89  @CAL:C <0BV@ <0N</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:3cm;"> <i> @52=89 CA8= <V9 >B5FL</i><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><i>[3]</i></a> <i>.</i> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;5 =093>;>2=VH5 702068;8 BCB ?>3;O48 G5AL:>W V=B5;V35=FVW. #AV =09A;02=VHV G5AL:V B.&nbsp;72.  1C48B5;V =0@>4C , O: 02;VG5:->@>2AL:89, (0D0@8:, 0;0FL:89 1C;8 =0@>4>2FO<8 =5 BV;L:8 C A515 24><0, 0;5 I5 9 1C;8  D0=0B8G=V @CA8=>DV;8 , B>1B> ?@8E8;L=8:8 C:@0W=AL:>3> 2872>;L=>3> @CEC <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. AL, I> ?8A02 7=0<5=8B89 G5AL:89 ?C1;VF8AB 02;VG5:->@>2AL:89 2 6C@=0;V  @07L:V =>28=8 70 1846&nbsp;@V::  0;>@CAL-#:@0W=0 T ?>ABV9=5 ?@>:;OBBO, O:5 A0<V =04 A>1>N ?@>3>;>A8;8 ?>;O:8 V @>AVO=8. "0: =04 >;LI5N V >AVTN <AB8BLAO ?@83=>1;5=0 2>;O #:@0W=8. >:8 =5 1C45 =0?@02;5=0 :@8240, 2G8=5=0 C:@0W=FO<, 4>B8 =5<>6;8289 A?@024V <V6=0@>4=89 <8@ V A;>2 O=AL:5 ?>@>7C<V==O . V= 65 ?8A02, I> <0;>@>A8 =5=0284OBL  <>A:0;O (:0F0?0) V ?>;O:0 (;OE0) <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. 02;VG5:->@>2AL:89, O:89 ?52=89 G0A <5H:02 C >AVW, I5 2 1850&nbsp;@>FV A:0702:  '5E0< =5 ;8G8BL 70?5@5GC20B8 VA=C20==O C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C B0:8<8 0@3C<5=B0<8, O:8<8 I5 =5402=> 70?5@5GC20;8 =0H5 VA=C20==O. &5 A2>3> @>4C B@048FV9=89 70:84 2AVE 2>@>3V2 =0FV>=0;L=>3> 2V4@>465==O ?>=52>;5=8E =0@>4V2. CE8, 5AB>=AL:89 V ;0B8HAL:89 1C;8 4;O =V<FV2 <>A:>2AL:>N V=B@83>N, B0:A0<> 4;O H254V2 =0FV>=0;L=89 @CE $V=;O=4VW. ;O =3;VW V@;0=4AL:5 ?>2AB0==O B0:>6 1C;0 =V<5FL:0 V=B@830 <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  >@30=V 30;8FL:8E =0@>4>2FV2 (3@C?8  >;>40 CAL )  5B0 1C;> 2<VI5=> @540:FV9=C AB0BBN (02B>@ .&nbsp;;8<:>28G) ?@> AB0= 5B=>=V<V:8 2 0;8G8=V. # =V9 3>2>@8BLAO:  >28==V <8 AB>OB8 O: =09B25@4H5 =0 70A04V =0@>4=>W A0<>ABV9=>AB8 @CAL:>3> ;N4C V C6820B8 A;V2: CAL, @CAL:5 ;8H5 2 BV< 7<8A;V, O: B5 A0< =0@>4 =0H C6820T, B.&nbsp;T. >4=>AOG8 BC =072C 4> B>3> ;N4C, :>B>@89 A;825 2 =0C:>2V9 =><5=:;OBC@V ?V4 =072>N 0;>@CA8=V2. ;O >7=0G5==O 25;8:>@CAL:>3> =0@>4C TABL C =0A =0@>4=V A;>20 >A:>2I8=0 V <>A:>2AL:5, =5 2E>4OG8 2 B5 0=V B@>E8, G8 <>A:>2AL:89 =0@>4 A515 B0:>6 @CAL:8< =07820T, G8 =V. 0O2;OT<> >B65 C@>G8AB>, I> A;>20: CAL V @CAL:5 C6820B8 1C45<> 2 7<8A;V< =0@>4=V<, B.&nbsp;T. ?@82;0I0NG8 AN =072C BV;L:8 B><C 15 <V;V>==><C ;N4>2V, :>B>@>3> 5B=>3@0DVO V 703@0=8G=89 728G09 =07820T =0@>4>< <0;>@CAL:8<, V I> <8 C6820==O B8E A;V2 2 7<8A;V >1H8@=V9HV<, B.&nbsp;T. >1V9<0NGV< B0:>6 >A:>2I8=C V =0@>4 >A:>2AL:89, V<5==> 65 B>4V, :>;8 A53> 7<VH0==O ?>=OBV9 4>?CA:0TBLAO CA8=, 3>2>@OG8 01> ?8HCG8 <>2>N @CAL:>N, :>B>@0 =0 >7=0<5=>20==T A;02O=AL:>3> =0@>4C, 682CI>3> =0 AV25@>2>AB>FV 2@>?8, <0T A2>W 2;0AB82V A;>20,  C2060B8 1C45<> O:> B5=45=FV9=5 F5=B@0;V70B>@AL:5 70=0?0I5==O =0H>W =0@>4=>W @CAL:>W A0<>ABV9=>AB8 <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4=>H5==O ?V402AB@V9AL:>W C:@0W=AL:>W V=B5;V35=FVW 4> 2;0A=>3> 5B=>=V<C ?>OA=82 ?@>D. L2V2AL:>3> C=V25@A8B5BC .&nbsp;3>=>2AL:89:  8 T  =0@>4>< A0<>ABV9=8< V 7>25<>AO @CA8=0<8, ?>G02H8 2V4 45AOB>3> AB>;VBBO, >B65 G5@57 452 OBL 2V:V2. @>B8 =0728  CAL AB0=C;0 =0720  >A:20 2 2VFV 420=04FOBV<, :>;8 =0 ?V2=VG 2V4 CA8 CB2>@8;>AO >:@5<5 :=O7V2AB2> AC740;LAL:5, 0 ?VA;O 25;8:5 :=O7V2AB2> <>A:>2AL:5, :>B@5 2 HVAB=04FOBV< 2VFV AB0;> =07820B8AO F0@AB2>< <>A:>2AL:8<. 072>N  CAL 287=0GC20;0AL =0H0 10BL:V2I8=0 06 4> 2V:C AV<=04FOB>3>, :>;8 B> F0@V <>A:>2AL:V ?@>720;8 F8< V<5=5< A2>W 75<;V, 0 B0:>6 #:@0W=C ?> ;V2V< 15@57V =V?@0. ">4V B> =0H0 10BL:V2I8=0 2B@0B8;0 A2>N =072C 7 2>;V A8;L=8E F0@V2 V ?@>B5 1C;0 ?@8=52>;5=0 >3;O40B8AL 70 V=H8< ?@V728I5<, I>18 =5 ?@>?0AB8 157 A;V4C <568 =0@>40<8 2@>?8. ;5 2AO:V V=HV =0728 >7=0G0;8 BV;L:8 G0AB8=C =0H>W 10BL:V2I8=8 V =5 <>3;8 4>23> CAB>OB8AL. "0:8<8 =0720<8 1C;8:  0;0 CAL (AC?@>B8 5;8:>@CA8, 01> >A:28),  ?>;C4=520 CAL ,  5BL<0=I8=0 (=0720 2V4 :>70FL:8E 35BL<0=V2 #:@0W=8). 09;V?H>N =072>N T  #:@0W=0 , 1> >7=0G0T 1V;LHC G0ABL =0H>W 2VBG8=8. "><C B> 45O:V ?0B@V>B8 @CAL:V 7>2CBL #:@0W=>N FV;C CAL, 30;8FL:C, C:@0W=AL:C V ?>4V;LAL:C, 0 2V4B0: @CAL:C <>2C =07820NBL C:@0W=AL:>N <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 :@09=L><C 70E>4V @CAL:>W 5B=VG=>W B5@8B>@VW, B0<, 45 AE>4OBLAO WW :>@4>=8 7V A;>20:0<8 B0 ?>;O:0<8, 45 FV B@8 =0@>48 68;8 ?5@5<VH0=V <V6 A>1>N, 28=8:;0 D>@<0  @CA=0: 01>  @CA=O: , 70 0=0;>3VTN 4> 5B=>=V<VG=8E D>@<:  A;>20: ,  ?>;O: <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. /: A2V4G0BL <>2>7=02FV, B5@<V=  @CA=O:  G5AL:>3> ?>E>465==O <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. .&nbsp;5@E@0BAL:89 ;>:0;V7C202 FV B5@<V=8 2 70EV4=V9 G0AB8=V 0:0@?0BBO =0 @OHV2I8=V <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. '5AL:89 ?>5B (A;>20: 70 ?>E>465==O<) /= >;;0@ >?C1;V:C202 AB0@>402=V9 2V@H C A;>20FL:V9 B@0=A:@8?FVW, 45 2?5@H5 72CG8BL F59 B5@<V=  @CA=0: (@CA=0:8): </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <i>"0:8 =0HV @CA=0F8<br> 5A5;V ACBL ?0E>;F8.<br> @8A?V2CNBL: 3>?, 3>?, 3>?,<br> 06489 @CA8= 4>1@89 E;>?</i><a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><i>[12]</i></a> <i>.</i> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5F5=7CNG8 @>1>BC =V<5FL:>3> 5B=>3@0D0 09=4;O, .&nbsp;=0BN: 2V47=0G02, I> B5@<V=  @CA=O: , 268B89 BCB,  =5 >?@024CTBLAO 0=V =0C:>N, 0=V B@048FVTN, 0=V =VG8< V=H8< <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >:0;L=0, ?@8:>@4>==0 5B=>=V<VG=0 D>@<0  @CA=0: ( CAL=O: ) =5 7=09H;0 H8@>:>3> @>7?>2AN465==O V 7=8:;0 7 C68B:C. @>B8 B5@<V=C  @CA=0: 28ABC?8;8 2AV C:@0W=AL:V <>2>7=02FV. # 1829&nbsp;@. >38;L=8FL:89 AB25@482, I> =0720  @CA=0: T  73V@4=O V WW =5 3>48BLAO C6820B8 <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. "5 6 A0<5 ?>2B>@82 528FL:89 C A2>W9 3@0<0B8FV 2 1834&nbsp;@>FV, 707=0G82H8, I> =0720 @CA=O: 7>2AV< 157?V4AB02=0 <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. "0: =040;V =0 ?@>AB>@0E 0;8G8=8, C:>28=8 9 0:0@?0BBO 2 ?C1;VG=V< C68B:C 70;8H02AO A?>:>=2VG=89 B5@<V=  @CA8= . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !D>@<>20=0 C @52>;NFV9=><C 1848&nbsp;@. 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F59 ?@>B5AB  >F5 2AO B0 A8;0, O:0 7@>18;0 V< O CE=>28G0 4>@>38< 2AV< ?V4:0@?0BAL:8< @CA8=0< <a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title="">[22]</a>. =H89 ?>5B, 1C:>28=AL:89 A>;>259:>  $54L:>28G ?8A02 ?@> 4>;N <5H:0=FV2 A2>TW @V4=>W C:>28=8: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:6.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <i>5 9 :0<V=L A?V20T, ;8H CA8= <>2G8BL?<br> E >65 <V9 <8;89, B0< CA8=C 68BL</i><a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><i>[23]</i></a> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 C:>28=V B5@<V=  @CA8= 2 >DVFV9=><C 268B:C 1C2 06 4> 1918&nbsp;@>:C, :>;8 9>3> 70<V=8;8 =>28< B5@<V=><  C:@0W=5FL . VA;O 5@H>W A2VB>2>W 2V9=8 4> C<C=VW 2V4V9H;0 :>;8H=O ?V4@>AV9AL:0 0A0@01VO, 45 ?@>6820;> 2 AEV4=V9 WW G0AB8=V 650&nbsp;B8A. C:@0W=FV2. >=8 =5 7=0;8 =02VBL, 70 A2V4G5==O< ACG0A=8:V2, O:8< V<5=5< A515 =07820B8.  4=V :06CBL <8  @CA:V , 4@C3V  <0;>@>A8 , B@5BV  @CA8=8 , 3>;>2=> BV 7 %>B8=AL:>3> ?>2VBC& 091V;LH0 G0ABL 10A0@01AL:8E C:@0W=FV2 725 A515 I5  @CA:8<8 . 4=0: B@510 707=0G8B8, I> F5 V< O  @CA:89 ,  @CA:V =5 T 4;O 10A0@01AL:8E C:@0W=FV2 B5 A0<5, I> <>A:>2AL:89 G8 @>AV9AL:89. /: 28 A:065B5 =0?@8:;04 =0H><C G>;>2V:>2V:  8 @CA:89, 7=0G8BL 8 <>A:0;L , B> 2V= 20< 70@07 2V4?>2VABL:  / T @CA:89, 0;5 O =5 <>A:0;L, O <0;>@>A . =0G8BL, I> BCB 70E>48BL 10;0<CBAB2>, I>4> =0FV>=0;L=>W =0728, V F59 E0>A I>4> =0728 VA=CT =0 60;L V 40;V A5@54 10A0@01AL:8E C:@0W=FV2. 0HV ;N48 T A2V4><V B>3>, I> <V6 =8<8, 0 <>A:0;O<8 VA=CT @V7=8FO; 10;0<CBAB2> A?@8G8=NT BCB BV;L:8 =0720  @CA:89 ,  @CA:V <a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="">[24]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0EV4=>C:@0W=AL:V ?5@5A5;5=FV 70 >:50= =0 <VAFO ?>A5;5==O ?@8257;8 AB0@>402=V9 5B=>=V<  @CA8= . V4 B0:8< V<5=5< WE 7=0;8 2 0=04V B0 !(. <V=0 =0ABC?8;0 ;8H5 2 1919&nbsp;@., :>;8 B5@<V=  C:@0W=5FL AB02 >1 T4=C20B8 ?>A5;5=FV2  A2V4><8E A2>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> ?>E>465==O <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="">[25]</a>. . =0BN:, 4>A;V46CNG8 ?5@5A5;5=FV2 C 0GFV (.3>A;02VO), AB25@482  0G20=AL:V CA8=8 =5 70B@0B8;8 I5 A2>TW =0@>4=>W =0728,& 2>=8 =07820NBL A515  CAV=V , V ?V4 B0:8< V<5=5< 7=0NBL WE ACAV48 <a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="">[26]</a>. >6=0 707=0G8B8, I> :;0A8:8 <0@:A87<C 7=0;8 C:@0W=FV2 A0<5 ?V4 V<5=5< @CA8=V2. # 4>23><C ;8ABV =35;LA0 4> 0@:A0 (1851) 7 ?>;LAL:>3> ?8B0==O 7=0E>48<>:  '25@BL >;LIV 3>2>@8BL ?>-;8B>2AL:8, G25@BL ?>-@CA8=AL:8 <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 2AB@VO <0;0 ?>78B82=89 2?;82 =0 :C;LBC@=5, F5@:>2=5 V ?>;VB8G=5 ?V4=5A5==O 0;8G8=8, 2 B><C G8A;V =0 2V;L=89 @>728B>: 701>@>=5=8E >A:2>N @CAL:>-C:@0W=AL:>W <>28 B0 H:V;L=8FB20. )5 1787&nbsp;@. ?@8 L2V2AL:><C C=V25@A8B5BV 70A=>20=> 4;O @CA8=V2 =0C:>289 V=AB8BCB B.&nbsp;72.  Studium ruthenum . 0 ?>G0B:C XX&nbsp;AB. 2 0;8G8=V DC=:FV>=C20;> 15&nbsp;3V<=07V9 7 @CAL:>N (C:@0W=AL:>N) <>2>N =02G0==O. 0 1912&nbsp;@V:  1C;> 2 0;8G8=V 2420&nbsp;45@602=8E C:@0W=AL:8E =0@>4=VE H:V;, 2 =8E =02G0;> :@C3;> 4600&nbsp;C:@0W=AL:8E CG8B5;V2 <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>.  2 B>9 G0A ?V4 >AVTN =5 1C;> 6>4=>W C:@0W=AL:>W H:>;8. # L2V2AL:><C C=V25@A8B5BV ?@0FN20;8 C:@0W=AL:V :0D54@8 V 2 =540;5:V9 ?5@A?5:B82V <0;8 AB2>@8B8 >:@5<89 C:@0W=AL:89 C=V25@A8B5B. 0 :0D54@V VAB>@VW ?@0FN202 <091CB=V9 ?5@H89 ?@57845=B #:@0W=8  8E09;> @CH52AL:89. L2V2AL:5 0C:>25 ">20@8AB2> V<.&nbsp;".&nbsp;(52G5=:0 ?5@5B2>@8;>AO =0 =5>DVFV9=C C:@0W=AL:C 0:045<VN =0C:. @8T4=0==O 4> 2AB@V9AL:>W <>=0@EVW 0;8G8=8 (1772&nbsp;@.) C:@0W=FV @>7FV=N20;8 O:  CA<VH:C 4>;V , 1> 2>=0 AB0;0 V=B53@0;L=>N G0AB8=>N 2@>?8.  >A?>452V A;020, I> =5 2AO CAL ?>?0;0AO 2 ?>@>1C <>A:>2AL:C; I> ?V4 ;N4O=8< 15@;>< [A:V?5B@><] =0H>3> 02AB@89A:>3> F0@O >AB0TBLAO >4=0 G0ABL @CAL:>3> :@0N, 45 =0@>4>2V @CAL:><C A2>TW ?@0248 4><030B8AO V 70 :@824C 1@0B=L>W 75<;V A2V9 3>;>A ?V4=5AB8 2V;L=>. >EVA=CT<> 7 =0H>W 2>;V <a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title="">[29]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >3V:0 4>23>;VB=L>W 5B=>F84=>W ?>;VB8:8 45A?>B8G=>W >AVW 28<030;0 7030@10==O 0;8G8=8, C:>28=8 9 0:0@?0BBO, I>1 157 ?5@5H:>4 7025@H8B8 ?@>F5A 7=8I5==O (?>2=>W 0A8<V;OFVW) @CAL:>-C:@0W=AL:>3> 5B=>AC. <?5@AL:0 @>AV9AL:0 ?C1;VF8AB8:0 4>:>@O;0 F0@87<C C  =540;L=>284=>9 A=8AE>48B5;L=>AB8 8 CABC?G82>AB8 ?@8 @>74V;0E >;LIV, :>;8, <>2;O2, ?@>3028;8  8A:>==CN @CAA:CN 75<;N  0;8G8=C, C:>28=C, 0:0@?0BBO, 0 <>3;8 7030@10B8. A>1;82> C FL><C 2V47=0G0;8AO ?@>D. 8W2AL:>3> C=V25@A8B5BC 7=0=89 C:@0W=>D>1 $;>@8=AL:89 V, 7304C20=89 265, :8W2AL:89  ;C1 @CAA:8E =0F8>=0;8AB>2 . >;>=V70B>@8 ?>ABV9=> A:83;8;8:  =5 482;OG8AL =0 2;0AB82C 0B5@8=V&nbsp;II 35=V0;L=C ?5@5410G;82VABL, 2>=0 4>?CAB8;0 >4=C :>;>A0;L=C ?>;VB8G=C ?><8;:C: 2>=0 ?>3>48;0AO& =0 ?5@540GC 2AB@VW '5@2>=>W CAV B0 C:>28=8 <a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title="">[30]</a>. &V:02>, I> !>;65=VF8= 265 2 1996&nbsp;@. <5;0=E>;V9=> ?>2B>@82 728=C20G5==O $;>@8=AL:>3> V 9>3> :><?0=VW. &O 6 A0<0 ;>3V:0 0A8<V;OB>@0 ?@8<CA8;0 !B0;V=0 ?V4?8A0B8 7 VB;5@>< ?0:B 2 1939&nbsp;@., 70 O:8< 0EV4=0 #:@0W=0 2V4E>48;0 ?V4 ?@02;V==O >A:28. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 5B5@1C@7V 2 1908&nbsp;@. 1C;> 70A=>20=5  0;8F:>- CAA:>5 1I5AB2> 7 DV;VO<8 2 CAVE =09206;82VH8E <VAB0E >AVW. :B82VAB8  1I5AB20 , 7>:@5<0 3@.&nbsp;>1@8=AL:89, 70:;8:0;8 F0@O @>7?>G0B8 ?@>B8 2AB@VW 2V9=C, I>1 ?@8T4=0B8 4> >AVW 30;8FL:8E  @CAA:8E ;N459 . ;5 ;C=0;8 V ?@>B8;56=V, B25@57V 3>;>A8. 0?@8:;04, .&nbsp;C@=>2>, <V=VAB@ 2=CB@VH=VE A?@02 >AVW, ?>?5@546C202:  8H5 H0;5=5FL <>65 E>BVB8 ?@8T4=0B8 0;VFVN. %B> ?@8T4=0T 0;VFVN, 2B@0B8BL V<?5@VN <a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title="">[31]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1989&nbsp;@>FV, =0?5@54>4=V @>7?04C !>2TBAL:>3> !>N7C, 3>;>20 :><VAVW 7 =0FV>=0;L=8E ?8B0=L 5@E>2=>3> !>2TB0 !!!  C<O=F52 A:0@682AO ?5@54 6C@=0;VAB0<8, I> !B0;V= CA5 ?@028;L=> >1;0HBC202 V @810;B8:C, V !0E0;V= 7 C@8;0<8, V >;402VN, 0;5 7@>182 >4=C :0@48=0;L=C ?><8;:C  ?@8T4=02 0EV4=C #:@0W=C.   0?04=0O #:@08=0,  1V4:02AO F59 DC=:FV>=5@,  25G=0O 1>;L 3>;>2K . > @5GV, =07820;8 0;8G8=C 0;VFVTN ;8H5 >:C?0=B8 O: 7V !E>4C, B0: V 7 0E>4C. 09402=VHV C:@0W=AL:V =0728 T 0;8G, 0;8FL:0 5<;O, 0;8FL:0 #:@0W=0. 0720 0;8G 2?5@H5 70DV:A>20=0, :>;8 A8= /@>A;020 A<><8A;0, >;>48<8@, 2BV: C 1188&nbsp;@. =0 04O@I8=C. 0 @V: ?V7=VH5, C 1189&nbsp;@., 7CAB@VG0T<> ?5@HC 2 VAB>@VW 7304:C ?@> =072C  0;VFVO . &5 ?@8AB>A>20=0 4> ;0B8=AL:>W 28<>28 =0720 0;8G8=8. B>6 0;8G8=0  =09AB0@H0 VAB>@8G=0 V 728G0T20 =0720 FVTW 75<;V. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >AV9AL:V C:@0W=>D>18 @V7=>3> 30BC=:C 2V4 ?@>D5A>@V2 C=V25@A8B5BC 4> 35=5@0;V2 V7 35=5@0;L=>3> HB01C, 2@5HBV-@5HB, A?>=C:0;8 F0@AL:C >AVN @>72 O70B8 ?@>B8 2AB@>-#3>@I8=8 2V9=C, O:0 ?5@5@>A;0 2 5@HC A2VB>2C.  0640 7=8I5==O VT<>=BC C:@0W=AB20 2 02AB@V9AL:V9 #:@0W=V 1C;0 9 >48=>:>N 4V9A=>N B0 @VH0NG>N ?@8G8=>N, I> >AVO =V18 1>@>=OG8 !5@1VW, ?VH;0 2 2V9=C V7 2AB@VTN <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>. 65 =0 4@C389 45=L 2V9=8 (2.VIII.1914&nbsp;@.) @>AV9AL:V 2V9AL:0 74V9A=8;8 402=> ?V43>B>2;5=89 ?>EV4 2 0;8G8=C. 0E>?;5=0 7=5=0FL:0, 02AB@V9AL:0 0@<VO B8<G0A>2> 2V4ABC?8;0 4> ?5@520;V2 0@?0B. 4020;>AL, =0@5HBV 7@50;V7CTBLAO V<?5@AL:0 <@VO >A:28 >2>;>4VB8 =5=028A=8< 3=V74>< A5?0@0B8ABAL:>3> <075?8=AB20 V ?>:;0AB8 :@09 @CAL:>-C:@0W=AL:><C 5B=>AC. 0 ?>G0B:C A5@?=O 1914&nbsp;@., B>1B> ?VA;O >3>;>H5==O >AVTN 2V9=8 2AB@VW, C 8T2V 2V41C;8AO 71>@8 B.&nbsp;72.  0@?0B>- CAA:>3> A2>1>48B5;L=>3> :><8B5B0 . ><VB5B 28402 45AOB:0<8 B8AOG 5:75<?;O@V2 ?@>:;0<0FVN 4>  =>3>AB@040;L=>3> CAA:>3> 0@>40 0;8F:>9 75<;8! .  ?@>:;0<0FVW, 7>:@5<0, T B0:89 ?0A06:  >A;54=89 B2>9 ?>25;8B5;L 8 2@03  7;>?0<OB=0O 2AB@8O, =0?>A8;0AL =0 B2>N 4CHC, =0 B2>N 28@C, =0 B2>5 A;02=>5 8<O CAL, @CAA:89 <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. O4L:> F0@O, 2V= 65 @>AV9AL:89 3>;>2=>:><0=4CNG89, 725@=C2AO 4> =0A5;5==O 0;8G8=8 7 ?8E0B8< <0=VD5AB><, 28B@8<0=8< 2 4CAV ?0=<>A:>28BAL:>W V45>;>3VW:  !?04I8=0 A2.&nbsp;>;>48<8@0, 75<;O /@>A;020 A<><8A;0, :=O7V2 0=8;0 V ><0=0, A:8=C2H8 O@<>, E09 ?V4=5A5 ?@0?>@ T48=>W, 25;8:>W >AVW!.. %09 >A?>4L 4>?><>65 A2>T<C F0@AB25==><C ?><070=8:C 8:>;V ;5:A0=4@>28GC, V<?5@0B>@>2V 2AVTW >AVW, 7025@H8B8 4V;> 25;8:>3> 20=0 0;8B8 <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>. >AV9AL:0 2V4>720 4> 30;8FL:8E C:@0W=FV2 1914&nbsp;@>:C 72CG0;0:  CA8=8 8 0;8G0=8! <a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title="">[35]</a> </p> <p style="text-indent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nbsp;B8AOG >AV1, A5@54 =8E A0<>3> <8B@>?>;8B0 .&nbsp;(5?B8FL:>3>. # 1939 1944&nbsp;@>:0E  ?>2B>@8;> F5 C 7=0G=> 1V;LH8E <0AHB010E. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> B>@3=5==O 4> 0;8G8=8 <V;L9>==>W @>AV9AL:>W 0@<VW, =5 @0ECNG8 E<0@8 VA?@02=8:V2 B0 60=40@<V2, <0;> I5 9 V=HV =0A;V4:8. ?5@H5 C:@0W=AL:5 A5;O=AB2> 0;8G8=8, C:>28=8 V G0AB:>2> 0:0@?0BBO 7CAB@V;>AO 2VG-=0-2VG 7 B0:>N <0A>N @>AV9AL:>3> A5;O=AB20, 0 V=B5;V35=FVO <0;0 7<>3C >B@8<0B8 4>A2V4 A?V;:C20==O 7 @>AV9AL:8< >DVF5@AB2><. 0ABC?0;0 VAB>@8G=0 4>10: ?>@0 270T<>?V7=0==O V ?>@0 2B@0B8 V;N7V9. 0;8FL:V @CA8=8 2>G5284L ?5@5:>=0;8AO, I>  @CAA:VT 2V4  @CA8=V2 2V4@V7=ONBLAO 9 <>2>N, ?VA=O<8, >1@O40<8, A?>A>1>< 68BBO, 4><0H=V< V @>48==8< CAB@>T<, B@048FVO<8, >4O3>< V ?> ACBV, 2V@>A?>2V40==O<. CAB@VG V7 A>;40B0<8-C:@0W=FO<8, B56 A?@028;0  3;81>:5 2@06V==O 2 H8@>:8E =0@>4=VE 25@AB20E 0;8G8=8, I> 2 <0AV A2>W9 2?5@H5 7@>7C<V;8 9 2V4GC;8 B5>@5B8G=5 ?5@54 B8< 4;O =8E ?>=OBBO  #:@0W=0 , ?>GC;8 A2>N 1;87L:VABL 4> =5W, A?>@V4=5==O 7 =5N <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="">[36]</a>. 3V A2>3> 1>:C @>AV9AL:89 7030; 4V7=02AO, I> 2 2AB@VW, 73V4=> 7 ?5@5?8A>< =0A5;5==O 1910&nbsp;@., ?@>6820T G>B8@8 <V;L9>=8 AB> AV<45AOB B8AOG ;N459, O:V A2>N =0FV>=0;L=C ?@8=0;56=VABL >7=0GCNBL AB0@>402=V<, :=O68< 5B=>=V<><  @CA8= .   40;5:>9 >B =0A 2AB@>-5=35@A:>9 <>=0@E88, ?> >158< A:;>=0< 0@?0BA:8E 3>@, 2 0;8F88, C:>28=5 8 5=3@88, ?@>68205B @>4AB25==>5 =0< A;02O=A:>5 ?;5<O   @CA8=K <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="">[37]</a>. >BV< 02B>@:0 FVTW ?@>?030=482=>W 1@>HC@8 ?>OA=NT, I>  @CA8=8 T =5 EB> V=HV O:  <0;>@>A8 .  V=HV9 ?>4V1=V9 1@>HC@V B>3> 6 2>T==>3> G0AC B0: A0<> 3>2>@8BLAO ?@> G>B8@8 <V;L9>=8 @CA8=V2 2 2AB@>-#3>@I8=V, 0 40;V:  25@EC >B !O=0 682CB ?>;O:8, :=87C  @CA8=K, B> 5ABL B5 65 C:@08=FK, B@84F0BL <8;;8>=>2, :>B>@K5 F5;L=K< A?;>H=K< :CA:>< 70A5;ONB 25AL N3 >AA88 <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  =02545=8E ?C1;V:0FV9 2>T==>W ?>@8 =5A?@>AB>2=> 28?;820;>, I> =0 =5?V42;04=V9 >A:2V C:@0W=AL:V9 B5@8B>@VW ?>=04 G>B8@8 <V;L9>=8 ;N459 =07820;8 A515 ;VB>?8A=8< (IX %&nbsp;AB.) 5B=>=V<><  @CA8= . 0 ?8B0==O, EB> B0:V FV  @CA8=8 V O: 2>=8 A?V22V4=>AOBLAO 4>  @CAA:VE , 2V4?>2V4L 1C;0 >4=>7=0G=>N:  @CA8=8  C:@0W=FV (<0;>@>A8, E>E;8), 0  @CAA:VT  @>AVO=8 (<>A:0;V, :0F0?8). AB>@8: /.&nbsp;A0T28G 2V47=0G0T:  %0@0:B5@=>, I> A0<5 =0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE =094>2H5 715@V3AO VAB>@8G=89 5B=>=V<  @CA8= <a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title="">[39]</a>. !B>A>2=> B.&nbsp;72. 25;8:>@>AV2, B> 2>=8 =V:>;8, =V45 A515 @CA8=0<8 =5 =07820;8. @>B8AB02;5==O B5@<V=V2  @CA8=   @CAA:V9 28:;8:0;> V 28:;8:0T 2 <>A:>2AL:8E VAB>@8:V2 B0 ?C1;VF8ABV2 @>74@0BC20==O, 2>=8 =0<030NBLAO ?5@5:@CB8B8 FV B5@<V=8. '>@=>A>B5=AL:0 3075B0  852A:>5 !;>2> A:0@68;0AO =0 ?>G0B:C XX&nbsp;AB>;VBBO, I> @>AV9AL:0 ?@5A0,  15@O ?@8<5@ A 8=>AB@0==KE , <5H:0=FV2 0;8G8=8 =07820T =5?@028;L=> O:8<8AL  CA8=0<8 <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title="">[40]</a>. V4 @>AV9AL:8< 2?;82><, 3@C?0 C3>@AL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2 (V;>H, @=> B0&nbsp;V=.) ?8A0;0:  >;8AL 1C@6C07=V V45>;>38 =0<030;8AO ?5@5E@5AB8B8 C:@0W=FV2 ?V4 0@?0B0<8 =0 @CA8=V2, I>1 ?V4;><8B8 WE :@8;0. "V :@8;0, I> =5A;8 WE 2 @V4=89 :@09, 4> @V4=>W <0B5@V-#:@0W=8, 4> =V?@0 <a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title="">[41]</a>. &V:02>, O: B> 2 %&nbsp;AB. 1C@6C07=V V45>;>38 ?5@5E@5IC20;8 C:@0W=FV2 C @CA8=V2? @> =V18B> HBCG=5 V =5402=T CB2>@5==O =0728  @CA8= GC68=FO<8 B0 ?@> B5, I> =0720 FO =5 2V4=>A8;0AO 4> 6>4=>3> ?;5<5=V, ?8A02 =02VBL ?@57845=B '5E>A;>20FL:>W  5T4;8 <a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title="">[42]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  ACG0A=>W B>G:8 7>@C V<?5@V0;VAB8G=89 =0?04 >AVW =0 2AB@VN 1C2 4;O H8@>:8E C:@0W=AL:8E <0A G0A>< ?@>7@V==O, :>=A>;V40FVW B0 70A2>T==O =>2>3> 5B=>=V<C  C:@0W=5FL . 07@V20;0 =0FV>=0;L=0 @52>;NFVO. !?@0248;>AO ?5@5410G5==O <V=VAB@0 C@=>2>. </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>=0BN:&nbsp;.</i> 5F5=7VO // "(. 1902. ".&nbsp;48. !.&nbsp;38.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span lang="RU">[2]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;256.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span lang="RU">[3]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@8:&nbsp;.</i> (0D0@8: C @>;V AC44V 2 B5@<V=>;>3VG=><C C:@0W=AL:>-?>;LAL:><C A?>@V 1849&nbsp;@. // "(. 1929. ".&nbsp;150. !.&nbsp;262.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span lang="RU">[4]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@0I09:>&nbsp;.</i> '5AL:>-@CAL:V 270T<8=8. #63>@>4, 1923. !.&nbsp;8.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span lang="RU">[5]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>Havli ek-Borovsk&yacute;&nbsp;K.</i> Piatoly kutnohorsk&eacute; a vybran&eacute; lanky politick&eacute;. Praha, 1906. C.&nbsp;43 44.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span lang="RU">[6]</span></a> <span lang=RU>0 @V4=5 A;>2>! C:0GV2, 1937. !.&nbsp;60.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span lang="RU">[7]</span></a> <span lang=RU> >25A=0 ;VB>?8AL // 5B0. 1863. !&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;175.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span lang="RU">[8]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>3>=>2AL:89&nbsp;. </i>0@:VO= (0H:528G, ?@> T3> 68BBT V ?8AL<0. L2V2, 1886. !.&nbsp;93 94.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span lang="RU">[9]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>03@8=5FL&nbsp;. </i>)> 2 V<5=V B2>W<, #:@0W=>? // 5@602=VABL. 1995. !&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;46.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span lang="RU">[10]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>20;52&nbsp;.&nbsp;$.</i> -B=>=8<8O A;02O=A:8E O7K:>2. ><8=0F8O 8 A;>2>>1@07>20=85. >@>=56, 1991. !.&nbsp;92.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span lang="RU">[11]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>5@E@0BAL:89&nbsp;. </i>=04>18 4> ?V7=0==O C3@>@CA:8E 3>2>@V2 // "(. 1901. ".&nbsp;40. !.&nbsp;3.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span lang="RU">[12]</span></a> <span lang=RU>#:@0W=AL:0 ;VB5@0BC@0 XVIII&nbsp;AB. ., 1983. !.&nbsp;91.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span lang="RU">[13]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>=0BN:&nbsp;.</i> 5F5=7VO // "(. 1898. ".&nbsp;26. !.&nbsp;46.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span lang="RU">[14]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0:>259&nbsp;.</i>  VAB>@VW =0H>W DV;>;>3VW  B@8 30;8FL:V 3@0<0B8:8 (20= >38;L=8FL:89, >A8D 528FL:89 V >A8D >78=AL:89) // "(. 1903. ".&nbsp;51. !.&nbsp;14.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span lang="RU">[15]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. ".&nbsp;54. !.&nbsp;69.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span lang="RU">[16]</span></a> <span lang=RU>>@O 0;8FL:0. 1848. !&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;28.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span lang="RU">[17]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0:>259&nbsp;.</i>  VAB>@VW =0H>W DV;>;>3VW  B@8 30;8FL:V 3@0<0B8:8 (20= >38;L=8FL:89, >A8D 528FL:89 V >A8D >78=AL:89) // "(. 1903. ".&nbsp;51. !.&nbsp;45.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span lang="RU">[18]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>!B51;V9&nbsp;$.&nbsp;. </i> !;>2> ?5@5AB>@>38 .&nbsp;>4>;8=AL:>3> // #:@0W=AL:89 VAB>@8G=89 6C@=0;. 1966. !&nbsp;12. !.&nbsp;50.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span lang="RU">[19]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>PodoliDski&nbsp;Bazyli.</i> SBowo przestorogi. Sanok, [1848]. S.&nbsp;17; 5=F8:&nbsp;. CE>2=0 A5<V=0@VO C L2>2V // "(. 1996. ".&nbsp;211. !.&nbsp;298.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span lang="RU">[20]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>@525FL:89&nbsp;. </i>1>@>==0 >@30=V70FVO @CAL:8E A5;O= =0 30;8FL:>-C3>@AL:V< ?>3@0=8GC 2 1848 49&nbsp;@@. // "(. 1905. ".&nbsp;64. !.&nbsp;52.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span lang="RU">[21]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>CE=>28G .</i> "2>@8. @OHV2, 1968. ".&nbsp;. !.&nbsp;248.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span lang="RU">[22]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>V@G0:&nbsp;. </i>VB5@0BC@=V AB@5<;V==O V4:0@?0BAL:>W CA8. #63>@>4, 1937. !.&nbsp;98 99.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span lang="RU">[23]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>$54L:>28G&nbsp;.&nbsp;.. </i>"2>@8. L2V2, 1914. ".&nbsp;. !.&nbsp;114.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span lang="RU">[24]</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>.&nbsp;. </i>0A0@01AL:V C:@0W=FV // 0;T=40@-0;L<0=0E  !0<>ABV9=>AB8 =0 @V: 1937. '5@=V2FV, 1936. !.&nbsp;87.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span lang="RU">[25]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>;048H52AL:89&nbsp;. </i>0FV>=0;L=V =0728 ?5@H8E C:@0W=AL:8E ?>A5;5=FV2 C 0=04V // 0EV4=L>-0=04AL:89 71V@=8:. 4<>=B>=, 1973. !.&nbsp;16.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span lang="RU">[26]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"(. 1899. ".&nbsp;28. !.&nbsp;39.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span lang="RU">[27]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>#;LO=>2&nbsp;. </i>0<>;G0==K9 0@:A // .=>ABL. 1995. !&nbsp;4. !.&nbsp;54.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span lang="RU">[28]</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>5;5=AL:89&nbsp;. </i>V6 42><0 :>=5G=>ABO<8 // 235= >=>20;5FL B0 9>3> 4>10. N=E5=: 84 2> DC=40FVW V<.&nbsp;.&nbsp;>=>20;LFO, 1974. !.&nbsp;514.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span lang="RU">[29]</span></a> <span lang=RU> >25A=0 ;VB>?8AL // 5B0. 1863. !&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;176.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span lang="RU">[30]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>&0@8==K9&nbsp;. </i>#:@08=A:>5 42865=85 // #:@08=A:89 A5?0@0B87< 2 >AA88. 45>;>38O =0F8>=0;L=>3> @0A:>;0. .: >A:20, 1998. !.&nbsp;140.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span lang="RU">[31]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0?8A:0 .&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>C@=>2> 1914&nbsp;3. 0@86, 1942 // >20O 8 =>259H0O 8AB>@8O. 1998. !&nbsp;1. !.&nbsp;141.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span lang="RU">[32]</span></a> <span lang=RU>@>B8 70AC4C =0FV>=0;L=>W A<5@B8  70 A0<>ABV9=VABN V =570;56=VABN C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C! @>?0<OB=5 ?8AL<> C:@0W=AL:>W A>FVO;45<>:@0B8G=>W ?0@BVW 2 2AB@VW 4> !>FVO;VAB8G=>3> =B5@=0FV>=0;C. [.&nbsp;<.], 1916. !.&nbsp;10.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span lang="RU">[33]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>5B@>28G&nbsp;. </i>0;8G8=0 ?V4 G0A @>AV9AL:>W >:C?0FVW. [.&nbsp;<.], 1915. !.&nbsp;7.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span lang="RU">[34]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i> >70=>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> >9=0 1914&nbsp;3>40 8 @CAA:>5 2>7@>645=85. 5B@>3@04, 1915. !.&nbsp;95.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span lang="RU">[35]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>3CB&nbsp;. </i>#:@0W=0 V <>A:>2AL:89 V<?5@V0;V7<. [.&nbsp;<.], 1916. !.&nbsp;105.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span lang="RU">[36]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>@>H5=:>&nbsp;.</i> /: C:@0W=FV =044=V?@O=AL:V ?><030;8 A2>W< =044=VAB@O=AL:8< 1@0B0< C G0AV 0;8FL:>W CW=8 1914 1916&nbsp;@>:V2 // 0 283=0==V: ;L<0=0E. L2V2, 1925. !.&nbsp;22.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span lang="RU">[37]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>C;LDA>=&nbsp;-.&nbsp;!</i>. 0;8F8O 4> 5;8:>9 2@>?59A:>9 2>9=K. .: 0=0D848=0, 1915. !.&nbsp;3.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span lang="RU">[38]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>340=>28G&nbsp;. </i>'5@2>==0O CAL. /@>A;02;L, 1914. !.&nbsp;3.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span lang="RU">[39]</span></a><i> </i><span lang=RU><i>A0T28G&nbsp;/.</i> @>1;5<0 ?>E>465==O C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C: VAB>@V>3@0DVG=89 V ?>;VB8G=89 0A?5:B // #:@0W=0: C;LBC@=0 A?04I8=0, =0FV>=0;L=0 A2V4><VABL, 45@602=VABL. L2V2, 1995. 8?.&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;12.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span lang="RU">[40]</span></a> <span lang=RU> CAA:85 G8  CA8=8 ? // . 1900. ".&nbsp;10, :=.&nbsp;5. !.&nbsp;127.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span lang="RU">[41]</span></a> <span lang=RU> 04O=AL:0 #:@0W=0. 1959. 22&nbsp;AVG=O.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span lang="RU">[42]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>554;8&nbsp;.&nbsp; . </i>AB>@8O 0:0@?0BA:>9 CA8 4> XIV&nbsp;AB. // 725AB8O  !!! . !5@8O 8AB>@88 8 D8;>A>D88. 1945. !&nbsp;4. !.&nbsp;209.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155210"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><i><b><font size="4">XX. !>1>@=VAB</font></b></i><b><i><font size="4">L</font></i></b></span></a>&nbsp; <a name="XX_Sobornisc"></a> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 1 T4=0=8<, T48=8< V =5?>4V;L=8< 702648 ?@03=C2 1CB8 C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4. >  A>1>@>< ,  O: :065 ?@8A;V2 O,   V G>@B0 ?>1>@5< . 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 044=V?@O=I8=8, 4;O 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L, O:V 7 4@C3>W ?>;>28=8 XVIII&nbsp;AB. ?5@51C20;8 2 A:;04V 2AB@V9AL:>W V<?5@VW, 7<V=0 5B=>287=0G0;L=>3> B5@<V=C =5 1C;0 ?5:CG>N VAB>@8G=>N ?>B@51>N. &5 6 AB>AC20;>AO V  !@V1=>W 75<;V (0:0@?0BBO). 0 70EV4=8E 75<;OE ?>1CBC20;0 A5@54 =0A5;5==O A2V60 ?0< OBL ?@> :=O6C 4>1C, =5 ?5@5@820;8AO B@048FVW CAL:>W F5@:28, 70B@8<0;8AO 0@E0WG=V @8A8 <>28, BCB =5?>@CH=> 715@V302AO 2 ?>2AO:45==><C =0@>4=><C 268B:C A?>:>=2VG=89 5B=>=V<  @CA8= . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1030BV9 VAB>@8G=8<8 B@048FVO<8 0;8G8=V, O:0 7402=0 V7 A2>W< F5=B@>< L2>2>< 28ABC?0;0 2 @>;V 4@C3>3>, ?VA;O AB>;8G=>3> 8T20, :C;LBC@=>3> >A5@54:C C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, ?5@5EV4 =0 5B=>=V<  C:@0W=5FL @>7BO3=C2AO 1V;LH5 =V6 =0 ?V2AB>;VBBO. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;O V4=O =V A0< 5B=>=V< @CA8=, =V <0;>7@>7C<V;0 02AB@V9AL:8< =V<FO< @CAL:0 <>20 7030;>< =5 AB0=>28;8 O:>3>AL ?V428I5=>3> V=B5@5AC  35@<0=V70FVO @CA8=V2 ?VA;O  5A=8 =0@>4V2 =5 2E>48;0 265 2 @0EC1C. >728B>: VAB>@8G=8E ?@>F5AV2 ?> >18420 1>:8 2V4 @VG:8 1@CG, O:0 4V;8;0 B5@8B>@VN =0H>3> =0@>4C =0 @>AV9AL:C V 02AB@V9AL:C 709<0=I8=8, 28O282 WE=N =5AE>6VABL. # B>9 G0A, :>;8 2 >AVW 4CH8;8 =09<5=HV ?@>O28 C:@0W=AL:>3> 2V4@>465==O, ?V4 2AB@VTN =0FV>=0;L=>-:C;LBC@=5 V ?>;VB8G=5 2V4@>465==O 0;8G8=8 ?>G8=0T 2V;L=> @>72820B8AO 2V4 1848&nbsp;@., 2V4 7=5A5==O ?0=I8=8. @>B5 2 C<>20E 15745@602=>ABV 74V9A=8B8 ?5@5EV4 ?5@5206=> A5;O=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L =0 =>289 5B=>=V< 1C;> A:;04=8< 70240==O<. "@510 1C;> 74>;0B8 >?V@ :>=A5@20B82=8E, C?5@B8E V 70BOB8E 30;8FL:8E @CA8=V2, 0 B0:>6 >?V@ 45@602=>W 04<V=VAB@0FVW 0;8G8=8, O:0 ?5@51C20;0 B>4V C 2>@>68E ?>;LAL:8E @C:0E. > B>3> 6 C FN A?@02C 0:B82=> 2B@CG0;0AO F0@AL:0 >E@0=:0, ?V4B@8<CNG8 @>7:>;L=8FL:C B5GVN 2 ACA?V;LAB2V, 2V4><C ?V4 =072>N <>A:2>DV;LAB2>. !B@86=5< CAVTW 4VO;L=>ABV <>A:2>DV;V2 1C;0 O:@07 1>@>BL10 7 =>28< 5B=>=V<><  C:@0W=5FL , 1> >A=>2>N <>A:2>DV;LAL:>W V45>;>3VW 1C;0 ?>2=0 =530FVO =0FV>=0;L=>W A0<>ABV9=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C. @>B5 WE 7CA8;;O 1C;8 <0@=8<8:  "@048FV9=> 2V4><V O: @CA8=8, 01> @CB5=FV, 2>=8 AB0;8 B5?5@ ?5@59<0B8 =072C C:@0W=FV2, B> 1C;0 @50:FVO =0 E81=89 V >1@07;8289 O@;8:  <0;>@>AV2 , 283040=89 4;O =8E F0@0B><. (#:@0W=5FL  F5 ?@>AB> ?>;VB8G=> A2V4><89 @CB5=5FL). C;LBC@=5 ?@>1C465==O C:@0W=FV2 25;8:>N <V@>N 1C;> AB8<C;L>20=5 ?>5B8G=>N B2>@GVABN "0@0A0 (52G5=:0 (1814 1861), ?>;VB8G=5 ?@>1C465==O =01@0;> B5<?C =0?@8:V=FV AB>@VGGO.  >AVW C:@0W=FV 7VB:=C;8AO 7 @568<><, I> 2V4<>2;O2AO 287=020B8 WE=T VA=C20==O, 22060NG8 WE 70 @5�V>=0;L=C @>AV9AL:C <5=H8=C V 4>72>;ONG8 W< ;8H5 >4=C @5;V3V9=C :>=D5AVN  @>AV9AL:5 ?@02>A;02 O.  2AB@VW, 45 @CA8=8 <0;8 1V;LHC :C;LBC@=C B0 ?>;VB8G=C A2>1>4C, 2>=8 715@53;8 C=V0BAL:C 2V@C V 4C65 ?>2V;L=> ?5@59<0;8 =072C C:@0W=FV2. 0 7;0<V AB>@VG 02AB@V9AL:V C:@0W=FV 265 >@30=V7C20;8 H8@>:><0AHB01=5 H:V;L=8FB2> @V4=>N <>2>N <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> A:V;L:8 ?5@5EV4 4> =>2>3> 5B=>287=0G0;L=>3> B5@<V=C 1C2 @CE>< G8AB> V45>;>3VG=8<, B> >G>;8B8 9>3> <0;0 V=B5;V35=FVO. ;O FL>3> ?>B@V1=0 1C;0 35=5@0FVO 28@>1;5=8E ?>;VB8G=> B0 V459=> ?@>2V4=8:V2, I> FV;5A?@O<>20=> V =57;0<=> ?>25;8 1 =0@>4 70 A>1>N.  B0:0 35=5@0FVO V=B5;5:BC0;V2, C A;CH=89 G0A, 7 O28;0AO =0 30;8FL:V9 75<;V. 7 ?;5O48 B>4VH=VE A;02=8E =0FV>=0;L=8E ;V45@V2, O:V ?5@5E@5AB8;8 30;8FL:8E @CA8=V2 =0 C:@0W=FV2, 4>AB0B=L> 281@0B8 ;8H5 B@8 ?>AB0BV: F5  VAB>@8: @CH52AL:89, ?8AL<5==8: $@0=:>, <8B@>?>;8B (5?B8FL:89. ;O ACG0A=8:V2 FV 35=V0;L=V >A>18AB>ABV, O:8<8 <V3 18 ?8H0B8AO 1C4L-O:89 T2@>?59AL:89 =0@>4, 22060;8AO 28I8<8 02B>@8B5B0<8. !0<5 2>=8 ?5@5E8;8;8 >AB0B>G=V B5@578 =0 :>@8ABL 5B=>=V<C  C:@0W=5FL . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # @>AV9AL:V9 VAB>@V>3@0DVW 4> AL>3>4=V ?>1CBCT CO2;5==O, I> ?5@5EV4 =0 =>289 5B=>=V< 2 0;8G8=V 1C2 74V9A=5=89 7024O:8 02AB@V9AL:>-:0B>;8FL:V9 V=B@87V.  V45=L V 0B8:0= ?>A?VE>< 3>BC20;8 0;VFVN =0 @>;L  C:@0W=AL:>3>  T<>=BC , ?5@5B2>@NNG8 @CA8=V2 (A0<>=0720 30;8G0= 4> ?>G0B:C XX&nbsp;AB.) 2 C:@0W=FV2, 2=>AOG8 ;>7C=3 2A5C:@0W=AL:>W T4=>ABV, >1VFONG8 2 <091CB=V9 2V9=V 2V4@82 0;>@>AVW 2V4 >AVW <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. /: 10G8<>, @>AV9AL:V VAB>@8:8 B0:V ?>=OBBO O: ?0B@V>B87<, =0FV>=0;L=0 A2V4><VABL AB>A>2=> C:@0W=FV2 =5 15@CBL 4> C2038. !:@V7L ;8H5 2>=8 4> AL>3>4=V 74810NBL V=B@83C V 7<>2C GC6>75<FV2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 0;8G8=V O:89AL G0A 26820;8AO ?0@0;5;L=V B5@<V=8: CAL-#:@0W=0, @CAL:>-C:@0W=AL:89 01> C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:89. ?5@H5 WE 2682 C 1866&nbsp;@. 02;8= !2T=FVFL:89, ?>B><>: 35BL<0=0 83>2AL:>3>, C @5403>20=><C =8< 6C@=0;V  SioBo , 3>2>@OG8 ?@> ?@8A2OG5==O FL>3> 6C@=0;C  A?@020< ;N4>28< C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:8< . >2=89 703>;>2>: 6C@=0;C 1C2 B0:8<:  SioBo. Pismo zbiorowe, po[wicone rzeczom ludowym ukraiDsko-ruskim . # ?5@H><C 7>H8BV, O:89 ?>O282AO 2 ;8?=V 1866&nbsp;@., C  ABC?=><C A;>2V @540:FVO ?V4:@5A;8;0:  0 ?@>AB>@V 2V4 0;BV9AL:>3> <>@O 4> '>@=>3>, 2V4 02:07C ?>70 0@?0B8 10G8<> >AV;89 ? OB=04FOB8<V;L9>==89 =0@>4, I> 3>2>@8BL >4=>N <>2>N, I> <0T A?V;L=V 728G0W V >18G0W, A:@V7L 2V@=89 A2>W< B@048FVO< V >4=C ;5;VT =04VN . 0 A2V4G5==O< 20=0 $@0=:0:  !:V;L:8 7=0T<>, 2;0A=5 !2T=FVFL:><C =0;568BL ?5@H><C B5@<V=  C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:89 <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. !0<5 4;O >7=0G5==O A>1>@=>ABV 02;8= !2T=FVFL:89, O:89 ?V4?8AC202AO ?A524>=V<><  02;> !2V9 , 2682 E>@>=V< #:@0W=0- CAL  4;O ?@>B8AB02;5==O 4> =072 5;8:0 CAL B0 V;>@CAL. &5 9>3> =>2>CB2>@5==O 2V4@07C O:>AL =5 ?@868;>AO  BV;L:8 7024O:8 ?@0FO< 8E09;0 @CH52AL:>3> B0 20=0 $@0=:0 AB0;> 7030;L=>287=0=8< C =0C:>2><C B0 ?C1;VF8AB8G=><C AB8;OE C:@0W=AL:>W <>28 <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. @> 70A;C38 02;8=0 !2T=FVFL:>3> 2 @>728B:C =0FV>=0;L=>W A0<>A2V4><>ABV 30;8FL:8E C:@0W=FV2 ?8H5 G8<0;> 4>A;V4=8:V2 <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. 07>< V7 !2T=FVFL:8< ?V>=5@>< 2?@>20465==O 2 0;8G8=C B5@<V=C  C:@0W=AL:89 , ?>@O4 7V A;>2><  @CAL:89 , 1C2 >48= V7 70A=>2=8:V2  @>A2VB8 , A2OI5=8: !B5D0= 0G0;0. # 1871&nbsp;@. .&nbsp;C;VH B0 .&nbsp;C;N9 2840;8  >289 02VB C ?5@5:;04V  <>2>N @CAL:>-C:@0W=AL:>N . .&nbsp;@CH52AL:89 =07202 A2>N DC=40<5=B0;L=C ?@0FN  AB>@VTN #:@0W=8- CA8 , 0 .&nbsp;$@0=:> =0?8A02  0@8A VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 4> 1890&nbsp;@>:C . 0@0;5;L=V B5@<V=8 =018@0;8 I>@07 H8@H>3> @>7?>2AN465==O. # ?>70F5=7C@=><C 65=52AL:><C 6C@=0;V  @><040 2 1880&nbsp;@. 1C;0 >?C1;V:>20=0  @>3@0<0 70 ?V4?8A0<8 .&nbsp;@03><0=>20, .&nbsp;02;8:0 V !.&nbsp;>4>;8=AL:>3>, 2 O:V9, 7>:@5<0, ?@>3>;>HC20;>AO:  #:@0W=>N <8 725<> 2AN AB>@>=C 2V4 25@EC @.&nbsp;"VAA8 2 B5?5@VH=V< 5=35@AL:V< :>@>;52AB2V, =0 70E>4V A>=FO, 4> @.&nbsp;>=C =0 AE>4V 9 C10=AL:C 75<;N 2 B5?5@VH=V< >AV9AL:V< F0@AB2V,  2V4 25@EC @.&nbsp;0@528 =0 ?V2=>GV 4> '>@=>3> <>@O =0 ?V24=V,  >AL CAN BC 75<;N, 45 3C@B =0@>4C 3>2>@8BL C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N.  FV9 AB>@>=V =091V;LH0 G0AB8=0 2AVE 74>1C20GV2,  A5 1 B> E;V1>@>1V2 V @>1VB=8:V2,  C:@0W=FV2. 0?@>B8 B>3>, 25;8:0 G0AB8=0 GC68=FV2: ?>;O:V2, 684V2, =V<FV2, 25=3@V2, <>A:28=V2& "5?5@ 2;0A=5 FV GC68=FV, :>B@8E =0A;0;8 =0 #:@0W=C BV 45@6028, I> 4> =8E ?@8AB0;8, ?0=CNBL =04 C:@0W=FO<8 <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >?5@54=L> 7304C20;>AO ?@> B5, I> AB2>@5=0 C L2>2V 2 1848&nbsp;@.  >;>2=0 CAL:0 040 725@=C;0AO V7 <0=VD5AB>< 4> =0@>4C, 28AC20NG8 V45N A>1>@=>ABV 2AVE @CA8=V2 =0 2AVE 5B=>3@0DVG=8E B5@8B>@VOE. # 6>2B=V 1885&nbsp;@. C L2>2V CB2>@8;0AL 0@>4=0 040, ?>;VB8G=5 :5@V2=8FB2> 30;8FL:8E =0@>4>2FV2 7 .;V0=>< ><0=GC:>< =0 G>;V.  V459=>3> ?>3;O4C 2>=0 1C;0 ?@>4>265==O<  >;>2=>W CAL:>W 048 . @>3@0<0 0@>4=>W 048 ?V4B25@46C20;0 V45N A>1>@=>ABV, 2=>AOG8 E0@0:B5@=V B5@<V=>;>3VG=V :>@5:B828: </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  8 CA8=8 30;8FL:V, G0ABL =0@>4C @CAL:>-C:@0W=AL:>3> 28AH5 20 B8 <V;V>=>2>3>, <0NG8 70 A>1>N B8AOG8;VB=C <8=C2HVABL VAB>@8G=C,  =0@>4C, I>, CB@0B82H8 A0<>4VO;L=VABL 45@602=C, 1>@>2AO 2V:0<8 70 A2>W ?@020 45@602=>-?>;VB8G=V, 0 =V:>;8 =5 7@V:AO V =5 7@V:0TAO ?@02 A0<>ABV9=>3> =0@>4C,  O: ?5@2VA=V 68B5;V CA8 30;8FL:>W, :>B@C ?> @>71>@V >;LIV ?@8;CG5=> 4> 2AB@VW, =0 >A=>2V 402=VE ?@5B5=AV9 :>@>=8 C3>@AL:>W,  =09H>2H8 2 45@602V 02AB@V9AL:V9, ?5@H5 7 2>;V <>=0@EV2 02AB@V9AL:8E, 0 2V4B0: A8;>N :>=AB8BCFVW, CA;V2O 4> A2>1V4=>3> @>72>N =0FV>=0;L=>3>  ?@845@6CNG8 AO A5@54 B5?5@VH=VE >1AB028= 45@602=>-?>;VB8G=8E 70O2;5=L ?@>3@0<>28E:  048 =0@>4=>W @CAL:>W 7 @>:C 1848 3>, ?5@H8E 7030;L=8E 71>@V2  0@>4=>W 048 7 @>:C 1888 3>, @CAL:8E =0@>4=8E ?>A;V2 AB0=>28E 7 @>:C 1890 3> V @CAL:8E ?>A;V2 048 45@602=>W 7 @>:C 1891 3> ?>AB0=>2;OT<: </p> <p style='line-height:13.0pt'> . %>G5<> 2A5AB>@>==>3> V A2>1V4=>3> @>72>N =0H>W @CAL:>W =0@>4=>AB8, O:> A0<>ABV9=>W =0@>4=>AB8 A;>2O=AL:>W... <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 57010@>< ?> B><C C 6>2B=V 1890&nbsp;@, 70A=>20=> 2 0;8G8=V =>2C ?>;VB8G=C ?0@BVN ?V4 B0:>N =072>N:  CA:>-C:@0W=AL:0 @048:0;L=0 ?0@BVO . !>1>@=8FL:0 V45O 7=09H;0 A2>T 2V4>1@065==O V 2 ?@>3@0<>28E 70A040E :8W2AL:>3>  @0BAB20 "0@0AV2FV2 1893&nbsp;@., 45, 7>:@5<0, 70?8A0=>:  ;O =0A AL2V4><8E C:@0W=FV2 TABL >48= C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:89 =0@>4. #:@0W=0 2AB@V9AL:0 V #:@0W=0 >A89AL:0 >4=0: =0< @V4=V <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. VA;O 25;8G02>3> A>1>@=8FL:>3> A2OB:C20==O AB>@VG=>3> N2V;5N (1898&nbsp;@.) ?>O28  =5W48 >B;O@52AL:>3>, 2 O:><C 1@0;8 0:B82=C CG0ABL 30;8G0=8 V 1C:>28=FV,  =0ABC?8;> B0:>6 CABV9=5=O 2 >7=0GC20==V =0728 =0H>W =0FVW: 70<VABL  @CAA:89 ,  @CAL:89 ,  CA8= ,  CAL A0<>G8==> 2>;5N =0H>3> =0@>4C ?@89H;> 4> C6820==O:  C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:89 ,  C:@0W=5FL V  #:@0W=0- CAL O: ?5@5EV4 4>  C:@0W=AL:89 V  #:@0W=0 <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  90 E @>:V2 XIX&nbsp;AB. 2 0;8G8=V B0 =0 C:>28=V ?>G0;0 7 O2;OB8AO =87:0 VAB>@8:>-?C1;VF8AB8G=8E @>72V4>:, 25;8:0 :V;L:VABL AB0B59 2 G0A>?8A0E, ?>?C;O@=8E A5@54 =0@>4C :0;5=40@OE ?@> =5>1EV4=VABL ?@89=OB8 =>289 A>1>@=89 5B=>287=0G0;L=89 B5@<V=. '5@57 H8@>:C <5@56C G8B0;5=L  @>A2VB8 , G5@57 H:>;C V, =02VBL, G5@57 ?@>?>2V4V ?0B@V>B8G=8E A2OI5=8:V2, 3>2>@8;>AO ?@> =>289 5B=>=V<. 0B@V>B8 @>7C<V;8, I> A?V;L=89 5B=>=V< 1C2 4;O C:@0W=FV2 =04728G09=> ?>B@V15=.  4=0: ?@868202AO 2V= 7 25;8:8<8 B@C4=>I0<8, V F59 ?@>F5A B@8202 4>2>;V 4>23>.  ?V402AB@V9AL:V9 0EV4=V9 #:@0W=V V=VFV0B>@0<8 ?5@5E>4C 7 =0728  @CA8=8 =0 =072C  C:@0W=FV 1C;8 =0@>4>2FV <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. >1@5 ?@8A;C68;8AO A?@02V I>@VG=V 15@57=52V 70E>48 =0 G5ABL A?V2FO #:@0W=8 (52G5=:0. C;LB (52G5=:0, I> 28=8: B>4V 2 0;8G8=V V ?>H8@82AO ?> 2AV9 #:@0W=V, 1C2 =5 :C;LB>< >A>18,  0 :C;LB>< V45W, I> ;568BL 2 >A=>2V =0H>W =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. # A2OB:>28E 4>?>2V4OE 7 FVTW =03>48, 2 BV9 G8 V=HV9 D>@<V, 72CG0;0 =0720  #:@0W= . AL B8?>289 C@82>: 7 >4=VTW V7 B0:8E 4>?>2V459:  0H><C =0@>4>28, @>74V;5=><C :>@4>=0<8, ?@8A2VGCT (52G5=:V2 35=V9 O: 4>A2VB=O 7V@=8FO. 82;OG8AL =0 BC 7>@N  A?><8=0NG8 "0@0A0  C:@0W=FV ?> AV< V ?> BV< 1>FV :>@4>=C C;VB0NBL 2 4C<:0E 2 :@0W=C 9>3> V450;V2  ?>GC20NBL A515 1;86G8<8, @V4=VH8<8, GCNBL BC A0<C :@>2 C 68;0E, ?>GC20NBL ?@8;82 =0FV>=0;L=>W 5=5@3VW V A8;8  V 2V@OBL B25@4>, I> ?@894CBL I0A;82VHV 2V4 =0A ?>:>;V==O, A?>2=OBL FV;89 70?>2VB =0H>3> 35=VO, 0 B>4V A?><O=CBL 9>3> 2 >1=>2;5=V9 2>;L=V9 #:@0W=V! <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # A2>T<C 7=0<5=8B><C 725@=5==V 4> <>;>4V 20= $@0=:> ?8A02:  8 <CA8<> =02G8B8AO GCB8 A515 C:@0W=FO<8, =5 30;8FL:8<8, =5 1C:>28=AL:8<8 C:@0W=FO<8, 0 C:@0W=FO<8 157 >DVFVO;L=8E :>@4>=V2 <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 2B>@8B5B=0 A5@54 =0@>4C 0;8G8=8 3@5:>-:0B>;8FL:0 &5@:20 0:B82=> A?@8O;0 7<V=V 5B=>=V<C. 0;8FL:V <>A:2>DV;8 7 B>3> ?@82>4C 728=C20GC20;8 <8B@>?>;8B0 (5?B8FL:>3> 2 B><C, I> 2V=  2>@>689 @>AV9AL:><C =0@>4>2V , 4>@V:0;8 70 70<V=C A;>20  @CAA:89 A;>2><  C:@0W=AL:89 <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >ABC?>2> 30;8G0=8 ?@89<0;8 A>1>@=V B5@<V=8  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL O: A2>T =0FV>=0;L=5 V< O. 1V@=8: V=D>@<0FV9=8E, ?C1;VF8AB8G=8E V ?@>3@0<>2>-B5>@5B8G=8E <0B5@V0;V2  65=52AL:0  @><040 , 2V47=0G0;0, I> 265  7 1861&nbsp;@. 2 0;8G8=V 7 O282AO FV;89 3C@B <>;>48E ABC45=BV2, =0720=8E C:@0W=FO<8, =0@>4>28<8 01> <O3:8<8 @CA8=0<8, :>B@V :070;8, I> 30;8FL:89 =0@>4 >4=0:89 7 C:@0W=AL:8< 2 >AVW <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. 48= 7 B8E =>28E ?0B@V>BV2 .&nbsp;0@2V=AL:89 C A2>WE ?V4@CG=8:0E 4;O CG8B5;LAL:8E A5<V=0@V9 V 3V<=07V9 0;8G8=8  22V2 =072C C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:89 <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. "0:0 7<V=0 C =072V ?@8=5A;0 >G5284=V =57@CG=>ABV, 0;5 2>=0 1C;0 ?@>48:B>20=0 1060==O< =03>;>A8B8 <>@0;L=C T4=VABL V7 044=V?@O=AL:>N #:@0W=>N, 0 B0:>6 @VHCGVABN C=8:=CB8 1C4L-O:>3> ?>40;LH>3> 7<VHC20==O  CAV 7  >AVTN <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0E>40<8 C:@0W=FV2 7 8T20 2 1873&nbsp;@. C L2>2V 70A=>20=> 0C:>25 ">20@8AB2> V<.&nbsp;(52G5=:0. 0 7@07>: :045<VW 0C:, ">20@8AB2> 284020;> 02B>@8B5B=V =0C:>2V  0?8A:8 ("(). # 1902&nbsp;@. @540:FVO "( 28ABC?8;0 7 =0ABC?=>N 70O2>N:  DVF8O;L=0 =0720, ?@89=OB0 2 28402=8FB20E 0C:. B>2. V<.&nbsp;(52G5=:0 B0 V 2 7=0G=V9 G0AB8=V 8=LH8E 28402=8FB2   #:@0W=0- CAL 01>  CAL-#:@0W=0 ,  #:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:89 , 2 7=0GV==N C:@0W=AL:0 CAL, C:@0W=AL:89 CA8=, 4;O 2V4@V6=5==O 2V4 8=LH8E !;>2O=, I> ?@8:;040NBL 4> A515 @CAL:C =072C  CA8 >A:>2AL:>W, V;>W. "0< 45 =5?>@>7C<V==N =5<0 <VAFO, <>65 1CB8 C6820=0 4;O :>@>B:>AB8 ?@>AB0 =0720 CAL, CA8=. @>B5  C:@0W=AL:89 , ?>:8 I5 =5 CB5@;>AO 2?>2=V 2 7=0GV==N =0F8>=0;L=>W =0728, <>65 45 I> 482=> 72CG0B8, ?@8;>65=5 4> G0AV2 402=V9H8E, 0;5 4;O =>2V9H8E G0AV2 2?>2=V <>65 C6820B8AO 2 7=0GV==N  C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:89 . ;O BVA=V9H>3> >7=0G5==O =0H>W CA8 A;>2>  C:@0W=AL:89 2?>2=V =040TBLAO, 1> O: @07 7  C:@0W=AL:>N G0AB8=>N =0H>W B5@8B>@VW 9 =0@>40 72O70=89 =09OA=V9H89 ?@>1;8A: =0H>W =0F8>=0;L=>W AL2V4><>AB8 9 =0@>4=L>W A8;8 (2 XVII&nbsp;2.), B><C 2>=> 9 1C;> 2V4 ?>G0B:V2 =0H>3> 2V4@>465==O C6820=5 2 ;VB5@0BC@V. 8=V 2>=> C65 CAL2OG5=5 =0H>N :C;LBC@=>N VAB>@8TN <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1907&nbsp;@>FV ?VA;O 281>@V2 A5@54 ?>A;V2 4> V45=AL:>3> ?0@;0<5=BC 28=8:;0 AC?5@5G:0, O: =0720B8 A2>N @5?@575=B0FVN: @CAL:0, <0;>@CAL:0 G8 C:@0W=AL:0? 5@5<>3;0 =0720 C:@0W=AL:0. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5;8:>3> 2?;82C =01@0;0 B>4V :=86:0 .&nbsp;&535;LAL:>3>, =0?8A0=0 2 A>1>@=><C 4CAV. >:@5<0, 2 =V9 ?8A0;>AO:  0HV 70:>@4>==V 1@0BBO 2 >AVW <CAV;8 70=5E0B8 V< O  CAL V  @CAL:V9 , 0 ?@89=OB8 V< O  #:@0W=0 , 018 B8< A?>A>1>< 2V4@V6=8B8AO 2V4  CAA:8E (B.&nbsp;T. >A:0;V2). V, <8 0;8G0=5 =5 <>65<> 2V4@5G8AO 2V4 V<5=V  CAL ,  CA8= , B0: O: C6820NBL WE 2 A;>2V V ?8AL<V, 4>1@5 7=0T<>, I> BV A;>20 7=0G0B B> A0<>, I>  #:@0W=0 V  C:@0W=AL:89 . 8 7=0T<>, I> CAL V #:@0W=0 B> 2A5 >4=>, I> B> >4=0 V B0 A0<0 75<;O, B0: A0<> O: CA8=8 V #:@0W=FV B> >48= V B>9 65 =0@>4 <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;O 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 2G8B5;V2 1C2 28?CI5=89 A?5FV0;L=89 =><5@ ?5403>3VG=>3> 6C@=0;C V7 B;C<0G5==O< ?>B@518 7<V=8 5B=>=V<C.  >;8 <8 1060T<> 1CB8 >4=>N =0FVTN 7 >4=>N <>2>N, B> <CA8<> C6820B8 9 >4=>W BV;L:> =0FV>=0;L=>W =0728. )>18 A5 AB0;>AO, ?>B@510 265 @07 C25AB8 C H:>;C 9 C@O4 >48= 7030;L=>=0FV>=0;L=89 B5@<V=:  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL ,  C:@0W=AL:89 , 0 402=89 ?>;8H8B8 B8< G8< 2V= 1C2 V T, A51B> VAB>@8G=8< B5@<V=>< <a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title="">[20]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @>F5A ?5@5E>4C 4> A?V;L=>W =0728 30;L<C20;8, @>73>@=C2H8 1C@E;82C 4VO;L=VABL, @V7=><0=VB=V B0T<=V V O2=V 035=B8 F0@AL:>W 45A?>BVW. # EV4 ?CAB8;8 2A5: ?V4:C? 2 O:=09H8@H><C @>7<V@V (@C1;V2 =5 H:>4C20;8), >1VFO=:8, H0=B06, 0 B0:>6 25@1C20==O =52V3;0AV2-V450;VABV2 B8?C >BFO .&nbsp;0C<>28G0. 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V H?0;LB B8E 3075B>: ?VH;8 3C;OB8 ?> A2VBC B0:V, =0?@8:;04, =54>@5G=>ABV, I>  B5?5@ @CA8=8 2 0;8G8=V ?>GC20NBL A515 265 =5 @CA8=0<8, 0 @>AVO=0<8 <a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="">[24]</a>. =H89 70?5:;89 <>A:2>DV;, >=G0;>2AL:89, 7<VIC202 ?>=OBBO 5B=>=V<C 2 ?;>I8=C ?>;VFV9=C, @>1;OG8 4>=>A, I>, <>2;O2, C:@0W=AB2>  AE8;OTBLAO ?5@54 ?>;LAL:>-684V2AL:>-=V<5FL:8<8 A>FV0;VAB0<8 <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="">[25]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >@>BL10 <V6 C:@0W=FO<8 (=0@>4>2FO<8) V <>A:2>DV;0<8 >B@CW;0 =0 4>23V @>:8 (?@0:B8G=> 4> 1918&nbsp;@., @5<V=VAF5=FVW B@820;8 9 4>2H5) 3@><04AL:5 68BBO 2 0;8G8=V. 8@VH0;L=5 7=0G5==O C BV9 1>@>BL1V 2V4V3@0;0, O: C65 1C;> 707=0G5=>, ?@>1;5<0 5B=>=V<C. >A:2>DV;8, A?5:C;NNG8 B@048FV9=8<8 4;O 70EV4=8E C:@0W=FV2 5B=>=V<0<8  @CA8= ,  CAL , 4>2>48;8 73V4=> 7 1060==O< A2>WE E;V1>402FV2, I> 2V= B>B>6=89 4> =072  @CAA:89 ,  >AAVO . 0@>4>2FV 70?5@5GC20;8 B0:C ;65B>B>6=VABL. 82=>, 0;5 .&nbsp;@03><0=>2 AB02 =0 1V: <>A:2>DV;V2. V= ?5@5@>182 AB0@89 @82>=>AV2AL:89 <0@H  59 =5 482C9B5, 4>1@VW ;N48&  , 7 =04VTN I> 2V= AB0=5 C:@0W=AL:8< 3V<=><: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:6.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <i> ?V2=VG=>N CAAN =5 7;><8< A>N7C:</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:70.9pt;"> <i>8 7 =5N 1;87=OB0 ?> @>4C...</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:70.9pt;"> <i>"8, CA8= ?V2=VG=89, >45= V7 2AVE 1@0BV2</i> </p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:13.2pt; margin-top:6.6pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:70.9pt;"> <i>5;8:5 7;>682 3>AC40@AB2></i><a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><i>[26]</i></a> <i>.</i> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @03><0=>2 =02>48BL 45:V;L:0 25;L<8 ?;CB0=8E V, 3>;>2=5, =5?@028;L=8E 7 VAB>@8G=>3> 1>:C 0@3C<5=BV2 =0 :>@8ABL  <>A:2>DV;LAL:>W B578. >?@8 B5, 70A;C3>2CT =0 C203C 3;81>:5 @>7C<V==O .&nbsp;@03><0=>28< 206;82>ABV ?@>1;5<8 5B=>=V<V2.  "CB 7CAB@VG0T<> C?5@54 CAL>3> B>G=V ?@0FV, 7 B5@<V=>;>3VTN, ?@89=OB>N 4> FL>3> C 30;8FL:8E =0@>4>2FV2, ?> :>B@V9 ;VB5@0BC@0 @>AV9AL:0 T A8=>=V< 25;8:>@CAL:>W V TABL G5@57 B5 I>AL =5 BV;L:8 >4<V==5, 0;5 V ?@>B82=5 4> ;VB5@0BC@8 <0;>@CAL:>W, 01> O: :06CBL C 0;8G8=V, @CAL:>W. &O B5@<V=>;>3VO <0T A2V9 :>@V=L C BV9 @V6=8FV, :>B@C C 0;8G8=V ?@>2>4OBL <V6 CAAN, 0 >AVTN. 8B0==O ?@> FN @V6=8FN 4C65 206=5, 1> 7 BVTW D>@<C;8, O:C ?@> F5 4V;> ?>AB028<>, 28E>4OBL ?@5206=V 282>48, B>@:0NGV =5 BV;L:8 CAV ;VB5@0BC@=>-:C;LBC@=V 4V;0 25;8:>3> :@0N >4 0@?0B 4> #@0;C, 0;5 =02VBL V ?>;VB8G=5 68BBO FL>3> :@0N <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0@B> BCB B0:>6 73040B8 5B=>=V<VG=V 2?@028  ?>;CC:@0W=FO , 70 9>3> 2;0A=8<8 A;>20<8, 01>, O: 9>3> A2>3> G0AC =07820;8,  10=45@V2FO 2 ;VB5@0BC@V .&nbsp;!>;65=VF8=0 <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>.  C:@0W=>D>1AL:V9 AB0BBV  /: =0< >1;0HBC20B8 >AVN? 2V= @>18BL B0:5  >4:@>25=VT :   2AB@88 2 1848 30;8G0=5 5I5 =07K20;8 A2>9 =0F8>=0;L=K9 A>25B  >;>2=0 CAA:0O 040 . 0?@8:V=FV 1993&nbsp;@. !>;65=VF8= >?C1;V:C202 ?V41V@:C AB0B59 =0  C:@08=A:>-@CAA:85 B5<K , 45, 7>:@5<0, A2>N E2>@>1;82C C:@0W=>D>1VN 7=>2C >13@C=B>2CT 5B=>=V<VG=8<8 0@3C<5=B0<8 <a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title="">[29]</a>. V= =5 @>7C<VT, I> >;>2=0 CAL:0 040, AB2>@5=0 2 0;8G8=V 1848&nbsp;@.  F5 =5  ;02=K9 CAA:89 !>25B , 0 @CAL:0 <>20 30;8G0=  =5  @CAA:89 O7K: , V @CA8=  7>2AV< =5  @CAA:89 . > @5GV, !>;65=VF8= 2 H>2V=VAB8G=>-V<?5@AL:V9 AB0BBV  /: =0< >1;0HBC20B8 >AVN? V7 ?0D>A>< ?>2B>@82 AB0@V 1V;>320@4V9AL:V =0<V@8 7 1919&nbsp;@. @>74V;8B8 #:@0W=C =0  >2>@>AV9AL:C 1;0ABL ("02@VO, 0B5@8=>A;02I8=0, %5@A>=I8=0) V =0  %0@:V2AL:C B0 8W2AL:C 1;0ABV <a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title="">[30]</a>.  F5 B>9 A0<89 !>;65=VF8=, I> ?8A02:  0FVW  F5 D0@18 ;N4AB20; 7=8:=CBL 2>=8  ;N4AB2> AB0=5 B0:8< 65 AC<=> >4=><0=VB=8<, O: :>;8 1 CAV ;N48 ?@89=O;8 1 >4=0:>2C 7>2=VH=VABL V >4=0:>289 E0@0:B5@. 57AC<=V2=>, I> 70G8= VA=C20==O ?;5<5=  2 0<8A;V "2>@FO. 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 1C4L-O:8E ;N4AL:8E >1 T4=0=L B0 >@30=V70FV9  5B=>A, O: V AV< O, O: V >A>18ABVABL, =5 ;N48=>N 283040=89.  <0T =5 <5=H5 >@30=VG=8E ?@02 =0 VA=C20==O, =V6 AV< O V >A>18ABVABL.  =0FVO  FO 6 AV< O, ;8H5 =0ABC?=>3> @V2=O V >1AO3C: V WW B56 A:@V?;ONBL =5?>2B>@=V 2=CB@VH=V 72 O7:8  A?V;L=0 <>20, A?V;L=0 :C;LBC@=0 B@048FVO, A?>3048 ?@> A?V;L=C VAB>@VN V 70240==O =0 <091CB=T.  G><C 6 A0<>715@565==O =0FVW 3@VE>2=5? 0@=> A:070=>, 0;5 G><CAL 4;O !>;65=VF8=0, 715@565==O C:@0W=AL:>W =0FVW V WW 5B=VG=>W B5@8B>@VW T 3@VE>2=8<. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >AB>9=C 2V4?>2V4L !>;65=VF8=C 402 4>23>;VB=V9 C:@0W=AL:89 ?>;VB2 O75=L !.&nbsp;0@020=AL:89.  @> @CAA:8E B0 @CAL:8E. > 0H>W 70C2038, I> 1848&nbsp;@. 30;8G0=8 =07820;8 A2V9 >@30= >;>2=0 CAL:0 040, B@510 4>40B8, I> B5@<V= @CAL:89 <02 ?>H8@5==O 2 <>2V 06 4> 1916&nbsp;@. ;5 >:C?0FVO 0;8G8=8 1916&nbsp;@. @>AV9AL:8<8 2V9AL:0<8 V 70A;0==O 8B@>?>;8B0 =4@5O (5?B8FL:>3> @07>< 7 =87:>N @CAL:8E 4VOGV2 =0 !81V@ >AB0B>G=> ?5@5:>=0;8 30;8G0= 2V4<>28B8AO 2V4 AB0@>402=L>3> V<5=8 @CAL:89, 018 2 B5@<V=>;>3VG=><C 2V4=>H5==V =5 A:;040B8 >4=>3> FV;>3> 7 V<?5@AL:8<8 @CAA:8<8. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> B>6 C FV9 A;>25A=V9 A0<>>1>@>=V C:@0W=FV2 7028=8;0 7>2AV< =5 2AB@VO, 0 B0 6 B0:8 @>AV9AL:0 V<?5@VO. /:18 C:@0W=FV 715@53;8 A2>T ?@54:>2VG=5 V< O (O: F5 7@>18;8 70:0@?0BFV), W< 206:> 1C;> 1 >1AB>N20B8 A2V9 @CAL:89 >1@07, =0 F59 @07 >4 2V4B>@3=CB8E A2>3> G0AC ?V2=VG=8E 1@0BV2  ACG0A=8E @CAA:8E. @>: F59 V A>1V <02 18 28:;8:0B8 70E>?;5==O: AB0@>402=V9 =0@>4, O:89 A2>3> G0AC ?5@5BO2 H;OE >@40< 0B8O 4> 2@>?8, ?>:;02 =0 2V2B0@ =0FV>=0;L=>3> @OBC=:C A2>T B8AOG>;VB=T A;02=5 V< O! 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"V;L:8 =0FV>=0;L=5 2V4@>465==O XIX&nbsp;2V:C ?@8=5A;> >AB0B>G=C ?5@5203C B5@<V=C #:@0W=0, C:@0W=5FL, C:@0W=AL:89, V =02VBL 2 0;8G8=V, 45 G5@57 ?52=V VAB>@8G=V C<>28 B5@<V=8  CAL ,  @CA8= ,  @CA8=AL:89 B@8<0;8AO =094>2H5, B5?5@ C65 A0< =0@>4 7030;L=> 26820T B0< =0728: C:@0W=AL:89, C:@0W=5FL, 0;8FL:0 01> 0EV4=0 #:@0W=0. 45@60;0AO AB0@0 =0720 CAL ;8H5 =0 0:0@?0BBV <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>. 5>1EV4=0 1C;0, O: 10G8<>, 4>230, :>?VB:0, 28E>2=0 @>1>B0 2 A>1>@=><C =0?@O<:C.  030B> =0H8E ;N459 =07820NBL A515 @CA8=0<8, 01> @CAL:8<8. &5 4V9A=> T =0H0 AB0@0 =0720, 1> 9 :@09 =0H =078202AO CAL. ;5 FO =0720 B5?5@ =5 7@CG=0, B><C I> @CAL:8<8 AB0;8 =07820B8 A515 <>A:0;V; 2>=8 ?@8A2>W;8 A>1V FN =0HC =072C, E>G T 7>2AV< V=H8< =0@>4><, =V6 <8.  I> 265 2V4402=0 =0H0 75<;O =07820;0AL B0:>6 #:@0W=>N V ;N48 =0HV C:@0W=FO<8, B> V <8 <CA8<> 26820B8 BV;L:8 FVTW =0728 <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. # 265 7304C20=><C 725@=5==V 4> 30;8FL:>W <>;>4V =0 ?>G0B:C XX&nbsp;AB. 20= $@0=:> 70:;8:02:  5@54 C:@0W=AL:>N V=B5;V35=FVTN 2V4:@820TBLAO B5?5@ 7040G0  28B2>@8B8 7 25;8G57=>W 5B=VG=>W <0A8 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C <i>C:@0W=AL:C =0FVN</i>, ACFV;L=89 :C;LBC@=89 >@30=V7<, 74V1=89 4> A0<>ABV9=>3> :C;LBC@=>3> 9 ?>;VB8G=>3> 68BBO, 2V4?>@=89 =0 0A8<V;OFV9=C @>1>BC V=H8E =0FV9, 2V4:8 1 2>=0 =5 9H;0, B0 ?@8 BV< ?>40B=89 =0 ?@8A2>N20==O A>1V 2 O:=09H8@HV9 <V@V V 2 O:=09H284HV< B5<?V 7030;L=>;N4AL:8E :C;LBC@=8E 74>1CB:V2, 157 O:8E AL>3>4=V 6>4=0 =0FVO V 6>4=0 E>G V O: A8;L=0 45@6020 =5 <>65 >AB>OB8AO <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5@5;><=8< <><5=B>< 4;O CB25@465==O 5B=>B>?>=V<C  #:@0W=0 V 5B=>=V<C  C:@0W=5FL ,  C:@0W=:0 AB0;0 5@H0 A2VB>20 2V9=0. /: <8 265 3>2>@8;8, >AVO 7402=0 3>BC20;0AO 4> V<?5@V0;VAB8G=>W 2V9=8 7 2AB@VTN,  I>18 2872>;8B8 A2>WE 1@0BV2 7 ?V4 02AB@V9AL:>3> O@<0. "8<8 1@0B0<8 <0;8 1CB8 G>B8@8 <V;L9>=8 C:@0W=AL:>3> =0A5;5==O 0;8G8=8 9 C:>28=8 <a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title="">[35]</a>. 28G09=>, VA=CNBL @V7=V 25@AVW ?@> ?@8G8=8 @>AV9AL:>-02AB@V9AL:>3> 0=B03>=V7<C, I> 2 >AB0B>G=><C @57C;LB0BV 28:;8:02 5@HC A2VB>2C 2V9=C. ;5 >4=VTN 7 3>;>2=8E ?@8G8= 1C;0 15?5@5G=> C:@0W=AL:0 ?@>1;5<0.   4>:8 6825 0;8G8=0, 4>:8 2 0;8G8=V B@820T ?V4 >?V:>N :>=AB8BCFV9=>W 2AB@VW C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4=89 @CE, 4>B8 =5 704028BL 9>3> >A:0;L V =0 #:@0W=V @>AV9AL:V9 B0 =5 2A?VT A?8=8B8 9>3> 7@>ABC. AL G><C >A:0;L E>G5 4VAB0B8 0;8G8=C C A2>W 7030@1CIV @C:8. >A:20 E>G5 704028B8 =0H5 =0@>4=5 68BBO 2 0;8G8=V, I>18 2V4 0;8G8=8 =5 709=O;0AL FV;0 #:@0W=0. >A:20 E>G5 74>1CB8 0;8G8=C, I>1 74028B8 =0 2V:8 =0H =0@V4. "><C >AAVO 70G0;0 2V9=C 7 2AB@VTN <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="">[36]</a>. 0 A0<><C ?>G0B:C 2V9=8 2 A5@?=V 1914&nbsp;@>:C 2 2AB@VW 1C;0 AB2>@5=0 4>1@>2V;L=0 2V9AL:>20 D>@<0FVO ?V4 =072>N #:@0W=AL:V !VG>2V !B@V;LFV ( #ACACA8 ), O:V A2>TN :@>2 N A:@V?;N20;8 A>1>@=89 5B=>=V<. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # ;8?=V 1915&nbsp;@. 3@C?0 C:@0W=AL:>3> ?0@;0<5=BAL:>3> ?@54AB02=8FB20 0;8G8=8 725@=C;0AO 4> 02AB@V9AL:>3> C@O4C 7 <5<>@0=4C<>< ?@> 26820==O 2 C@O4>28E 0:B0E =0FV>=0;L=>W =0728  C:@0W=FV 70<VABL  @CB5=FV . #  5<>@0=4C<V 9H;>AO ?@> B5, I> =0720  @CA8=8 (B>G=VH5, WW ;0B8=AL:0 B@0=A:@8?FVO  Ruthenes ) 1C;0 ?@89=OB0 02AB@V9AL:8< C@O4>< O: =0FV>=0;L=0 =0720 C:@0W=FV2, O:V C2V9H;8 4> A:;04C 2AB@V9AL:>W 45@6028. A=>2=8< 0@3C<5=B>< BCB ?>A;C68;0 =0FV>=0;L=0 =0720 3@5:>-:0B>;8FL:>W F5@:28. @89=OB0 =0720 <0;0 >48= 206;8289 =54>;V:  2>=0 1C;0 <0965 V45=B8G=>N 7 ?>=OBBO<  @>AVO=8 . 0 FV9 ?>4V1=>ABV =072, 3>2>@8BLAO 2 <5<>@0=4C<V, 30;8FL:V <>A:2>DV;8 1C4C20;8 A2>N B5>@VN ?@>  548=K9 8 =545;8<K9 @CAA:89 =0@>4 . /:I> 2 <8@=89 ?5@V>4 42>O:5 B@0:BC20=O =0FV>=0;L=>3> V<5=V 28:;8:0;> =5?>@>7C<V==O ;>:0;L=>3> E0@0:B5@C, B> 2 C<>20E 2V9=8 F5 ?@8725;> 4> B@03VG=8E =0A;V4:V2. "><C  5<>@0=4C< :>=AB0BCT, I> =0720  @CA8=8 =5 <>65 1V;LH5 A;C68B8 4;O =0FV>=0;L=>3> >7=0G5==O C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C.  2AV =0FV>=0;L=> A2V4><V C:@0W=FV ?> >18420 1>:8 :>@4>=C 2V4B5?5@ 1C4CBL 26820B8 2 =0C:>28E ?@0FOE, ?C1;VF8AB8FV B0 V=HV9 ;VB5@0BC@V ;8H5 =072C  C:@0W=FV <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="">[37]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5@54 B8< (1914 1917&nbsp;@@.) ?>;VB8G=V 4VOGV 7 ?V4@>AV9AL:>W 709<0=I8=8 CB2>@NNBL =0 0E>4V 2?;82>2C ?@>?030=48ABAL:C >@30=V70FVN  !>N7 2872>;5==O #:@0W=8&nbsp;(!#). >;L !# 2 ?>H8@5==V B5@<V=V2  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL , 7>:@5<0 =0 AEV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE, 1C;0 4C65 7=0G=>N. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0?@8:V=FV 5@H>W A2VB>2>W 2V9=8 C:@0W=AL:V @52>;NFV9=V <0A8 =5A?>4V20=> A:070;8 BCB A2>T 203><5 A;>2>.  >;8 =0 ?>G0B:C @52>;NFVW 1917&nbsp;@>:C C:@0W=FV 2 5B@>3@04V V 2 8T2V 289H;8 1030B>B8AOG=8<8 <0A0<8 =0 2C;8FN, B> @>AVO=8 2 5B@>3@04V, 0 T2@5W 2 8T2V =5 2V@8;8 A2>W< >G0<, ?@>AB> =5 <>3;8 ?>2V@8B8, I> A?@024V VA=CT 25;8:0 =0FVO, I> WW ;N48 72CBLAO C:@0W=FO<8, V 25;8:0 :@0W=0, I> <0T =072C #:@0W=0 <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>. >@>BL10 70 2>;N ?@8725;0 4> B>3>, I> =0720 #:@0W=0 7=09H;0 B>4V A2>T D>@<0;L=5 7025@H5==O ?@>3>;>H5==O< #:@0W=AL:>W 0@>4=>W 5A?C1;V:8 20&nbsp;;8AB>?040 1917&nbsp;@>:C V 0EV4=>-#:@0W=AL:>W 0@>4=>W 5A?C1;V:8 1&nbsp;;8AB>?040 1918&nbsp;@>:C, 0 B0:>6 A>1>@=8<8 0:B0<8 2V4 22&nbsp;AVG=O 1918&nbsp;@>:C V 22&nbsp;AVG=O 1919&nbsp;@>:C. "8<8 0:B0<8  =0720 #:@0W=0 B0 C:@0W=AL:89 AB25@46CTBLAO >DVFV9=> O: C 2=CB@VH=L><C, B0: V 2 7>2=VH=L><C <V6=0@>4=><C 268B:C <a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title="">[39]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 1V;>320@4V9AL:8E ?>;VB8:V2, 1>;LH528:8 H284:> 7@>7C<V;8 A8;C ?@>1C465=>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, I> 7=09H;> A2>T 2V4>1@065==O C B0:V9 70O2V:  0F8>=0;L=K5 65 B@51>20=8O C:@08=F52, A0<>AB>OB5;L=>ABL 8E =0@>4=>9 @5A?C1;8:8, 55 ?@02> B@51>20BL D545@0B82=KE >B=>H5=89, ?@87=0NBAO !>25B>< 0@>4=KE ><8AA0@>2 ?>;=>ABLN 8 =8:0:8E A?>@>2 =5 2K7K20NB <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title="">[40]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 15@5AB59AL:8< <8@>< 2V4 9&nbsp;;NB>3> 1918&nbsp;@>:C >DVFV9=> 287=0;8 =072C 45@6028  #:@0W=0 A>2TBAL:0 >AVO, V<5GG8=0, 2AB@>-#3>@I8=0, >;30@VO, "C@5GG8=0. 0 <V6=0@>4=8< @87L:8< 4>3>2>@><, C:;045=8< 18..1921&nbsp;@., =072C  C:@0W=5FL 287=0=>  O: >48=>:C V 2A5=0@>4=C 70<VABL B0:8E V=H8E 402=VH8E =072: 1.&nbsp;@CAL:>W, 2.&nbsp;@CA8=AL:>W, 3.&nbsp;?>;C4=52>-@CAL:>W, 4.&nbsp;<0;>@CAL:>W, 5.&nbsp;<0;>@>AV9AL:>W, 6.&nbsp;C:@0W=AL:>-@CAL:>W, 7.&nbsp;@CAL:>-C:@0W=AL:>W. @89=O2H8 =>289 5B=>=V<, =0@>4 AB@V<:> 2V4@>46C202AO.  N48, O:V I5 2G>@0 =5 7=0;8, I> 2>=8 C:@0W=FV, =8=V ?@87=020;8 A515 4> C:@0W=AL:>W =0FVW B0 AB020;8 4> 0:B82=>W 1>@>BL18 70 WW 2>;N. 8289 D0:B C:@0W=AL:>W 45@602=>AB8 <CAV2 ?5@5:>=0B8 =091V;LH8E <0;>@>AV2, O:V <0;8 >B25@BV >GV V =570A>E;V A5@FO. &8< D0:B>< <>A:2>DV;LAL:89 B01V@ 1C2 @>7B@>I5=89 V 9>3> A8;0 @>7?;8;0AO =0 >G0E, O: 48< <a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title="">[41]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0:8< G8=><, B5@<V=8  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL ,  C:@0W=AL:89 <CAV;8 287=0B8 =02VBL 2>@>38. @0240, H>2V=VAB8G=0 1V;>320@4V9AL:0 :>=B@@52>;NFVO 2?5@B> =5 287=020;0 B5@<V=C #:@0W=0.  ;02=>=0G0;LAB2CNI89 >;B02AL:>N, 0B5@8=>A;02AL:>N V %0@:V2AL:>N 3C15@=VO<8 35=.&nbsp;09-0T2AL:89 701>@>=82 C:@0W=AL:C <>2C 28:;040B8 2 H:>;0E V 28402 A?5FV0;L=89 =0:07  > <0;>@CAA:>< O7K:5 , 2 O:><C 7=8I5=> A0<5 A;>2>  C:@0W=AL:89 , O: =5=028A=5 <>A:>2AL:><C G>@=>A>B5=AB2C <a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title="">[42]</a>. # H>2V=VAB8G=><C 70A;V?;5==V  1V;V @>AVO=8 =5 287=020;8 =02VBL VA=C20==O C:@0W=AL:>W =0FVW; A0< B5@<V=  #:@0W=0 1C2 28G5@:=CB89 7 @>AV9AL:>3> ;5:A8:>=C <a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title="">[43]</a>. /: A:0@68;8AO CG0A=8:8 @52>;NFV9=8E ?>4V9 1917 1921&nbsp;@@.  2 V<?5@VO;VAB8G=8E A2>WE AB@5<;V==OE =0<030;0AL >AV9AL:0 45@6020 7=8I8B8 B0:>6 V A0<5 V< O V 4CHC C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C: 9>3> <>2C, 728G0W B0 :C;LBC@C <a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title="">[44]</a>. ;O =54>;C38E :5@V2=8:V2  T;>9 >AAVW 1>@>BL10 7 5B=>=V<><  C:@0W=5FL 70:V=G8;0AO ?>2=8< V45>;>3VG=8< B0 <V;VB0@=8< :@0E><. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @> =5EVBL V @>AV9AL:8E 1V;LH>28:V2 A?@89=OB8 =>2V B5@<V=8 A2V4G0BL A?>AB5@56;82V A?>3048  10BL:0 0E=0:  "0<, :C40 <5=O =0?@028;0 10@KH=O ?> >A>1><C ?@>?CA:C, ?><5I0;AO A5:@5B0@L &0 !>25B>2& = ?5@5A?@>A8; <5=O: </p> <ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  "0: 2K, B>20@8I, A N30 >AA88? </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  0, O A #:@08=K,  >B25B8; O 5<C. </p> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> & !5:@5B0@L 70<>;: =0 <8=CBC, 0 70B5< ?@8=O;AO @0AA?@0H820BL <5=O > =0AB@>5=88 :@5ABLO= =0  N35 >AA88 , > B><, :0: :@5ABLO=5 >B=5A;8AL : =5<5F:8< 0@<8O< 8 >B@O40< &5=B@0;L=>9 04K, :0:>2> 8E >B=>H5=85 : A>25BA:>9 2;0AB8 8&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0B5< >= ?>72>=8; :C40-B> ?> B5;5D>=C 8 BCB 65 ?@54;>68; <=5 ?@>9B8AL 2 :018=5B ?@54A540B5;O &0 B>20@8I0 !25@4;>20. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> =5 ?>:070;>AL, GB> !25@4;>2 3;C165 708=B5@5A>20;AO B5<, GB> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?@>8AE>48;> =0 #:@08=5 70 ?>A;54=85 420-B@8 <5AOF0. = A@07C 2K?0;8; <=5: </p> <ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  ">20@8I, 2K A =0H53> 1C@=>3> N30? <a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title="">[45]</a> </p> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;5 I>1 CB@8<0B8AO ?@8 2;04V, 1V;LH>28:8 7<CH5=V 1C;8 ?@>3>;>A8B8 B.&nbsp;72.  #:@0W=AL:C @04O=AL:C A>FV0;VAB8G=C @5A?C1;V:C , 287=0B8 5B=>=V<  C:@0W=5FL . >;>2=>N ?@8G8=>N ?5@5<>38 1V;LH>28:V2 1C;8 3>;>H5=V =8<8 V450;8 A>FV0;L=>W A?@0254;82>ABV B0 =0FV>=0;L=>W A2>1>48, 2 B><C G8A;V ?@02> =0FV9 :>;8H=L>W >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW =0 A0<>287=0G5==O. >=8 @>7C<V;8, 70 A;>20<8 !B0;V=0, I> =5 <>6=0 9B8 ?@>B8 VAB>@VW.   =5402=> I5 3>2>@8;8, I> #:@0W=AL:0 @5A?C1;V:0 V C:@0W=AL:0 =0FVO  28304:0 =V<FV2. 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AV 70?0A8 E0@GV2 1C;8 A8;><VFL @5:2V7>20=V, 2V9AL:>289 :>@4>= =5 40202 7<>38 70257B8 E0@GV 77>2=V, V ;N48 1C;8 ?@8@5G5=V =0 A<5@BL. 5B0 ?>;O30;0 2 7=8I5==V C:@0W=AL:>W =0FVW, 0 @07>< 7 =5N V  :;0A>2>3> 2>@>30 . 038=C;> 1;87L:> 7&nbsp;<;=.&nbsp;;N459. !2VB 10G82 =5 >48= AB@0H=89 3>;>4, ?V4 G0A 1030BL>E V7 =8E AB0=>28I5 I5 1V;LH5 ?>3V@HC20;0 3@><04O=AL:0 2V9=0. @>B5 3>;>4, >@30=V7>20=89 O: 35=>F84=89 0:B 45@602=>W ?>;VB8:8, A;V4 22060B8 70 C=V:0;L=89 <a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title="">[48]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 2V4<V=C 2V4 1V;LH>ABV VAB>@8:V2 @04O=AL:>W H:>;8, I> 70@07 682CBL V ?@0FNNBL 2 #:@0W=V, O:V 70 A;>20<8 /.&nbsp;@8F0:0,  7@5:;8AO AB0@>W V45>;>3VW V ?5@5D0@1C20;8AO 2 =>2V :>;L>@8 <a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title="">[49]</a>, 0;5 =5 740B=V 4>A;V46C20B8 <>A:>2AL:C ?>;VB8:C 35=>F84C AB>A>2=> C:@0W=FV2, <>;>4V C:@0W=AL:V VAB>@8:8 I>@07 A<V;82VH5 ?V4=V<0NBL FN B5<C. 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W ?@8E>60=8 <>;OBLAO 70 GC6>3> 0B@VO@E0, GC689 C@O4, GC6C 45@602C V ?5@5<>3C GC6>3> 2V9AL:0 (2 7030@1=8FL:V9 2V9=V 2 G:5@VW!). 0 7=0G=8E B5@8B>@VOE #:@0W=8, 2&nbsp;B.&nbsp;G. C AB>;8FV, I>1 1CB8 C:@0W=F5< (?@8=09<=V ?>A;V4>2=> 3>2>@8B8 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N)  ?>B@V1=> =5018O:8E ?A8E>;>3VG=8E 7CA8;L <a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title="">[50]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;O 1V;LH>28:V2 287=0==O B5@<V=C  C:@0W=5FL 1C;> =5 G8< V=H8< O: V45>;>3VG=8< 3@8<>< V <0:VO65<. # @5F5=7VW =0 :=86:C .&nbsp;@8AB09:0 V ..&nbsp;(0?>20;0   8E09;> @CH52AL:89 V # . "@03VG=5 45AOB8;VBBO: 1924 1934  2V47=0G0TBLAO:  0 ;N4OE FO 2;040 V<VBC20;0  C:@0W=V70FVN ,  V=B5@=0FV>=0;V7< V  ?V4B@8<:C =0FV>=0;L=8E :C;LBC@ , 0;5 <V6 A>1>N, 2 A5:@5B=8E 4>:C<5=B0E, @568< 3>2>@82 A2>TN (728G09=>, @>AV9AL:>N) <>2>N V ?>A;C3>2C202AO A2>W< B@048FV9=> V<?5@AL:8< :0B53>@V0;L=8< 0?0@0B><, C O:><C A;>2>  C:@0W=5FL 1C;> 01A>;NB=8< A8=>=V<>< 4> A;>20  =0FV>=0;VAB V 2V4B0:,  2>@>3 <a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title="">[51]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 7 40 E @>:V2 XX&nbsp;AB. B5@<V=  #:@0W=0 1V;LH>28:8 AB0;8 ?8A0B8 7 >1>2 O7:>28<8 @8BC0;L=8<8 >7=0G5==O<8  04O=AL:0 #:@0W=0 ,  A>FV0;VAB8G=0 #:@0W=0 ,  B@C4>20 #:@0W=0 V B.&nbsp;?.,  =0G5 1 A0<5 A;>2> 1C;> G8<>AL =5OA=8<, <0965 =5157?5G=8< <a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title="">[52]</a>.  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'.&nbsp;2. !.&nbsp;90.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" title=""><span lang="RU">[54]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i> 04528G-8==8FL:89&nbsp;/</i>. #:@0W=0: 2V4 <>28 4> =0FVW. @>3>18G: V4@>465==O, 1997. !.&nbsp;32.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" title=""><span lang="RU">[55]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>DV<5=:>&nbsp;.&nbsp;. </i>0FV>=0;L=V 0A?5:B8 C D>@<C20==V :><?0@BV9=>-@04O=AL:>3> 0?0@0BC // #:@0W=AL:89 VAB>@8G=89 6C@=0;. 2000. !&nbsp;6. !.&nbsp;65.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155211"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><i><b><font size="4">XXI. 03VG=5 A;>2></font></b></i></span></a><b><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></b> <a name="XXI_Magichne_slovo"></a> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4><89 C:@0W=>D>1 (C;L3V=, A:@53>GCG8 7C10<8, ?8A02 C 1V;>320@4V9AL:><C 45=V:V=AL:><C 6C@=0;V:  >1@5 2V4><>, I> 1V;LHVABL @52>;NFV9 1C;> 74V9A=5=>  <03VG=8<8 A;>20<8 , O:8E <0A8 =5 @>7C<V;8. 4=8< V7 B0:8E <03VG=8E A;V2 28O28;0AO 2 1917&nbsp;@>FV =0720  #:@0W=0 <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>. # 1917&nbsp;@>FV O:@07 V @>7?>G0;0AO :@82020 1>@>BL10 70 CB25@465==O =>2>3> 5B=>=V<C.  >@>BL10 =02:>;> =0728  #:@0W=0 B0 WW ?>EV4=8E ( C:@0W=5FL ,  C:@0W=AL:89 ,  C:@0W=AB2> ,  C:@0W=AL:VABL ) 1C;0, B0 9 70;8H0TBLAO, B0:>N 3>AB@>N B><C, I> F5 =5 ?@>AB> A;>2>  F5 A8<2>;, C O:><C 70:>4>20=0 =0FV>=0;L=0 V45O V 70:;045=0 ?>BC6=0 5=5@3VO ?@03=5==O =0@>4C 2V;L=> 68B8 =0 A2>W9 75<;V 2 A>1>@=V9, A0<>ABV9=V9 45@602V <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. @V7=8< V 7=5=028465=8< 4;O :>;>=V70B>@V2 7@>18;>AO, 2 G0A8 872>;L=8E 7<030=L, <03VG=5 A;>2>  #:@0W=0 B0:>6 =0 V 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5<0T B0:>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> V<5=V, O:5 28:;8:0;> 1 ?@>B8 A515 ABV;L:8 =5=028ABV, 7;>18 9 =0?04V2 B0 ?@>?030=48, O: =0720 B5@8B>@VW 9 =0@>4C:  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=FV ,  C:@0W=AL:89 <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>.  @>AVO=8, V ?>;O:8 7402=0 =0<030;8AO 2AV;O:> 1>9:>BC20B8 B0 >1<56C20B8 B5@<V=8  #:@0W=0, C:@0W=5FL <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. 0 ?>G0B:C XX&nbsp;AB. ?>;LAL:89 <>2>7=025FL ?@>D.&nbsp;@V:=5@ ?@>B5ABC202 ?@>B8 =0728  #:@0W=0 , <>2;O2, B@510 =072C  CAL 2V4ABC?8B8, 70 9>3> 28A;>2><  <>A:0;O< , 0 B@8<0B8AO =0728  <0;>@>A8 . 20= $@0=:> B0: 9><C 2V4?>2V2:  >65<> =0 A5 2V4?>2VAB8 H0=>2=><C VAB>@8:>2V ?>;LAL:>W <>28, I> 2 B2>@5==V =072 B0: A0<> O: V 7030;>< C B2>@5==N =>28E O78:>28E D>@< VAB>@8G=0 B@048FVO 3@0T ?52=C 206=C, 0;5 7>2AV< =5 28:;NG=C V =02VBL =5 ?5@H>@O4=C @>;L. 0FVO VA=CT =5 4;O O78:0, 0 B2>@8BL V =5=0AB0==> ?5@5B2>@NT A>1V O78: 2V4?>2V4=> 4> A2>WE ?>B@51; VAB>@8:>28, 70:8< >FV=8BL, 0 B8< ?0G5 >AC48BL O:89AL =>2>B2V@, 28?040;> 18 2V9B8 ?> 7<>7V 2 ?@8G8=8, O:V 28:;8:0;8 9>3> V 4>25;8 4> ?>1V48 =04 AB0@H8<8 D>@<0<8; 157 B0:>3> 7@>7C<V==O 2V= @878:CT 7@>18B8AO =5 VAB>@8:><, 0 4>:B@8=5@><, I> 704;O O:>3>AL C;N1;5=>3> V ?5@5FV=5=>3> ?@V=FV?0 3>B>2 682C 4V9A=VABL =0BO30B8 01> 2:>@>GC20B8 =0 ?@>:@CAB>2V< ;V6:C. 5 <>20 ?@> ?>;LAL:V B5<8, B0< ?@>D. @V:=5@ 4C65 4>1@5 ?8;L=CTBLAO, I>1 =5 2?0AB8 2 B0:5 4>:B@V=5@AB2>; AC?@>B82 V=H8E =0@>4=>AB59 A5 =VG>3>, <>6=0.  =5 A;V4 18 <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. >;>A ?@>D.&nbsp;@V:=5@0 1C2 =5?>>48=>:89.  5EB> I5 9 =8=V ?V4AC20T 7;>1=C 1@5E=N, =5<>218 B> =072C  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=AL:89 7025;8 ?5@54 45AOBL<8 ;VB0<8 ?@CAA0:8 B0 2AB@VO <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. 02VBL V B5?5@ T 2 >;LIV A8;8, O:V 28ABC?0NBL ?@>B8 B5@<V=V2  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL , =07820NG8 WE 02AB@V9AL:>N 28304:>N, 01> 28304:>N =V<5FL:>3> 35=5@0;L=>3> HB01C, 01> <>A:>2AL:>N V=B@83>N <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. 5=5@0;L=>N B0:B8:>N ?>;LAL:8E 0A8<V;OB>@V2 1C;0 O:@07 2V9=0 7 5B=>=V<><  C:@0W=5FL . !B>A>2=> =0A55==O >;8=V B0 >;VAAO B25@48;>AO, I> B0< =5<0T =VO:8E C:@0W=FV2, 0 BV;L:8 5B=>3@0DVG=0 <0A0 157 ?52=>3> V<5=V <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. # 1939&nbsp;@. ?>;LAL:89 C@O4 70B25@482 B0T<=89 ?;0= 0A8<V;OFVW 2>;8=AL:8E C:@0W=FV2. 3V4=> 7 F8< ?;0=><  A0< B5@<V=  C:@0W=5FL ,  C:@0W=AL:89 ?>?0402 ?V4 701>@>=C. 0<VABL =8E ?@>?>=C20;>AO 26820B8 B5@<V=8  @CA8= ,  @CAL:89 V B0:V =59B@0;L=V B5@<V=8, O:V =VG>3> A?V;L=>3> 7 =0FV>=0;L=VABN =5 <0;8, O:  ?@02>A;02=89 ,  2>;8=O: ,  ?>;VIC: ,  BCB59H89 . 0 4C<:C B2>@FV2 ?@>3@0<8 F5 ?>28==> 1C;>, 2 :V=F52><C @0EC=:C, ?@825AB8 4> ?>2=>W 0A8<V;OFVW C:@0W=FV2 <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  >DVFV9=8E 45@602=8E ?C1;V:0FVOE ?>25@A0;LAL:>W >;LIV (1918 1939&nbsp;@@.), C B><C G8A;V C 70B25@465=8E A59<>< 70:>=>402G8E 0:B0E, =0 >7=0G5==O ?>=OBBO  C:@0W=AL:89 268202AO B5@<V=  @CA:V , 0 2 4C6:0E  @CAV=LA:V , I>1 =5 A?;CB0B8 7 @>AV9AL:8<. !;V4>< 70 @V:=5@>< 02B>@8B5B=89 ?@>D.&nbsp;VG 28ABC?82 =0 AB>@V=:0E 2?;82>2>3> <>2>7=02G>3> 6C@=0;C  Jzyk polski 7 70:;8:>< =5 26820B8 2 ?>;LAL:V9 <>2V B5@<V=V2  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL . !0<5 68BBO, O: 2V4?>2V2 9><C ;V15@0;L=89 ?>;LAL:89 4VOG 5>= 0A8;52AL:89, 7<5;> FN A<VH=C 2 A2>W9 =540;5:>3;O4=>ABV, V, 4>409<>, ?@>AB> =5@>7C<=C B5>@VN <0AB8B>3> ?>;LAL:>3> <>2>7=02FO <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. > ?>;5<V:8 =02:>;> =0H8E 5B=>7=02G8E B5@<V=V2 2B@CB8;0AO B>4V 2840B=0 ?>;LAL:0 ?8AL<5==8FO 0@VO ><1@>2AL:0. # AB0BBV  5@5A5=L C 0;VI8:0E 2>=0, 7>:@5<0, ?8A0;0:  @8=O;>AO >AB0==V< G0A><, I> @CAL:5 =0A5;5==O, >1=OB5 ?>;LAL:8<8 :>@4>=0<8, A0<> A515 725 C:@0W=FO<8 9 22060T >1@07>N A2>WE =0FV>=0;L=8E ?>GC20=L, :>;8 ?@> =L>3> 3>2>@8BLAO:  @CA8=8. "><C ?>;O:8 7 GCB:VH>N A>2VABN, 0 3>;>2=> BV, I> BO<;OBL, =0A:V;L:8 1>;NG8< V =5157?5G=8< T >1@06C20==O =0FV>=0;L=8E ?>GC20=L, C6820NBL A;V2  C:@0W=FV 9  C:@0W=AL:89 , E>G 18 9 =5 ?>3>46C20;8AO =0 2A5, I> ?V4:;040T H>2V=VAB8G=0 45<03>3VO ?V4 BV A;>20. =HV, 1V;LH 3@C1>H:V@V 01> =5?@8E8;L=V 4;O =0FV>=0;L=8E <5=H8=, C6820NBL BV;L:8 A;>20  @CA8=8 .  F5 ?V4A8;NT @>7?0;5=V =0FV>=0;L=V 0=B03>=V7<8. >;8 FV;89 =0@>4 ?@89=O2 FN =072C O: 2;0A=5 V< O V O: 28@07 A2>WE 7<030=L 4> 45@602=>W =070;56=>AB8 9 AC25@5==>AB8, B> 28=8:;> F5 3>;>2=> 7 :>=5G=>AB8 ?V4:@5A;5==O A2>TW 2V4@C1=>AB8 2V4 >AVW, I> @CAL:89, ?>-?>;LAL:8 @CA8=AL:89 =0@>4, @07>< 7 9>3> =072>N, :C;LBC@>N 9 VAB>@VTN A8;C20;0AO 2BO3=CB8 2 A2V9 701>@G89 >@30=V7<. 072  #:@0W=0 9  C:@0W=AL:89 F0@AL:0 >AVO =V:>;8-=V:>;8 =5 E>BV;0 ?@87=0B8.  4;O >;LIV FO =0720 ?>28==0 1CB8 2 =0928IV9 AB5?5=V A8<?0B8G=0 <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. 0 B0:C 4>1@>78G;82C ?>78FVN 2840B=>W ?8AL<5==8FV 9<>2V@=> 2?;8=C;0 =>25;0  !8=8 WW ACG0A=8:0  2840B=>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> ?8AL<5==8:0 0A8;O !B5D0=8:0, 45 T B0:89 ?@><>28AB89 5?V7>4: </p> <ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;">   >A;V4=89 @07 ?@89H>2 =4@V9: 2V= 1C2 C <5=5 2G5=89.  "0BC,  :065,  <i>B5?5@ V45<> 2>N20B8 70 #:@0W=C .</i>   <i>0 O:C #:@0W=C?</i>  2V= ?V4>9<82 H01;52 3@C4C 75<;V B0 9 :065:  <i>F5 #:@0W=0, 0 BCB</i>,  V A?@0282 H01;52 C 3@C48,  <i>>BCB WW :@>2; 75<;N =0HC V45< 2V4 2>@>30 2V418@0B8. 09B5 <5=V,</i>  :065,  <i>1V;C A>@>G:C, 409B5 G8AB>W 2>48, 018-< >1<82AO, B0 9 1C209B5 74>@>2V</i> . /: B0 T3> H01;O 1;8A=C;0 B0 9 <5=5 70A;V?8;0. <i> !8=C,</i>  :06C,  <i>B0 T I5 2 <5=5 <5=H89 2V4 B515, 20=, 15@8 V T3> =0 F5 4V;>; 2V= 4C689, =09 20A >1>E 70:>?0N C FN =0HC 75<;N, 018 2>@V3 7 F53> :>@V==O WW =5 2VB>@302 C A2V9 1V:</i> . </p> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 4=0: C:@0W=>D>1AL:8 =0;0HB>20=V ?@02;OGV :>;0 ?>25@A0;LAL:>W >;LIV, 728G09=>, =5 725@B0;8 C2038 =0 ?>>48=>:V ?8AL<5==8FL:V 3>;>A8. VA;O ?@8T4=0==O 4> >;LIV 2 1919&nbsp;@. 0;8G8=8 ?>;LAL:V H>2V=VAB8 AB0;8 WW >DVFV9=> =07820B8 !EV4=0 0;>?>;LA:0 (Wschodnia MaBopolska), 2 ?>B>G=V9 <>2V  !EV4=V :@5A8 (Kresy Wschodnie). &5 >1@07;825 4;O 30;8FL:8E C:@0W=FV2 ?>=OBBO H>2V=VAB8 A:>?VN20;8 2V4 =V<FV2. @CAAL:89 C@O4 ?VA;O B@5BL>3> @>74V;C >;LIV =07202 0@H02AL:C >1;0ABL  >2>N V245==>N @CAAVTN (Neu S&uuml;d Preussen).  0@B> 70C2068B8, I> AC?5@5G:8 ?@> =0728 @V7=8E D@03<5=BV2 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L 702648 =>A8;8 28@07=89 ?>;VB8G=89 ?V4B5:AB. 0A:V;L:8 157 25;8:>3> A?@>B82C ?@89=OB> B5@<V=  Galicja Wschodnia , =02 O7CNG8 (I>?@0240, 2 HBCG=89 A?>AV1) 4> 402=L>3> 30;8FL:>3> :=O7V2AB20, =5 7304CNG8 265 ?@>  0EV4=C #:@0W=C , B> B5@<V=  MaBopolska Wschodnia , ?>H8@N20=89 2;04>N VG?>A?>;8B>W >;LAL:>W 2 <V62>T==89 ?5@V>4, =V:>;8 =5 1C2 0?@>1>20=89 C:@0W=AL:8<8 <5H:0=FO<8. FN  MaB Polska B@0:B>20;8 2>=8 =0 @V2=V 7 :>;8H=L>N  MaB Rosj <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> C@0B>@VO L2V2AL:>3> (:V;L=>3> :@C3C, 4> O:>3> 2E>48;0 ?@0:B8G=> 2AO 0;8G8=0, 2840;0 2 15@57=V 1923&nbsp;@>:C F8@:C;O@, :>B@8< 701>@>=8;0 C6820B8 A;>2>  C:@0W=AL:89 , 0 =0:070;0 2AN48  =0 ?5G0B:0E, A2V4>FB20E V V=H8E 4>:C<5=B0E B0 C H:V;L=V9 =0CFV C6820B8 28:;NG=> A;>2> @CAL:89 (ruski) 70<VABL ?@8=OB>3> A;>20 C:@0W=AL:89 (ukraiDski) <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. B=>=V<VG=0 2V9=0 2 0;8G8=V 70?0;0;0 7=>2C. 0;8FL:V C:@0W=FV AB0;8 2AV<0 70A>10<8 1>@>B8AO ?@>B8 ?>;LAL:>W 701>@>=8. >A8?0;8AO 2V4:@8BV ?@>B5AB8 =0  =5?@0:B8:>20=89 2 :C;LBC@=><C A2VBV @>7?>@O4>:, I>18 682><C =0@>4>28 2V4>1@0B8 9>3> =072C, 0 =0:840B8 4@C3C, O:>W 2V= =5 E>G5! V4=>A8BLAO F5 4> =0728  C:@0W=AL:89 , O:C H:V;L=0 2;040 70:07CT C6820B8 2 C:@0W=AL:8E H:>;0E! <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a> &59 65 02B>@ 2V47=0G82, I> ?>;LAL:0 2;040  7 C:@0W=AL:8E H:V;L=8E :=86>: 28:8=C;0 2AV <VAFO, 45 <>20 ?@> #:@0W=C B0 A0<C =072C  C:@0W=AL:89 <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. V4 0C:>2>3> ">20@8AB20 V<5=V (52G5=:0 .&nbsp;!BC48=AL:89 V .&nbsp;=0BN: ?V4?8A0;8 ?@>B5AB (?@024828< 02B>@>< 1C2 >340= 0@2V=AL:89), 45 3>2>@8BLAO:  5<0 =0 A2VBV B0:>W 2;048, :>B@0 <>3;0 1 682><C =0@>4>2V 701>@>=8B8 C6820==O 9>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> V<5=V, 0 =0:8=CB8 B0:5, O:>3> 2V= =5 E>G5, 01> =5 <>65 C6820B8 <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @><04AL:VABL 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L, O:V ?5@51C20;8 ?V4 ?>;LAL:>N :>@<83>N, 2V4@07C 7@>7C<V;0 25;8:>45@602=8FL:V =0<V@8 0@H028.  "5?5@VH=V 2;0ABL V<CIV 2 >;LIV 94CBL ?@>1>T<, =5 F5@5<>=OBLAO, =5 45:;0@CNBL 30@=8E D@07, 0 157 >18=O:V2 70O2;ONBL, I> 2>=8 E>GCBL 725AB8 =0A =0 =0HV9 ?@04V4=V9 75<;V 4> @>;V 1573;0A=>W <5=H>AB8.  7<030NG8 4> F5W FV;8, AB0@0NBLAO 2V4V1@0B8 =0< =02VBL =0H5 =0FV>=0;L=5 V< O. /: :>;8AL >AVO ?5@5E@5AB8;0 #:@0W=C =0  0;>@>AVN , B0: 2>=8 !EV4=C 0;8G8=C ?5@5E@5ICNBL =0  0;>?>;LA:C , 0 2 >AB0==VE <VAOFOE C@O4>25 702>4OBL 2 H:>;0E B5@<V=  @CAV=LA:V 70<VABL  C:@0W=AL:89 . @07C 94CBL 2 =0?@O< 28:>@V=5==O =02VBL ?>GC20==O T4=>AB8 7 @5HB>N C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>. # H>2V=VAB8G=V9 ?>;LAL:V9 ?@5AV B>4V 70;N1:8 ?8A0;>AL, I> C:@0W=AL:V9 157;8G=>ABV =5<0T <56.  !0< C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>45FL,  ?8A0;8 ?>;LAL:V 3075B8,  T A?>:V9=89, ?>HB8289. "@510 BV;L:8 72V;L=8B8 9>3> 2V4 ?@>2>48@V2. 0720 C:@0W=FV ?>E>48BL 2V4 C:@045=89, 1> 2>=8 =0A, ?>;O:V2, 4>1@5 >1V:@0;8. !?@026=L>W C:@0W=AL:>W V=B5;V�5=FVW =5<0T, T BV;L:8 ?0@C1:8 2 :@020B:0E, 45O:V C 28H820=8E A>@>G:0E, 0 70 ?07CE>N ?>2=> 2>H59. #:@0W=AL:>W <>28 2;0AB82> B0:>6 =5<0T, T BV;L:8 ?>;LAL:89 3>2V@, O: 4VO;5:B8 :0HC1AL:89, 3C@0;LAL:89. "0:8< T @CAL:89 4VO;5:B. &5 3>2V@ ?0@C1:V2 V 4V2>: 2V4 AB09=V, 3=>N B0 1>;>B0. 8@078  A2V=L> C:@0W=A:0, ?H5:;T=B8 C:@0W=TF 1C;8 ?>2AO:45==V <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 83040=89 ?>;LAL:8<8 ?>;VB8:0<8 B5@<V=  0;>?>;LAL:0 AE>4=O AB>A>2=> 0;8G8=8 =5 <02 6>4=8E VAB>@8G=8E ?V4AB02. >;8 9H;>AO ?@> 0A8<V;OB>@AL:V <5B>48 I>4> C:@0W=FV2, B> ?>;LAL:V ?@02;OGV :>;0 :>@8ABC20;8AO @>AV9AL:8< 4>A2V4><.  >;LAL:0 ?@5A0, =0C:0 9 45@602=>-?>;VB8G=V >@30=8 =5 BV;L:8 =072C  0;>@>AVO ?5@5@>18;8 =0  0;>?>;LA:0 , 0;5 9 H8@>:> ?>A;C3>2C20;8AL V=H8<8 B0:8<8  =0C:>28<8 =0410==O<8 2:;NG=> 4> 20;CT2AL:>W 0@3C<5=B0FVW <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >4V1=5 @>18;>AO V ?V4 @C<C=AL:>N >:C?0FVTN. > 5@H>W A2VB>2>W 2V9=8 =0 C:>28=V, I> ?5@51C20;0 B>4V 2 <560E 2AB@VW, 1C;> 216&nbsp;=0@>4=8E H:V; 7 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N =02G0==O, 117&nbsp;<VH0=8E, 4&nbsp;3V<=07VW, 1&nbsp;@50;L=0 3V<=07VO, 2&nbsp;CG8B5;LAL:V A5<V=0@VW, 4&nbsp;D0E>2V H:>;8, 4&nbsp;:0D54@8 2 '5@=V25FL:V< C=V25@A8B5BV. :C?C202H8 2 1918&nbsp;@. 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C<C=AL:V H>2V=VAB8 >3>;>A8;8 ?@> A2V9 =0<V@ ?@>BO3>< >4=>3> ?>:>;V==O 7@>18B8 >48= <V;L9>= @CA8=V2 4>1@8<8 @C<C=0<8, 73V4=> AB0@>W ?@8:07:8  "0B> @CA, <0<0 @CA, O 20= >;4>20= <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="">[25]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> =0;>3VG=V O28I0 5B=>=V<VG=>W 2V9=8 A?>AB5@V30;8AO =0 0:0@?0BBV ?V4 C3>@AL:>N >:C?0FVTN. #3>@AL:89 C@O4, >A>1;82> 2 XIX&nbsp;AB., 2:@09 AC2>@> >1<56C202 :>=B0:B8 70:0@?0BFV2 7 WE=V<8 30;8FL:8<8 1@0B0<8. # <04O@AL:8E ?C1;V:0FVOE =0A5;5==O 0:0@?0BBO >7=0GC20;>AO B5@<V=0<8  orosz , G0A><  Kisorosz ,  magyarorosz ( <04O@>-@>AV9AL:89 ),  uhrorusz ( C3@>@CAL:89 ),  ruszim ( @CAL:89 ) 01>  ruten . 4=0: B5@<V=  @CB5= , O:8< <04O@8 ?@578@;82> =07820;8 70:0@?0BAL:8E C:@0W=FV2, B56 28;CG8;8 7 C68B:C O: B0:89, I> <0T  @CAL:89 :>@V=L . ;O 70:0@?0BAL:8E C:@0W=FV2 1C;> 70?@>20465=> =09<5=C20==O  3@5:>-:0B>;8FL:V <04O@8 <a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="">[26]</a>. # 15@57=V 1939&nbsp;@., >4=>G0A=> 7 >:C?0FVTN '5EVW V >@02VW, VB;5@ 4>@CG82 #3>@I8=V 70E>?8B8 0:0@?0BBO. 0 >1>@>=C AB0;8 2V44V;8  0@?0BAL:>W !VGV , O:V =5 2 A8;V 1C;8 70E8AB8B8 :@0W=C ?@>B8 245AOB5@> ?5@52060NG>3> C3>@AL:>3> 2V9AL:0. 0AB0;0 ?>2B>@=0 >:C?0FVO 0:0@?0BBO #3>@I8=>N. /: 2>=0 ?@>E>48;0, <>6=0 AC48B8 V7 ;8AB0-?@>B5ABC ?@57845=B0 0@?0BAL:>W #:@0W=8 23CAB8=0 >;>H8=0.  #3>@AL:V 2;0ABV =5 704>2>;L=ONBLAO B8< D0:B><, I> 70 G0A >:C?0FVW 0@?0BAL:>W #:@0W=8 B8AOGV C:@0W=FV2, A5@54 =8E 4VB8 H:V;L=>3> 2V:C >1842>E AB0B59, @>7AB@V;O;8 01> =5GC20=> 6>@AB>:8< A?>A>1>< 218;8, 2>=8 A:0AC20;8 2AV C:@0W=AL:V :C;LBC@=V >@30=V70FVW B0 A?V;:8, A5@54 =8E ?>=04 300&nbsp;G8B0;L=8E 70;V2 :C;LBC@=>3> >1 T4=0==O  @>A2VB0 ; 2AV 2840==O C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 B0 ?@5A8 701>@>=5=>, 2AV C:@0W=AL:V =0@>4=V, ?@>D5AV9=V B0 A5@54=V H:>;8 70:@8B>, 28:>=0==O A;C61>28E >1>2 O7:V2 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N ?5@5A;V4CTBLAO, 0 B5?5@ 701>@>=5=> =02VBL @>7<>2;OB8 V A?V20B8 ?VA=V @V4=>N C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>. > A;>20, ?VA;O 2V9=8, C 1945&nbsp;@., 23CAB8=0 >;>H8=0 70<>@4C20;8 C BN@<V  =0 <>A:>2AL:V9 C1 O=FV. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> )5 2 :2VB=V 1849&nbsp;@., :>;8 #3>@I8=C ?>B@OA;8 @52>;NFV9=V ?>4VW, >;>2=0 CAL:0 040 C L2>2V ?@89=O;0 45?CB0FVN ?V4 :5@V2=8FB2>< 4>;LD0 >1@O=AL:>3> V7 0:0@?0BBO, O:0 70O28;0, I> @CA8=8 #3>@I8=8 1060NBL 7 T4=0B8AO V7 A2>W<8 30;8FL:8<8 1@0B0<8 2 >48= 04<V=VAB@0B82=89 :@09 2 @0<:0E 2AB@V9AL:>W V<?5@VW. ;5 7 @V7=8E ?@8G8= F5 7@>18B8 =5 240;>AO. 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'><CAL A0<0 =0720  C:@0W=5FL ,  C:@0W=AL:89 72CG0;0 B>4V 4;O 1030BL>E G5EV2 =5?@8T<=>, B5@?:> O: 1C=B0@AL:0 <a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title="">[30]</a>. #@O4>2> 0:0@?0BBO 2 G5AL:V9 B5@<V=>;>3VW =07820;8 V4:0@?0BAL:0 CAL. 0728  #:@0W=0 ,  C:@0W=5FL 1C;8 =51060=V. #@O4>20 =0720 =0A5;5==O 1C;0  Rusin ( @CA8= ) V 2V4?>2V4=V ?@8:<5B=8:8:  rusinsky 01>  podkarpatorusky . AB0==O =0720 <>3;0 B0:>6 >7=0G0B8 ?V4:0@?0BAL:>3> @>AVO=8=0, V :>;8 2 G5AL:8E >DVFV9=8E ?C1;V:0FVOE V 4>:C<5=B0E B@0?;OTBLAO B5@<V=  rusky , B> V=:>;8 =5 <>6=0 7@>7C<VB8, G8 B> 945BLAO ?@> ?V4:0@?0BAL:8E @CA8=V2, G8 B> ?@> @>AVO=. 0 0:0@?0BBV 7402=0 VA=C20;0 <>A:2>DV;LAL:0 B5GVO (?V4B@8<C20=0 2 @V7=89 G0A >AVTN, #3>@I8=>N, 0 ?>BV< '5E>A;>20GG8=>N), O:0 70 ;>3V:>N 5B=>=V<VG=>W 2V9=8 =5 ;N18;0 B5@<V=  @CA8= . 0:0@?0BAL:V <>A:2>DV;8 4;O 70B5<=5==O ?@>1;5<8 28:>@8AB>2C20;8 :V;L:0 V=H8E =072:  :0@?0B>@>AA ,  C3@>-@>AA ,  :0@?0B> @CAA:89 01> ?@>AB>  @CAA:89 . A>1;82> ?>;N1;O;8 42V >AB0==V D>@<8.  =>3V 7 =0H8E V=B5;V35=BV2 7=0NBL FV;8<8 @>:0<8 DV;>7>DC20B8 ?@> B5, G8 O  @CAA:V9 , G8  C3@>@>AA , G8  :0@?0B>@CAA:V9 @CAA , G8  <04O@->@>A , 0;5 =0@>4>25FL:>3> C:@0W=AB20 1>OBLAO, O: G>@B A2OG5=>W 2>48, 1> B> B25@40 V45O, O:0 28<030T ?@0FV 4;O =0@>4C <a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title="">[31]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4><>, I> 2 ?5@HV9 ?>;>28=V %%&nbsp;AB. ?@>AB89 ;N4 0:0@?0BBO =078202 A515 B@048FV9=>  @CA8= <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>. 5@H0 I>45==0 C:@0W=AL:0 3075B0 0:0@?0BBO B0: V =07820;0AO  CA8= (28E>48;0 2 20 E&nbsp;@>:0E). # @0==VE B2>@0E 2840B=8E 70:0@?0BAL:8E ?8AL<5==8:V2 .&nbsp;@5=46V->=AL:>3> V ..&nbsp;0@B>H0-C< OBAL:>3> 10G8<> ;8H5 =072C  @CA8= , O:C 2>=8 A?@0254;82> 22060;8 0@E0WG=>N D>@<>N, I> ?5@54C20;0 =072V  C:@0W=5FL . C@E;8289 EV4 ?>;VB8G=8E ?>4V9 =0?@8:V=FV 30 E&nbsp;@>:V2 XX&nbsp;AB. 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V4 G0A >13>2>@5==O =0 A5AVW 5@E>2=>W @048 @8<C ?>AB0=>28 ?@> DC=:FV>=C20==O @>AV9AL:>W <>28 2 @8<C 45?CB0B .&nbsp;0E0T2 A:0702 7 B@81C=8:  5<0 B0:>W C:@0W=AL:>W <>28. &5 <>20 ?@>AB>;N4C. &5 <>20, O:0 HBCG=> ?@84C<0;8 (52G5=:> 9 V=HV 020=BN@8AB8. / 20< A:06C 1V;LH5  =5<0 V B0:>W =0FVW  C:@0W=FV <a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title="">[46]</a>. /: 2V47=0G0T @>AV9AL:89 VAB>@8: .&nbsp;V;;5@,  2V4EV4 #:@0W=8 >7=0G0T 7=5EBC20==O B8<8 72 O7:0<8 B0 FV==>ABO<8, O:V, 74020;>AL, ?>28==V 1C;8 2AB>OB8 ?VA;O :@0EC :><C=V7<C, V B><C F59 2V4EV4 1C2 B0: E2>@>1;82> ?5@568B89  B>G=VH5 A:070B8, ?5@56820TBLAO 4>AV  2 >AVW <a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title="">[47]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5@>WG=0 1>@>BL10 #:@0W=AL:>W >2AB0=AL:>W @<VW 2 1942 1950&nbsp;@@., I> 1C;0 ?@>O2>< 2>;V =0@>4C CB2>@8B8 A0<>ABV9=C #:@0W=AL:C 45@602C, >AB0B>G=> 70:@V?8;0 =>25 5B=>287=0G0;L=5 V< O =0 0EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE. %>G0, BCB B@510 707=0G8B8, I>  1V;LH>28FL:89 @568<, E>G =V18B> 9  2>77 T4=02 C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V 2 >4=V9 45@602V, =5 73;0482, 0 @04H5 ?>3;8182 ACBBT2V 2V4<V==>ABV <V6  42><0 #:@0W=0<8  AEV4=>N 9 70EV4=>N. @0:B8G=> =5 CB8A:0NG8 C:@0W=FV2 70 5B=VG=>N >7=0:>N (A>2TBAL:0 2;040 =5 2V4@V7=O;0AO ?V4 F8< >3;O4>< 2V4 F0@AL:>W, B@0:BCNG8 C:@0W=FV2 O:  A2>WE , B>1B> 45 D0:B> O:  @V7=>284 @>AVO=), 1V;LH>28:8, >4=0:, CAV;O:> 48A:@8<V=C20;8 C:@0W=FV2 70 >7=0:>N <>2=>N B0 @5�V>=0;L=>N, AB02;OG8AL 4> 70EV4=8E (V 27030;V C:@0W=><>2=8E) C:@0W=FV2 O: 4>  =0FV>=0;VABV2 , B>1B> 4> ?>B5=FV9=8E  7@04=8:V2 <a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title="">[48]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> B=>=V< C:@0W=FV, >B65, A;V4 @>73;O40B8 O: =>289 5B0? 2 :>=A>;V40FVW C:@0W=AL:>3> 5B=>AC =0 9>3> =0928IV9, =0FV>=0;L=V9 AB04VW @>728B:C, B>1B> =0 BV9 AB04VW 1CBBO =0H>3> =0@>4C, :>;8 2V= C65 ?>2=VABN 4>7@V2 4> AB2>@5==O A2>TW 2;0A=>W =0FV>=0;L=>W 45@602=>ABV. "><C-B> =0HV 2>@>38 702648 =0<030;8AO ?@8BC?8B8 2 =0H><C =0@>4V >F5 71V@=5 =0FV>=0;L=5 ?>=OBBO  C:@0W=5FL , 28AB02;ONG8 =0 ?5@H89 ?;0= O:VAL ;>:0;L=V, G0AB> HBCG=V =0728 B8?C @CA=0:, ;5<:>, =>2>@>A, ?>;VIC: B0&nbsp;V=. > FL>3> @O4C <>6=0 1 70@0EC20B8 =>2>?>AB0;89 B5@<V=  @CAA:>O7KG=K9 . "0 :>;8 =0@>4 @07 CA2V4><82 A515 T48=>N =0FVTN, 9><C 1V;LH5 =5 AB@0H=V V45>;>3VG=V 4825@AVW 2 30;C7V 5B=>=V<V:8. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  0720 #:@0W=0 T A8<2>; C:@0W=AL:8E =0FV>=0;L=8E 7<030=L 4> 2>;V, A0<>ABV9=>ABV 9 A>1>@=>ABV.  FL><C 0A?5:BV ?5@5AB0T 1CB8 ACB=V< ?8B0==O, O:5 ?>E>465==O, G8 ?5@2VA=5 7=0G5==O =0728, 7 >4=>3> 1>:C, 9 AB0=>28I0  287=0==O , G8  =5287=0==O WW V=H8<8, 7 4@C3>3> 1>:C. )5 2 ?0< OBV 682>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> ?>:>;V==O C@O4>2V 701>@>=8 =><5=:;0BC@8: C:@0W=5FL, C:@0W=AL:89, #:@0W=0 =0 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE ?V4 >;LI5N (@CAV=), G8 '5E>A;>20GG8=>N (?>4:0@?0BAL:V @CA), B0: O: 402=VH C F0@AL:V9 >AVW (<0;>@>A). </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  ?@>B5, =572060NG8 =0 B8A:, 701>@>=8 9&nbsp;B.&nbsp;?., =0720 #:@0W=0  2;0A=5 O: A8<2>; C:@0W=AL:8E 7<030=L 4> 2>;V, A0<>ABV9=>ABV 9 A>1>@=>ABV  3;81>:> 68;0 2 =04@0E =0@>4C, ?5@5B@820;0 =5 >4=5 ;8E>;VBBO 9 ?5@5<>3;0 2AC?5@5G CAV< ?@>B84VO<,  C:070< , 701>@>=0< V =0B8A:>2V. /: 28O2 71V@=>3> B@VC<DC C:@0W=AB20  ?5@5<>30 =0728 #:@0W=0 T 9 1C45 4;O 2AVE A2V4><8E C:@0W=FV2 70?>@C:>N :V=F52>W ?5@5<>38 V 74V9A=5==O B8E V450;V2, O:V FO =0720 A8<2>;V7CT V 70 O:V 7<030;8AO, 1>@>;8AO V C<8@0;8 :@0IV A8=8 #:@0W=AL:>3> 0@>4C <a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title="">[49]</a>. 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V==V?53: 0:;. #:@. :=830@=V, 1951. !.&nbsp;130.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span lang="RU">[50]</span></a> <span lang=RU>(?>@;N:&nbsp; . #:@0W=0: 2V4 V<?5@AL:>W ?5@8D5@VW 4> =570;56=>W 45@6028 // !CG0A=VABL. 1996. !&nbsp;12. !.&nbsp;62.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155212"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><i><b><font size="4">XXII. %0E>;</font></b></i></span></a><b><font size="4">&nbsp; <a name="XXII_Hahol"></a></font></b> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  CA=><C ?>1CB>2><C <>2;5==V >DVFV9=89 5B=>=V< V=:>;8 70<V=NTBLAO <5B0D>@>N, ?A524>5B=>=V<><, 01>, V=0:H5,  5B=>D>;V7<><, B>1B> ?@>728I5<. !:06V<>, =V<FV ?@>7820NBL D@0=FC7V2  601>W40<8 , 0 D@0=FC78 =V<FV2   1>H0<8 . 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"0:0 ?@0:B8:0 B@820T 2 >AVW 4>=8=V. >@42C, <0@V9FV2, C4<C@BV2, =0?@8:;04, =07820NBL  GCE>=FO<8 , <5H:0=FV2 !5@54=L>W 7VW   GC@:0<8 01>  GCG<5:0<8 . 02:07L:8E 3>@FV2 >17820NBL  72V@0<8 .  >A<>B@8B5 =0 =0A<5H;82K5 ?@>728I0 =0H8E A>A5459: =5<5F  =5<>9 G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 4065 ?>-@CAA:8 3>2>@8BL =5 <>65B; E>E>;  25G=> 2K;078B, 2> 2A5 2<5H8205BAO; GCE>=5F  =5 >1CAB@>5=K9 G5;>25:; B0B0@8=  =5 =0H59 25@K <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. /: 2V47=0G82 5B=>3@0D >3>@07, =0728 ?V2=VG=8E =0@>4V2 @>AVO=8 26820NBL ;8H5 2 7=5206;82V9 D>@<V: GC:GVH:V, O:CBVH:V, ;0<CBVH:8 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4. <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. 0 ACG0A=C ?>@C 2 #:@0W=V  :>;>=V70B>@8 28B2>@8;8 4>A8BL H8@>:89 =01V@ 45@>�0B82V2 =0 ?>7=0G5==O 7=52065=8E V C?>A;V465=8E =8<8 01>@8�5=V2:  1K:8, 6;>1K, :>3CBK, @>3C;8, :>;E>7=8:8 (?5@5;V: 40;5:> =5 ?>2=89) <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. ;5 VA=CT >4=0 7030;L=0 =0720. #:@0W=FV2, 2V4><>, 7402=0 ?@>7820NBL  E0E;0<8 .  0 B8< 482=8< 728G0T<,  ?@>4>26CT 02B>@  AB>@VW CAV2 ,  27820;8 2>=8 :>70:V2  GC10<8 B0  E>E;0<8 , 0 V=>4V  157<>7:8<8 E>E;0<8 , 0 BV A5@48;8AO 70 B5, 06 ?V=8;8AO, 702>48;8 7 =8<8 A20@:8 B0 1V9:8, 0 2@5HBV =068;8 =5?@8<8@5==C 2>@>6=5GC V 48E0;8 4> =8E ?>2AO:G0A=> >384>N <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. %>G0 ?@89=OB> 1C;> 28A<VN20B8 =VA5=VB=8FV 2 ?8A0==OE V=>75<FV2 ?@> >AVN, V 2 B>9 65 G0A  =5 @0EC20;>AO 3@VE>< :>@8ABC20B8AO 70O;>65=8< 0=5:4>B><, ?>3>;>A>< V 109:>N B0<, 45 <>20 9H;0 ?@>  E0E;V2 V  E0E;0=4VN <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. 8@07  %0E;0=4VO 70<VABL =0728  #:@0W=0 , A5@54 @>AV9AL:8E V=B5;V35=BV2 C 4>@52>;NFV9=C 5?>EC 1C2 H8@>:> @>7?>2AN465=89 <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /: AB25@46CT G;5= ?@02;V==O ">20@8AB20 C:@0W=AL:>W :C;LBC@8  !;02CB8G 20= (8H>2,  V AL>3>4=V 2V4 42V@=8:0 9 4> <V=VAB@0 2 >A:2V C:@0W=FV2 2 ?>1CBV =07820NBL ;8H5 E0E;0<8, I> =V18 V =5 >1@07;82>, 0;5 I> A2V4G8BL ?@> ?52=89 @V25=L <8A;5==O V AB02;5==O @>AV9AL:>3> 7030;C 4> =0A <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> #:@0W=FV, I> 682CBL B5?5@ C >AVW, O:, =0?@8:;04, C@>465=5FL >A:28 =4@V9 :0@0, A?>AB5@V30NBL 7=5203C 4> 2AL>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> =0 42>E @V2=OE :C;LBC@8.   >4=>3> 1>:C  F5 ?>1CB>20 :A5=>D>1VO  4>1@>78G;825, 0 B> 9 =5 4C65 3;C7C20==O =04  E0E;><-A0;>W4>< ,  E0E;><-?@84C@G5=:>< , =04 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N; AN48 6 2V4=>A8BLAO CO2;5==O ?@> #:@0W=C O: ?@>  <>;>4H>3> 1@0B0 , I> 6825 70 @0EC=>:  AB0@H>3> , 0 B0:>6 =5?@8E>20=0 7;>@04=VABL 7 ?@82>4C :@878 C:@0W=AL:>W 5:>=><V:8 B0 2AV;O:8E =530@074V2.  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V4B>4V 2>=> 7CAB@VG0TBLAO C 1V;LH>ABV =0ABC?=8E @>AV9AL:8E ;5:A8:>=V2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @8G8=0 CB2>@5==O @>AV9AL:>3> ?@>728AL:0  E0E>; =0?@>GC4 OA=0. # ;8?=V 971&nbsp;@>:C 25;8:89 :=O7L CAV !2OB>A;02 02>9>2=8: B0 2V70=BV9AL:89 V<?5@0B>@ &8<VAEV9 7CAB@V;8AO =0 15@57V C=0N. AB>@8: 52 8O:>= 0;>9AL:89, ?@8ACB=V9 ?@8 7CAB@VGV, 70;8H82 4;O =0A B0:89 ?>@B@5B :8W2AL:>3> :=O7O !2OB>A;020. C2 2V=  ?><V@=>3> 7@>ABC, =5 4C65 28A>:>3> V =5 4C65 =87L:>3>, 7 :>H;0B8<8 1@>20<8 B0 A2VB;>-A8=V<8 >G8<0, :8@?0B89, 157 1>@>48, 7 3CAB8< =04<V@=> 4>238< 2>;>AAO< =04 25@E=L>N 3C1>N (2CA0<8). >;>20 2 =L>3> 1C;0 7>2AV< 3>;0, 0;5 7 >4=>3> WW 1>:C 728A0;> ?0A<> 2>;>AAO  >7=0:0 7=0B=>ABV @>4C (>A5;545FL). 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BVTW B8E>W @>7<>28 2 CG8B5;LAL:V9 :V<=0BV 1915&nbsp;@>:C O 2?5@H5 4>2V402AO, I> B0:>N <>2>N, O:>N <8 3>2>@8<>, 3>2>@8BL 1;87L:> 30&nbsp;<V;L9>=V2 ;N459; I> BV ;N48, 0 7 =8<8 V <>W 10BL:8, =07820NBLAO C:@0W=FO<8, 0 =5 <0;>@>A0<8, =5 E>E;0<8, =5 @CA8=0<8, =5 <C68:0<8, O: WE B5?5@ 7=5206;82> =07820NBL <a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title="">[52]</a>. # B@02=V 1917&nbsp;@>:C #:@0W=AL:0 &5=B@0;L=0 040 725@=C;0AO 7 45:;0@0FVTN 4> V=B5;V35=FVW:  #2VAA02H8 7 <>;>:>< A0<>45@602=>AB8 V45N F5=B@0;V7<C, 728:=C2H8 4828B8AL =0 #:@0W=C BV;L:8 O: =0 ?>;C4=52>-70EV4=89 :@09 @>AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW, 0 =0 C:@0W=FV2, O: =0  E0E;V2 , I> 2V4@V6=ONBLAO 2V4 @>AVO= BV;L:8 45O:8<8 <0;5=L:8<8 ?>1CB>28<8 >:@5<VH=>ABO<8, =V:>;8 =5 BC@1CNG8AL ?@> B5, I>1 ?>7=09><8B8AO 7 68BBO< F8E  E0E;V2 B0 WE V450;0<8, I> =V:>;8 =5 702<8@0;8, =02VBL ?V4 3=VB>< F0@87<C, 1C@6C07=0 V=B5;V35=FVO =5 7<>3;0, =5 =09H;0 2 A>1V A8;8 ?V4=OB8AO 4> ?@028;L=>3> @>7C<V==O ?@>F5AC, O:89 2V41C202AO FV;89 G0A <a href="#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title="">[53]</a>. >4V1=V @52>;NFV9=V 70:;8:8 ;C=0;8 B>4V 72V4CAV;L.  030B> 7 =0A, C:@0W=FV2, =02VBL A2>T ?@V728I5 =0FV>=0;L=5 701C;> V 725 A515  <0;>@>AA0<8 ,  E>E;0<8 ,  N6=>@CA0<8 , >4=8< A;>2><, B0:, O: B>3> 2AO:8< 70940< =0 #:@0W=V 701060TBLAO <a href="#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title="">[54]</a>. ">4V =0 ?5@H89 ?;0= 28AC=C;0AO V45O 02B>=><VW #:@0W=8.  57 02B>=><VW C =0A =5 1C45 @V4=>W H:>;8, 0 1C45 H:>;0 <>A:>2AL:0. "0 H:>;0, I> ;8H5 ?0<>@>:8 701820T =0H8< 4VBO<, 0 3@0<>B8 =VO:>W =5 40T. C45 B0 H:>;0, I> 2G8BL 7=52060B8 10BL:0 B0 <0BV@, 1> 2>=8, <>2;O2,  E0E;8 , 0 B>9 E;>?5FL, I> 282G82AO F25=L:0B8 7 ? OBL A;V2 ?> :0F0?AL:><C, 40: 2V= 265 =5 E0E>;, 0 ?0= <a href="#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title="">[55]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >;>489 35=5@0; #:@0W=AL:>W 0@>4=>W 5A?C1;V:8 .@:> "NBN==8: 7 2;0A=>3> 4>A2V4C >?8A02 B@03VG=V 5B=>=V<VG=V :>;V7VW 2 @52>;NFV9=><C 1917&nbsp;@>FV =0 AEV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE. "@510 1C;> AD>@<C20B8 7 C:@0W=AL:8E  4O4L:V2 2 H8=5;OE 2V9AL:>2C G0AB8=C. ;O FL>3>, 70 B>3>G0A=8< 728G0T<, A:;8:0;8 2VG5. </p> <ul>  <i>@81C;> I>AL 4> A5<8 B8AOG. V4:@820NG8 2VG5, O 70?@>?>=C202:<br>  %B> ?><V6 20<8 C:@0W=FV, ?V4=5AVBL @C:C 4> 3>@8!<br> V4=5A;>AO =5 1V;LH5 B@L>EA>B @C:.<br>  0;>@>A8! V4=5AVBL @C:8!<br> V4=5A;> @C:8 :>;> ?>;>28=8 ?@8ACB=VE.<br>  %0E;8! V4=5AVBL @C:8!<br> =>2 ?V4=5A;0 @C:8 4>1@0 B@5B8=0.<br>  #:@0W=FV, <0;>@>A8 V E0E;8! AV @07>< ?V4=5AVBL @C:8!</i> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >=04 3>;>20<8 :V;L:0B8AOB=>W N@18 ?V4=VAAO ;VA @C:. 48=8FV, I> =5 ?V4=5A;8 @C:, =5 1C;8 ?><VB=V A5@54 7030;C <a href="#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" title="">[56]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ;O ?>;>=5=8E @>AV9AL:>W 0@<VW, 28EV4FV2 7 #:@0W=8, ?@>BO3>< 1914 1917&nbsp;@>:V2 C =V<5FL:><C <VABV 0HB0BV 7=0E>482AO B01V@. 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E>G 1V;LH>28:8 A2>W 5B=VG=V C?>4>10==O ?@8E>2C20;8 2 A>FV0;L=>-:;0A>28E B5@<V=0E, 4;O C:@0W=AB20 2>=8 7=09H;8 ?5@A>=0;L=89 B5@<V=   ?5B;N@V2FV . >@>BL1>N 7   ?5B;N@V2FO<8 1C;> 70?>2=5=5 68BBO 4>2>T==>W @04O=AL:>W #:@0W=8. 5B;N@V2FV2, ?5B;N@V2I8=C =0E>48;8 A:@V7L, 45 ;8H5 B5?;82AO 2>3=8: =0FV>=0;L=>W A2V4><>ABV, B0 6>@AB>:> 28=8IC20;8.  0 7<V=C  075?8=AB2C ?@89H;0  5B;N@V2I8=0 . @89H;0 2>=0 G5@57 210&nbsp;@>:V2 ?VA;O B>3>, O: =0 #:@0W=V ?@>@52V;0 >AB0==O C:@0W=AL:0 30@<0B0, 9 G5@57 55&nbsp;;VB ?VA;O >AB0B>G=>3>, :0B53>@8G=>3> 9 @VHCG>3> >3>;>H5==O, I> =5 BV;L:8 =0@>4C C:@0W=AL:>3>, 0;5, =02VBL, <>28 9>3>  =5 1C;>, =5<0 9 1CB8 =5 <>65 <a href="#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" title="">[70]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @C30 A2VB>20 2V9=0 ?>@>48;0 2 >A:2V =>289 B5@<V=   10=45@>25F .   B>G:8 7>@C F5=B@C V @>AV9AL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 C:@0W=AL:V =0FV>=0;VAB8 ?5B;N@V2FV V 10=45@V2FV AB0;8 A?04:>T<FO<8 <075?8=FV2 <a href="#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" title="">[71]</a>.  >6=89, EB> 1C2 =0?@02;5=89 =0 @>1>BC 2 >AVN 7 #:@0W=8 1C;8  E0E;0<V V  1T=4T@0<V . 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'8< H:>4OBL =0< <075?8=FV? 5B5@1C@3, 1914. !.&nbsp;5.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" title=""><span lang="RU">[65]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>;5:A89&nbsp;. </i>@>1C645=85 #:@08=K. >G052, 1914. !.&nbsp;38.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" title=""><span lang="RU">[66]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>8E=>&nbsp;.&nbsp;</i>.  >A045: >;8B8G5A:85 AB0BL8. ., 1906. !.&nbsp;289.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" title=""><span lang="RU">[67]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0??5;5@&nbsp;.</i> 075?8=FK, <0;>@>AAK, E>E;K: C:@08=FK 2 MB=8G5A:>9 85@0@E88 >AA89A:>9 8<?5@88 // >AA8O  #:@08=0: 8AB>@8O 2708<>>B=>H5=89. .: (:>;0  /7K:8 @CAA:>9 :C;LBC@K , 1997. !.&nbsp;126.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" title=""><span lang="RU">[68]</span></a> <span lang=RU>"0< A0<>. !.&nbsp;130.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" title=""><span lang="RU">[69]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>'8:0;5=:>&nbsp;. </i>)>45==8: (1907 1917). L2V2, 1931. !.&nbsp;254 255.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" title=""><span lang="RU">[70]</span></a> <span lang=RU>1V@=8: ?0<OB8 !8<>=0 5B;N@8. @030, 1930. !.&nbsp;109.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" title=""><span lang="RU">[71]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0??5;5@&nbsp;</i>. 075?8=FK, <0;>@>AAK, E>E;K: C:@08=FK 2 MB=8G5A:>9 85@0@E88 >AA89A:>9 8<?5@88 // >AA8O  #:@08=0: 8AB>@8O 2708<>>B=>H5=89. .: (:>;0  /7K:8 @CAA:>9 :C;LBC@K , 1997. !.&nbsp;142.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" title=""><span lang="RU">[72]</span></a> <span lang=RU>V. 2000. !&nbsp;10. !.&nbsp;5.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" title=""><span lang="RU">[73]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>0=>25=:>&nbsp;.</i> >AVO: =5 25;L<8 ?@8201;8289 ?>@B@5B 2 V=B5@ T@V // !CG0A=VABL. 2000. !&nbsp;3. !.&nbsp;93.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" title=""><span lang="RU">[74]</span></a> <span lang=RU>:A?@5A. 1998. 7 15&nbsp;15@57=O.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155213"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">XXIII. 0F0?</font></i></b></span></a><font size="4">&nbsp; <a name="XXIII_Kacap"></a></font> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >@O4 V7 402=V< B5@<V=><  <>A:0;L =0 AEV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE 7 XVIII&nbsp;AB. 2 @>7<>2=V9 <>2V 2:>@V=82AO 5B=>D>;V7<  :0F0? V 9>3> ?>EV4=V. >:@5<0, =5=>@<0B82=5 A;>2>  :0F0? C:@0W=FV 28:>@8AB>2C20;8 9 C ?@820B=><C ;8ABC20==V. # ;8ABV 4> /:>20 CE0@5=:0 2V4 30&nbsp;25@5A=O 1842&nbsp;@. "0@0A (52G5=:> 70?8BCT:  %V10 6 O 28=5=, I> O C@>482AO =5 <u>:0F0?><</u> 01> =5 <u>D@0=FC7><</u>? (V4:@5A;5==O A0<>3> ".&nbsp;(52G5=:0) <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>.&nbsp; /:V2 CE0@5=:>  C:@0W=AL:89 ?8AL<5==8:, 5B=>3@0D, =0:07=89 >B0<0= '>@=><>@AL:>3> :>70FL:>3> 2V9AL:0, O:><C (52G5=:> ?@8A2OB82 ?>5<C  >A:0;520 :@8=8FO , ?8A02 C 1857&nbsp;@. 4> ?>5B0, O:89 ?>25@=C2AO V7 70A;0==O:  E "0@0A5, "0@0A5, 72545 B515 FO ?@>:;OBCI0 :0F0?=O! C48 B8 945H? =>2C =0 @>6>= ?@5HAO. ;N=L =0 =8E <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. 304CNG8 G0A8  8@8;>-5D>4VW2AL:>3> @0BAB20 , .&nbsp;C;VH ?8A02:  K A45;0;8AL =5=028AB=8:0<8 =5 B>;L:> B5E, :>B>@K5, ?> =0H5<C 2>77@5=8N, 1K;8 28=>2=8:0<8 154AB25==>3> ?>;>65=8O =0H59 @>4=>9 #:@08=K, => 8 A0<8E <>A:0;59, MB>3>, ?> =0H5<C B>340H=5<C <=5=8N, 3@C1>3> 8 =8 : G5<C 2KA>:><C =5A?>A>1=>3> =0@>40, :>B>@K9 <K 720;8 :0F0?0<8. (52G5=:> 1K; =58AB>I8< 2 A0@:07<0E, 0=5:4>B0E 8 ?@8?520E =0 AG5B 25;8:>@CAA>2 <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # ;8ABV 8:>;8 >3>;O 4> A2>3> 75<;O:0  VAB>@8:0, DV;>;>30 B0 5B=>3@0D0 8E09;0 0:A8<>28G0 <VAB8BLAO B0:0 ?>@040:  @>ALB5 2 A0<>< 45;5  :0F0?8N , 40 ?>57609B5 2 5BL<0=I8=C. / A0< 4C<0N B> 65 A45;0BL 8 =0 A;54CNI89 3>4 <0E=CBL >BAN40. C@=8 <K, ?@02>, :0: @0AAC48BL E>@>H5=L:>! ;O G53> 8 :><C <K 65@B2C5< 2A5< <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5AO #:@0W=:0, @>73;O40NG8 B2V@ .&nbsp;">;AB>3> =5 7 9>3> C;N1;5=>3> 0@8AB>:@0B8G=>3>, 0 7 @>AV9AL:>3> =0@>4=>3> 68BBO  ;0ABL BL<8 , O:89 W9 4C65 =5 A?>4>102AO, 27O;0 D@0=FC7L:89 ?5@5:;04 B2>@C, I>1 ?>10G8B8  O: <>65 289B8 B0:0 :@09=O :0F0?I8=0 C D@0=FC7L:><C ?5@5:;04V <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. # ;8ABV 4> A5AB@8 .&nbsp;.&nbsp;>A0G 2>=0 ?8A0;0:  20= @>7=89 ?@54AB02;O;8 VB0;LO=FV ?> VB0;V9AL:8& ?>2>48B8AL ?> :0F0?AL:8 2>=8 =5 2<V;8, >48= BV;L:8 20= @>7=89 1C2 ?>E>689 =0 :0F0?0 <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 5>DVFV9=89 5B=>287=0G0;L=89 B5@<V=  :0F0? =01@02 B0:>W ?>?C;O@=>ABV, 06 9>3> <CA8;8 2V4>1@078B8 C:;040GV A;>2=8:V2 O: C:@0W=AL:><>2=8E, B0: V @>AV9AL:><>2=8E. 02545<> V7 :V;L:>E ;5:A8:>=V2 ?V41V@:C =091V;LH E0@0:B5@=8E ?@8:;04V2 A;>2>26820==O FL>3> B5@<V=C. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 2B>@8B5B=89 A;>2=8: .&nbsp;@V=G5=:0 B0: B;C<0G8BL F59 ?A524>5B=>=V<: </p> <ul>  <i>0F0?, ?0</i>, .&nbsp;5;8:>@>AA8O=8=. "CB 482;OBLAO, 06 2E>48BL :0F0?. <br> C<. <i>0F0?G8:,</i>C 2. <i>0F0?N30</i>. <br> <i>0F0?5=O, =OB8</i>, A.&nbsp;5;8:>@CAA:89 @515=>:. <br> <i>0F0?:0</i>, <i>:8</i>. 6. 5;8:>@>AA8O=:0. @8WE02 2 >4=5 A5;>  4828BLAO, :0F0?:0 :@8G8BL. <br> <i>0F0?=O, =V</i>. A>1. >B :0F0?. <br> <i>0F0?AL:89</i>, 0, 5. 5;8:>@CAA:89, <br> <i>0F0?G8:</i>, :0, C<. >B :0F0?. <br> <i>0F0?I8=0, =8</i>. 5;8:>@>AA8O. 0O2 :0F0?V2 V :0F0?I8=C. <br> <i>0F0?N30, 38</i>, <. C2. >B :0F0? <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >AV9AL:89 ;5:A8:>3@0D .&nbsp;0;L F5 A;>2> B;C<0G8BL B0:: </p> <ul> <p>  <i>0F0?</i>  ?@>728I5, 40==>5 <0;>@CA0<8 25;8:>@CA0< <a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8]</a>.&nbsp;# =>2VB=L><C ?VA;O2>T==><C A;>2=8:C @>AV9AL:>W <>28 7=0E>48<> B0:5: </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  <i>0F0?</i>, CAB0@. ?@>AB>@5G. ?@57@8B5;L=>5 =0720=85 @CAA:>3> (2 >B;8G88 >B C:@08=F0). @8G0;8,& B>@3>20;8AL =0 B@>BC0@0E 3@5:8, 0@<O=5, 52@58, BC@:8, D@0=FC7K, :0F0?K, E>E;K. (.&nbsp;.&nbsp;">;AB>9. '5BK@5 25:0). </p> <p> <i>0F0?:0</i> , CAB0@. ?@>AB>@5G. 5=A:. : :0F0?. </p> <p> <i>0F0?A:89</i> , CAB0@. ?@>AB>@5G. B=>AOI89AO : :0F0?C <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. </p> </ul> <p style='text-align:justify;text-indent:17.0pt;line-height: 13.2pt'> # ACG0A=><C C:@0W=AL:><C A;>2=8:C =0481CT<>: </p> <ul> <p>  <i>0F0?</i>, <i>0</i>, G., 70AB., @>7<. =5206;820 =0720 @>AVO=8=0. /@<0@>: 06 :8?V2& , F>:>BOBL ?5@5:C?:8, 1>60BLAO F830=8, ;0NBLAO :0F0?8 (>2G>:, VI, 1956, 294); @89H;8 :0F0?8 >1V40B8, ?>A<VO;8AO 7 =5W, E>G 2>=0 B>3> 9 =5 ?>9=O;0 [=5 7@>7C<V;0] (8@=89, , 1954, 67). </p> <p> <i>0F0?:0</i>, <i>8</i>, 6., 70AB., @>7<. V=. 4> :0F0?. </p> <p> <i>0F0?AL:89</i>, <i>0, 5</i>, 70AB., @>7<. @8:<. 4> :0F0?. >3> [>3>;O] =52<8@CIV B8?8 7  5@B28E 4CH  F5 7@07:8 7 =0H8E ?0=V2, 0 =5 :0F0?AL:8E (8@=89, V, 1955, 410); 0@B B0:89, O: C :0F0?0.  8 1 ;V?H5 70?CAB8;8 A>1V :0F0?AL:C 1>@>4C, 2>=0 1 20< 1V;LH5 ;8G8;0 (.&nbsp;5478:, =V?@>..., 1951, 210) <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. </p> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> /: 10G8<>, A;>2=8:8 =5A?@>AB>2=> ?V4B25@46CNBL H8@>:5 @>7?>2AN465==O ?A524>5B=>=V<C  :0F0? 2 #:@0W=V. "56 A0<5 ?V4B25@46CT EC4>6=O ;VB5@0BC@0. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  ;5<5==CN A2>5>1@07=>ABL 42CE =0@>4=KE >B@0A;59 2845; 87402=0, 8 A >158E AB>@>=, A0< =0@>4: A >158E AB>@>= 1K; @CAA:89 =0@>4, 87402=0 @0745;82H89AO, ?> ?>;8B8G5A:><C ?>;>65=8N 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 <5@:5, =0 25;8:CN 8 <0;CN CAL, => MB0 CAL =0 >4=>9 AB>@>=5 1K;8  E>E;K , =0 4@C3>9  <>A:0;8 8;8  :0F0?K  ?@>AB>=0@>4=K5 :;8G:8, 8<52H85 4;O >158E AB>@>= 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 >?@545;5==K9 A<KA; <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>.&nbsp; </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 7 2;0AB82>N 9><C 4>:C<5=B0;L=>N B>G=VABN .&nbsp;!284=8FL:89 >?8ACT AB02;5==O ?>4V;LAL:8E A5;O= 4> =5728G=>3> 4;O =8E ?>?0-:0F0?0: </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  0 BV< ?>:>H8;8AL, I> 2818;8 "8<>EC: I5 ?>?@>A8;8 4O:0, I>1 =0AB@>G82 AC?;V:C 4> 0@E8@5O, 0 >48= 7 3@><048 48:BC202, 0 2AV A;CE0;8 V 2A5:  B0:-B0:8, B0:! 01>:  F5 =5 B0:! & A5 ?@>?8A0;8: I> "8<>E0 1 TBLAO 7 3@><04>N, 4><0 B5IC 1 T, ?>30=89 ?@8:;04 40T, V 6V=:C B>2G5, 06 C18B8 E>G5, 1> 9 :@8G8BL:  #1 N, 0 A0< =0 !81V@ ?V4C ; V ? O=AB2CT, V 2 H:>;V 2V:=0 ?>182. ><C 4>1@5 18B8, 0 3@><04V AB@0B0: 70 I> =0< :>HB0 =5AB8?  A:;040;8AL =0 472V=, 0 2V= :C?82 702>48;>, 1> E>BV2 :8H5=N A>1V ?>;0B0B8.  B5 ?><VAB8;8 2 ?@>H5=VW, I> 2V= =0 A@0< 4><C >6><C 725BLAO 5B@>?02;>2AL:89, O: V F5@:20 ?> ACAV4AB2C. "> I>1 27O;8 9>3>, =5;N4O=>3>, V 2V4VA;0;8 2 :0F0?I8=C, 72V4:V;L 2V= V ?@81C2, 1> BCB 2V= 7>2AV<-B0:8 =5 3>48BLAO: V 728G0W2 =5 7=0T V =5 H0=CT, V <>28 =5 @>7C<VT V 4@C35T-?@>G5T. V=:C 6 ?@>A8;8 >AB028B8 BCB 45-=51C4L 70 ?@>A:C@=8FN  E>G-B0:8 2 !>;>4L:0E, 1> 2>=0 =5 :0F0?:0. VA;O FL>3> ?@>H5=VO  I>1 =0 <VAF5 "8<>E8 ?@8A;0;8 ?>:0 E>G AO:>3>-B0:>3>: E>G B0:>3>, I> 9><C 9 ?V4 =>A>< =5 A2VB0T, 018 265 E>G =5 :0F0? <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> "0:5 6 AB02;5==O 4> ?>?0-:0F0?0 2V4<VG0;>AO =0 '5@=V3V2I8=V 2 4@C3V9 ?>;>28=V XIX&nbsp;AB>@VGGO.  >GCBBO >:@5<VH=>ABV A2>TW 2V4  :0F0?V2 1C;> C =0H8E A2OI5=8:V2 7>2AV< OA=5 9 28@07=5. / ?@8304CN 4C65 4>1@5,  ?8A02 .&nbsp;0;030=,  O: =5?@8O7=> 2>=8 7CAB@V;8 2 A2>W< 3C@BV A2OI5=8:0, ?@8A;0=>3> 2 >4=> V7 =540;5:8E 2V4 =0A AV; V7 O:>WAL @>AV9AL:>W T?0@EVW. 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V4 <>A:0;V2 A;>2>  :0F0? <>3;> 1CB8 70=5A5=8< 4> C:@0W=FV2 2 5?>EC <>A:>2AL:>W 1>O@I8=8 =0 #:@0W=V, 2 XVII&nbsp;AB., ?VA;O 35BL<0=0 >340=0 %<5;L=8FL:>3> <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> :045<V: !.&nbsp;D@5<>2 7@>182 =0 FN B5<C ?>2V4><;5==O 2  VB5@0BC@=>-=0C:>2><C 2VA=8:C <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ";C<0G5==O .&nbsp;/2>@=8FL:8< A;>20  :0F0? ?>H8@82 V ?>3;8182 0=>=V<=89 (?@024>?>4V1=> 0:04.&nbsp;.&nbsp;@8<AL:89) @5F5=75=B  852A:>9 AB0@8=K . 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G8  :0A0? =0 BN@AL:8E <>20E V 2 <>;402AL:V9 >7=0G0T  @V7=8:, @V7C=, 682>@V7 <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title="">[32]</a>. V= 65 70=>BC202 28@07  ?>:0F0?8;8AL <a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title="">[33]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> ";C<0G5==O A;>20  :0F0? ?>40TBLAO B0:>6 2  #:@0W=AL:V9 <0;V9 5=F8:;>?54VW .&nbsp;=0FL:>3> O: ?>EV4=5 2V4 B0B0@AL:>3>  @V7=8: ,  @V7C= <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title="">[34]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # !B5?0=0 C40=AL:>3> T F8:; A?V2><>2>: ?@> :0F0?V2. 02545<> ;8H5 >48= C@82>:: </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p style='margin-top:3.3pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:3.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:13.2pt'> <i>02V2 :0F0? E@8AB8O=8=0,<br> 0@V70B8 E>G5.<br> 02 O702 9><C =0704 @C:8,<br> V6 H8@>:89 B>G8BL.<br>  :0F0?GC: A5<8;VB>:<br> 0;> =5 1@8:0T:<br> @C3>< A:0G5 :>;> B0B0<br> "0 2A5 ?@><>2;OT:<br>  0 ?>;=0 C6 B0G0BL 10BL:0!..<br> C4TB A =T3>, 1C4TB!..<br> 56L 65, 10BL:0! B>-B> ;N1><br> 0: B@5?0BLAO 1C4TB! </i><a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><i>[35]</i></a> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 53:> 7@>7C<VB8, I> 2 >AVW 5B=>D>;V7<  :0F0? >A>1;82>W ;N1>2V =5 28:;8:0T. # 45;V:0B=V9 D>@<V ?@> F5 ?8A0;>AO B0::  #:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4 =5 CA2V4><;NT A515 G8<AL =0FV>=0;L=> 2V4>A>1;5=8< 2V4 =0A  :0F0?V2 . 5 CA2V4><;NT  V B8< =5 <5=H >E@5AB82 A2>WE ACAV4V2 >:@5<>N V =5 <>6=0 A:070B8, I>1 4>AB0B=L> 4@C6=L>N :;8G:>N, >B@8<02H8 2 >1<V= 2V4 B8E 65 ACAV4V2 =5 <5=H A?5F8DVG=5 =09<5=C20==O <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title="">[36]</a>. AB0==V< G0A>< C @>AV9AL:8E 70A>10E <0A>2>W V=D>@<0FVW B0 =0 5AB@04V A?>AB5@V30TBLAO A?@>10 @>7V@20B8 0=B>=V<VG=C ?0@C  :0F0?   E0E>; . > 0=B>=V<V2 2V4=>AOBLAO B0:V 5B=>=V<VG=V =0728, O:  C:@0W=5FL   @>AVO=8= ,  @CA8=   <>A:0;L ,  E0E>;   :0F0? . "5?5@ <0;>?@8T<=>3>  :0F0?0 =0<030NBLAO 70<V=8B8 =072>N  <>A:0;L , O:0, 22060NBL, ?>E>48BL 2V4 <VAB0 >A:28 V T, B0: 18 <>28B8, ?@89=OB=8< 20@V0=B>< A;>20  <>A:28G . >:07>28< C FL><C 2V4=>H5==V T, =0?@8:;04, @5A?5:B015;L=89 G0A>?8A  725AB8O .  >340 ?5@53>2>@K 70:>=G0BAO 8 E>E;K A <>A:0;O<8 =0:>=5F-B> C7=0NB, 345 GLO 75<;O,  =58725AB=> <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title="">[37]</a>. "0:5 ?5@5AB02;5==O (70<VABL  :0F0?0  <>A:0;L ) T, 2 40=><C 28?04:C, ?>@CH5==O< B@048FV9=>W <>2=>W ?@0:B8:8, =0 I> <0T<> 157;VG ?@8:;04V2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">   =8=V <>A:0;L =07820T C:@0W=FO  E0E;>< , 0 =02?0:8 C:@0W=5FL <>A:0;O  :0F0?>< <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title="">[38]</a>.   9 B5?5@ I5 C:@0W=5FL 725 <>A:0;O  :0F0?>< , 0 <>A:0;L C:@0W=FO  E0E;>< <a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title="">[39]</a>. 8AL<5==8: =B>= '5E>2, <0=4@CNG8 !81V@><, >E09=VABL 2 ?>1CBV <VAF528E 68B5;V2 >FV=82 B0:8< ?>@V2=O==O<:  & 2>>1I5 G8AB>?;>B=>ABL, > :>B>@>9 =0H8 E>E;K <>3CB B>;L:> <5GB0BL, 0 254L E>E;K :C40 G8AB>?;>B=55 :0F0?>2 <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title="">[40]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 >@>=V6G8=V 4> AL>3>4=V, 70 B25@465==O<8 5B=>3@0DV2, C:@0W=FV2 =07820NBL  E0E;0<8 , 0 @>AVO= 2V4?>2V4=>  :0F0?0<8 .  &V =09<5=C20==O 7024O:8 WE H8@>:><C @>7?>2AN465==N V ABV9:><C ?>1CBC20==V ?5@5B2>@8;8AO 2 A2>T@V4=V 5B=>=V<8, 2B@0B82H8 E0@0:B5@ >1@07;82>3> ?@>728I0 <a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title="">[41]</a>. !CG0A=89 (157F5=7C@=89) H:V;L=89 ?V4@CG=8: GVB:> DV:ACT FN 0=B>=V<VG=C ?0@C.  0F0?8  7=5206;825 ?@V728AL:> @>AVO=, ?>H8@5=5 2 #:@0W=V =0 ?@>B8203C B0:><C 6 3;C7;82><C ?@V728AL:C C:@0W=FV2   E>E;8 , ?>H8@5=><C 2 >AVW <a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title="">[42]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !5<0=B8:>-AB8;VAB8G=89 >1AO3 5B=>D>;V7<C  :0F0? C <>2V C:@0W=FV2 (O:, 7@5HB>N, 9  E0E>; C <>2V @>AVO=)  F5 ?;V4 1030B>2V:>2>3> A?V268BBO. !;>2>  :0F0? 7 ?>3;O4C >1 T:B82=>W =0C:8, 728G09=>, 6>4=8< G8=>< =5 <>65 DC=:FV>=C20B8 =02VBL C @>;V 5B=>=V<0-A8=>=V<0. "0: A0<>, O: =0720  E0E>; . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0 7025@H5==O <>6=0 I5 2V47=0G8B8, I> 2 B0T<=8E <>20E (?@>D5AV9=V 0@3>) B56 ?>1CBC20;8 A2>T@V4=V 5B=>=V<8. "0:, =0?@8:;04, 2 @>AV9AL:8E 5B=>=V<0E-0@3>B87<0E C:@0W=FO =07820NBL  <0@<8H , 0 C:@0W=:C   ;>E0 . # A2>N G5@3C 2 0@3> C:@0W=AL:8E ;V@=8:V2, O: V 2 1V;>@CAL:8E ?@>D5AV9=8E 651@0:V2, @>AVO= >7=0G0;8 B5@<V=><  10BCA ,  10F09 <a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title="">[43]</a>.<br clear="all"> </p> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <ul> <p> <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span lang="RU">[1]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>(52G5=:> ".</i> >2=5 2840==O B2>@V2. 0@H020; L2V2, 1935. 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XIX  ?>G0B>: XX&nbsp;AB>;VBBO: V4@CG=8: 4;O 9&nbsp;:;0AC A5@54=L>W H:>;8. .: 84 2>  5=570 , 1996. !.&nbsp;60.</span> </p> <p> <a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span lang="RU">[43]</span></a> <span lang=RU><i>>=40;5B>2&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</i> @3>B8G5A:0O MB=>=8<8O // -B=>3@0D8O 8<5=. .: 0C:0, 1971. !.&nbsp;31.</span> </p> </ul> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155214"><span style="letter-spacing:.7pt;"><b><i><font size="4">XXIV. 848 G8 T2@5W?</font></i></b></span></a><font size="4"><a name="XXIV_Zhydy_chy_jevreji"> </a></font> </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >@>BL10 70 =>289 5B=>=V< BO3;0AO 2 #:@0W=V ?V2B>@0 AB>@VGGO: 7 A5@548=8 XIX&nbsp;AB.  ;5425 =5 4> :V=FO XX&nbsp;AB. 0 70EV4=8E 5B=>3@0DVG=8E 75<;OE, =0 0:0@?0BBV V >A>1;82> =0 @OHV2I8=V, FO 1>@>BL10, @>74<CEC20=0 C:@0W=>D>10<8 @>7<0WB>3> 30BC=:C, ?0;0E:>B8BL 4>=8=V. ;5 F5 C65 0@ T@30@4=V 1>W, 4@V1=V, 70;8H:>2V ACB8G:8. <030==O 70 =>289 A>1>@=89 5B=>=V< 28<030;> 2V4 C:@0W=FV2 65@B>2=>W A0<>?>A2OB8 V 28A>:>3> 4CE>2=>3> =0?@C65==O. 5 7;VG8B8 2B@0B, O:8E 707=02 =0@>4, >1AB>NNG8 V CB25@46CNG8 A2V9 =>289 5B=>=V<. 0 =5=028A=5 3=>18B5;O< V< O  C:@0W=5FL ;N459 157?5@5AB0=:C ?5@5A;V4C20;8 V G0AB> ;NB> :0@0;8. 4=0: 7;0<0B8 2>;N =0@>4C V<?5@H>2V=VAB0< =5 240;>AO. @5HBV-@5HB 4>23>;VB=O 5B=>=V<VG=0 2V9=0 7025@H8;0AL FV;:>28B8< B>@65AB2>< C:@0W=AB20. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @02;OGV :>;0 >AVW, >;LIV, #3>@I8=8 B0 C<C=VW ?@8=52>;5=V 1C;8 B8EF5<, :>=DC7;82> A:0AC20B8 C@O4>2V 701>@>=8 =0 B5@<V=8  C:@0W=5FL ,  #:@0W=0 . A8<V;OB>@AL:V =0<V@8 7 4>?><>3>N 5B=>=V<V2 @>7G;5=C20B8 V ;V:2V4C20B8 C:@0W=AL:89 5B=>A 707=0;8 :@0EC. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 4020;>AO 1, =0 AEV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E B5@5=0E ?@89H>2 4>23>>GV:C20=89 5B=>=V<VG=89 <8@, =0AB0;0 7;03>40 V =>@<0;V70FVO 270T<8=. 4020;>AO 1, AB0;> 7@>7C<V;8<, I>  B5@<V=, =0720, V< O T 2A5 @VGV C<>2=V :>=D5=FV>=0;L=V, 0;5 @VH0NG8< <><5=B>< 4;O =0720==O B0: 01> V=0:H5 O:>3>AL =0@>4C <0T 1CB8, O: 2V= A0< A515 =07820T V E>G5 1CB8 =07820=8< <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a>.  2BV<, 70;8H8;0AO =5 2@53C;L>20=0 4>B5?5@ >4=0 :07CA=0 5B=>=V<VG=0 ?@>1;5<0. 45BLAO ?@> =0FV>=0;L=5 V< O =0@>4C !B0@>3> 0?>2VBC. !B2>@8;0AO B0:0 2@060NG0 A8BC0FVO, I> 70@07 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V =0 >7=0G5==O AB0@>70?>2VB=>3> =0@>4C >4=>G0A=> ?>1CBCNBL 420 ?0@0;5;L=V 5B=>=V<8:  684 V  T2@59 . =V =>@<8 ;VB5@0BC@=>W <>28, 0=V 682><>2=0 ?@0:B8:0 =5 B5@?8BL 73040=>3> ?0@0;5;V7<C, 9>3> =5287=0G5=>ABV. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0:>=8 <>28 28<030NBL >4=>7=0G=>3> 281>@C 5B=>=V<C.  4@C3>3> 1>:C, 45;V:0B=5 ?8B0==O 5B=>=V<C =5 T ACB> ;V=32VAB8G=>N ?@>1;5<>N. B=>=V< BVA=> 270T<>72 O70=89 7 ?>;VB8G=>N AD5@>N.  CAO:><C @07V 5B=>=V<8  684 V  T2@59 , 157 ;C:02AB20, T 2 #:@0W=V, 157?5@5G=>, ?>;VB8G=>N ?@>1;5<>N. #:@0W=AL:>-T2@59AL:V 270T<8=8 A:;040;8AO 2 @V7=89 G0A ?>-@V7=><C. 0 B5@8B>@VW #:@0W=8 74V9A=N20;8AO T2@59AL:V ?>3@><8, 2V41C2AO 3>;>:>AB. ;5 B@510 ?0< OB0B8,  I> @50;L=0 ?>;VB8G=0 2;040 ?@>BO3>< AB>;VBL 2 #:@0W=V C:@0W=AL:><C =0@>4>2V =5 =0;560;0. )> C<>28 20@20@AL:>W A202>;V, O:V ?0=C20;8 2 #:@0W=V,  F5 =5 @57C;LB0B 4VO;L=>ABV C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, 0 =0A;V4>: 4VO;L=>ABV =04 C:@0W=AL:8< =0@>4>< 7 1>:C >:C?0FV9=8E 2;0AB59 G8 B> C 283;O4V >;LAL:>W 45@6028, G8 C 283;O4V >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW. 5 C:@0W=FV 48:BC20;8 C<>28, >1AB028=8, O:V 2V:0<8 B@820;8 2 #:@0W=V. 'C68=FV =V:>;8 =5 =0<030;8AO ?5@5B2>@N20B8 #:@0W=C 2 ?@02>2C B5@8B>@VN, 1> F5 ?5@5H:>48;> 1 WE=L><C ?0=C20==N <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]</a>. @0E>2CNG8 4>A2V4 <8=C;>3>, I>1 =5 ?@>4>26C20B8  4V0;>3 0=B8A5<VB0 7 C:@0W=>D>1>< , B@510 BCB 27OB8 4> C2038 @>7AC4;82V A;>20 0:045<V:0 !.&nbsp;D@5<>20:  2@5W, O: <8 7=0T<>, 682CBL C =091;86G><C 72 O7:C 7 C:@0W=AL:8< =0@>4><,  F5 =02VBL =5 ACAV48, O: 7451V;LH>3> V=HV =0@>48, 0 >4=0 7 A:;04>28E G0AB8= ;N4=>AB8 =0 A0<V9 65 B0:8 C:@0W=AL:V9 75<;V <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a>. /: 70A2V4GCNBL VAB>@8G=V 465@5;0, T2@5W 157?5@5@2=> 682CBL =0 B5@8B>@VW #:@0W=8 I>=09<5=H5 B8AOGC @>:V2 <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a>. ;O 4>?>2=5==O 4> A:070=>3> ?@>F8BCT<> I5 @07 VAB>@8:0 /. 0H:528G0:  8 <0T<> ?5@5:>=;825 A2V4G5==O B>3>, I> E0@0:B5@ C:@0W=AL:>-T2@59AL:8E 2V4=>A8= 287=0G0;8 =5 B@8-G>B8@8 @>:8 :@8202>W @V70=8=8, 0 356&nbsp;@>:V2 <5=H-1V;LH =>@<0;L=8E 2V4=>A8=. > V=0:H5 FV;:>< ?52=> =0 #:@0W=V =0 ?>G0B:C XX&nbsp;AB. =5 7V1@0;>AO 1 1;87L:> B@5B8=8 A2VB>2>3> T2@59AB20 <a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0@B> =03040B8, I> 4@52=V9 T2@59AL:89 =0@>4 AB2>@82 2;0A=5 ?8AL<> 265 ? OBL B8AOG @>:V2 B><C V <0T =09?>2=VHC 7 CAVE =0@>4V2 704>:C<5=B>20=C VAB>@VN. &5 7 9>3> A5@54>28I0 289H;8 >9A59, !>;><>=, 0284, ?>AB>;8, !?V=>70, 09=5, 0@:A, $@594, 9=HB59= V 1030B> V=H8E 2A5A2VB=L> 2V4><8E 4VOGV2 =0C:8, :C;LBC@8 V <8AB5FB20. 091V;LH5 ;0C@50BV2 >15;V2AL:>W ?@5<VW 402 A0<5 T2@59AL:89 =0@>4. 8H5 V7 A5@54>28I0 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:>3> T2@59AB20 289H;> 06 G>B8@8 ;0C@50B8 >15;V2AL:>W ?@5<VW: 978: 01V (DV78:0), >0;L4 %>D<0= (EV<VO), 0H52V9-V=35@ V (<C5;L 3=>= (;VB5@0BC@0). >7?>@>H5=89 ?> A2VBV, T2@59AL:89 =0@>4 =5 ?@>?02, =5 73C182AO, 0 ?>?@8 2A5 715@V3 =0FV>=0;L=C V45=B8G=VABL, 402H8 ?>=52>;5=8< =0@>40< =0>G=89 ?@8:;04 O: B@510 1>@>B8AO 7 0A8<V;OB>@0<8. 2@5W ?VA;O 42>E B8AOG>;VBL ?>25@=C;8AO =0 ?@0402=N 10BL:V2I8=C, AB2>@8;8 ?@>F2VB0NGC 45@602C 7@0W;L, B0 2V4=>28;8 2 ?>2=><C >1AO7V, 74020;>AL, 7>2AV< 701CBC @V4=C <>2C  V2@8B. 2@5W 709<0NBL 203><V ?>78FVW 2 A2VB>2V9 ?>;VB8FV, 5:>=><VFV, DV=0=A0E, :C;LBC@V, 2 :5@V2=8FB2V 1030BL>E :@0W=. #A5 F5 @57C;LB0B D0=0B8G=>3> ?>H0=C20==O V=B5;5:BC V <0965 A?04:>2>W @8A8, I> 2 O:V9 18 =C64V 10BL:8 =5 >?8=8;8AO, 0 4VB59 B@510 >1>2 O7:>2> 282G8B8. 2@5W  T48=89 =0@>4 C A2VBV, A5@54 O:>3> 2V:0<8 =5<0T =V >4=>3> =5?8AL<5==>3>. 48= V7 70A=>2=8:V2 B>20@8AB20  @>A2VB0 , 287=0G=89 3@><04AL:89 4VOG >.&nbsp;!B5D0= 0G0;0, 2 ?>?C;O@=V9 :=86FV  )> =0A 3C18BL 0 I> =0< ?><>G8 <>65 (1869&nbsp;@.) 4C65 4>ABC?=> @>7 OA=N202, I>  3C18BL =0A ?8OFB2>, B5<=>B0, =52<V==O >@30=V7C20B8AO, I>1 70@>18B8 9 >I04;82> 28B@0G0B8 3@>HV. 0 ?>78B82=89 ?@8:;04 A2OI5=8: 0G0;0 27O2 T2@5W2, :>B@V  =5 ? 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"@510 <0B8 ?>;C4C =0 >G0E, I>1 FL>3> =5 10G8B8.  >4=0 7 T2@59AL:8E 3075B G8 >@30=V70FV9 =5 ?@>?>2V4CT C:@0W=>D>1AL:8E ?>3;O4V2. 8 GC4>2> @>7C<VT<>, I> 2A5 4>AO3=CB5 =0<8 C 2V4=>2;5==V T2@59AL:>3> 68BBO =5 1C;> 1 <>6;828< 157 2V4=>2;5==O =570;56=>AB8 #:@0W=8 B0 157 ?04V==O :><C=V7<C <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6]</a>. # ACG0A=V9 #:@0W=V 2V4@>46CNBLAO V B@048FVW T2@59AL:8E =0C:>28E ABC4V9. ;V4=> ?@0FNNBL =0 =82V 282G5==O VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>-T2@59AL:8E 2V4=>A8= 0@B5= $5;;5@, /:V2 %>=V3A<0=, 0==0 >210 B0 V=HV 4>A;V4=8:8 V, ?5@H 70 2A5, 48@5:B>@ =AB8BCBC N40W:8 C 8T2V 5>=V4 $V=15@3. # =0C:>289 >1V3 =0@5HBV 22545=> ?>=OBBO  C:@0W=AL:V T2@5W , I> <0T 40;5:>AO6=5 7=0G5==O 4;O <V6=0FV>=0;L=>W 7;03>48 <a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]</a>. 0 B0:><C B;V 7=5206;825 AB02;5==O 4> T2@59AL:>3> =0FV>=0;L=>3> V<5=V =5?@8?CAB8<5. !B0@89 T2@59AL:89 0D>@87< B25@48BL:  N48 =5=0284OBL B5, G>3> =5 @>7C<VNBL . <>2V@=> BCB :@8TBLAO ?@8G8=0 =5?>@>7C<V==O. 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"><C I> FO A5:B0 ( T@5AL ) A5@54 E@8AB8O= 1C;0 2 ?@8=865==V, B> G5@57 =5W V A;>2>  684 =0 2AL><C A;>2 O=AL:><C !E>4V (#:@0W=0, V;>@CAL, >A:>2I8=0) =01@0;> B>4V ?@8=87;82>3> 7=0G5==O, 0 4>AB>9=8< A;>2>< 1C;>  T2@59 , 1> 2>=> B0: 72CG8BL C <>2V !2.&nbsp;8AL<0 (AB0@>A;>2 O=AL:V9).  B>3> G0AC (:V=5FL 15&nbsp;AB>;VBBO) A;>2>  684 <V6 CAV<0 A;>2 O=0<8 !E>4C AB0;> 26820B8AO O: ?@8=87;825, 0  T2@59 O: 4>AB>9=5 <a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9]</a>. B65, ?@024825, VAB>@8G=> B>G=5 =0FV>=0;L=5 V< O =0@>4C !B0@>3> 0?>2VBC   T2@59 . &59 5B=>=V< ?@89H>2 C 402=L>@CAL:C <>2C G5@57 F5@:>2=>A;>2 O=AL:C 7 A5@54=L>3@5FL:>W V ?V7=VH5 (C D>@<V  351@59 ) I5 @07 2 C:@0W=AL:C G5@57 70EV4=>A;>2 O=AL:V. 0?>78G5==O F5 :=86=5, B><C <5=H ?>?C;O@=5. 2060TBLAO, I> =0720 ?>E>48BL 2V4 0@0<59AL:>3>  515@ , I> ?5@2VA=> 7=0G8;>  ?>B>91VG=89 , B>1B> B>9, I> ?@89H>2 7 V=H>3> 1>:C 2D@0BC, 45AL =540;5:> 09AL:>3> A04C.  2@59, T2@59AL:89 (1C:2.  ?>B>91VG=89 , B>9, EB> ?@89H>2 4> %0=00=C 01> 0;5AB8=8 7 B>3> 1>:C 2D@0BC, O: <0;8 =07820B8 T2@5W2 <5H:0=FV %0=00=C) <a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10]</a>. "0:8< G8=><, =0720  T2@5W   ?>B>91VG=V  C V1;VW 2?5@H5 70AB>A>20=0 4> ?@0>BFO V 9>3> AV< W, I> ?@89H;8 7 70 2D@0BC, B>1B> I5 4> 28E>4C T2@5W2 =0 15@538 >@40=C.  2@59 ,  T2@5W  B0:>N VAB>@8G=> B>G=>N =072>N AB0@>70?>2VB=89 =0@>4 7402=0 ?@03=5 =07820B8AO C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # 1861&nbsp;@>FV 2 !0=:B-5B5@1C@7V 70E>40<8 C:@0W=AL:8E ?0B@V>BV2 28E>482 =0FV>=0;L=>-?0B@V>B8G=89 >@30=  6C@=0;  A=>20 . 540:FVO 6C@=0;C A:;040;0AO 7 .&nbsp;V;>75@AL:>3>, .&nbsp;C;VH0, .&nbsp;>AB><0@>20. :B82=C CG0ABL C ?V43>B>2FV 2840==O 1@02 "0@0A (52G5=:>. 03C 6C@=0;C  A=>20 4;O @>728B:C B>3>G0A=>W C:@0W=AL:>W ?>;VB8G=>W 4C<:8 206:> ?5@5>FV=8B8. !0<5 4> @540:FVW  A=>28 =04V9H>2 ;8AB :>@5A?>=45=B0 70 ?V4?8A><  -2 . 8< 1C2 ABC45=B .&nbsp;>@BC30;>2, O:89 AB02 V=VFV0B>@>< ?5@H>W ?C1;VG=>W ?>;5<V:8 ?@> C:@0W=AL:>-T2@59AL:V 2V4=>A8=8 <a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11]</a>. 540:FVO 6C@=0;C 2<VAB8;0 FL>3> ;8AB0 C G5@2=V 1861&nbsp;@>:C, ?V4 =072>N  54>@07C<5=VT ?> ?>2>4C A;>20  84 . <VAB ;8AB0 ?>;O302 C B><C, I> C 72 O7:C 7 @>728B:>< 7030;L=>W >A2VG5=>ABV =59B@0;L=89 4>AV 2 #:@0W=V 5B=>=V<  684 =018@0T >1@07;82>3> E0@0:B5@C. 2B>@ ;8AB0 ?8A02:  / 1;030N 20A  =5 >1@060B8 =0A 1V;LH5. 5265 6 20< F5 206:>? >3>4LB5AL, I> :>;8 >A2VG5=V <>;>4V ;N48 V7 T2@5W2 >1@060NBLAO F8< ?@V728AL:><, B> 20< O: @540:B>@C ?>B@V1=> C=8:0B8 9>3>&  .  40;V 02B>@ ;8AB0 ?@>4>26CT:  & 2> V< O 1;03>45=AB20 #:@0W=8, 2V4 V<5=V T2@5W2, >1@065=89 ?0A:C4=8< 28A;>2;N20==O< 20H>3> 6C@=0;C, <>;N 20A 70<V=8B8 9>3> C <091CB=L><C =0H8< =0FV>=0;L=8< V<5=5< . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> '8 72068;0 @540:FVO  A=>28 =0 F5 A;V7=5 ?@>E0==O ( 1;030N, <>;N 20A ) C:@0W=AL:8E T2@5W2? V, =5 72068;0. V4 V<5=V @540:FVW, 0 O:I> 3;O=CB8 =0 A?@02C H8@H5,  2V4 V<5=V 2AL>3> B>4VH=L>3> C:@0W=AB20, 2V4?>2V4L 402 A;025B=89 C:@0W=AL:89 VAB>@8: =0@>4=8FL:>W H:>;8 8:>;0 >AB><0@>2. "8?>20 4;O 5?>E8 @><0=B87<C, O:0 >1>6=N20;0 AB0@>28=C V D>;L:;>@, 0@3C<5=B0FVO >AB><0@>20 7>A5@546C20;0AL =0 42>E <><5=B0E. > ?5@H5: B5@<V=  T2@59 =0 ?@>AB>@V #:@0W=8 T =5VAB>@8G=8<. B=>=V<  684 ?>1CBCT BCB A?>:>=2V:C. V= 70DV:A>20=89 35BL 2 CAVE 2V4?>2V4=8E C:@0W=AL:8E VAB>@8G=8E ?0< OB:0E, V B><C <V=OB8 9>3> =5<>6;82> (=02>48;8AO ?@8:;048). > 4@C35: =V C D>;L:;>@V, 0=V 2 ?>1C4>20=V9 =0 D>;L:;>@V C:@0W=AL:V9 EC4>6=V9 ;VB5@0BC@V 9>3> =5 7CAB@VG0T<>. 2V4A8 28A=>2>:  B5@<V=  684 T ?@8@>4=8<, C:@0W=AL:8<, 0  T2@59  ?@8=5A5=8<, B>1B> @>AV9AL:8<. /: ?8A02 .&nbsp;@CH52AL:89, 28ABC?8B8 7 FL>3> ?8B0==O 2V4 CAL>3> C:@0W=AL:>3> 3@><04O=AB20 .&nbsp;>AB><0@>2 ?@020 =5 <02.  .&nbsp;>AB><0@>2 =5?>B@V1=> ?@8<VH02 A2>W AC1 T:B82=V 5<>FVW, V ?>;8H82 B0:8< G8=>< 157 ?>B@V1=>3> 28OA=5==O >1 T:B82=V ?@8G8=8 A8E =5?>@>7C<V=L <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0@04>:A0;L=>, 0;5 70 B0:>N 6 B>G=VAV=L:> AE5<>N 0@3C<5=B0FVW, O: <8 10G8;8, C:@0W=>D>18 70?5@5GC20;8 <>6;82VABL 287=0==O 5B=>=V<C  C:@0W=5FL . >AV9AL:V, ?>;LAL:V, C3>@AL:V H>2V=VAB8 74V9<0;8 ;5<5=B, I>, <>2;O2, 5B=>=V<  C:@0W=5FL 0=B8VAB>@8G=89, 1> 2 402=VE VAB>@8G=8E ?0< OB:0E 9>3> =5<0T (=02>48;8AL ?@8:;048). > 4@C35, F5 GC68=5FL:89 <>2=89 =5>;>3V7<, O:>3> =5 A?@89<0NBL WE=V <>28. # >AVW 5B=>=V<  C:@0W=5FL 22060;8 ?>;LAL:>N V=B@83>N, 2 >;LIV  02AB@V9AL:>N, 0 2 #3>@I8=V B0 C<C=VW  30;8FL:>N. 4=>AB09=> 70?5@5GC20;>AL ?@>B5 9>3> B0:8 C:@0W=AL:5 ?>E>465==O, B0: A0<>, O: =5 287=0TBLAO, I> B5@<V=  T2@59 06 =VO: =5 @>AV9AL:>3>, 0 B0:8 T2@59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O.  %B> O: EB>, 0;5 C:@0W=FV,  O:V 7 B0:8< B@C4>< 7<030;8AO V I5 4>AV 7<030NBLAO, I>1 WE >7=0GC20;8 =072>N  C:@0W=5FL (0 =5  @CA8= )  EV10 =09:@0I5 ?>28==V 1 @>7C<VB8, I> ?@> A2>N =072C <0T ?@02> 28@VHC20B8 =0@>4, 4> O:>3> FO =0720 =0;568BL; V I> <8 10G8<> :C;LBC@=VABL B0 4>1@>78G;82VABL 7 1>:C B8E =0@>4V2, O:V =07820NBL =0A B0:, O: <8 E>G5<>, I>1 =0A =07820;8. &5 ?>28=5= <0B8 =0 C207V :>65= C A?@02V =0FV>=0;L=>W =0728 2@59AL:>3> =0@>4C <a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >71V6=VABL <V6 ?>78FVTN >AB><0@>20 I>4> 5B=>=V<C  684 , 0 ?>78FVTN C:@0W=>D>1V2 I>4> 5B=>=V<C  C:@0W=5FL <0;0 ?>;VB8G=89 E0@0:B5@. 0 VAB>@8G=8<8 V ;V=32VAB8G=8<8 0@3C<5=B0<8 25;8:>45@602=8:8 ?@8E>2C20;8 3>;>2=C ?@8G8=C 2V9=8 7 C:@0W=AL:8< 5B=>=V<><. &VTN ?@8G8=>N, O: 7=0T<>, 1C;8 H8@>:><0AHB01=V 0A8<V;OB>@AL:V =0<V@8. /:89 ?>;VB8G=89 V=B5@5A, O:C 283>4C, O:89 A5=A ?@8E>2CNBL C:@0W=AL:V ?@>B82=8:8 5B=>=V<C  T2@59 , =V:><C =5 OA=>. # 3@C4=V 1995&nbsp;@>:C 2@59AL:0 @040 #:@0W=8 725@=C;0AO 4> C:@0W=AL:>3> 3@><04O=AB20 V7 70O2>N, 45, 7>:@5<0, A:070=>:  VO:V C<>28 @50=V<0B>@V2 =5 7<CAOBL =0A A?@89=OB8 A;>2>  684 O: =0HC A0<>=072C, B0:>6 O: C:@0W=FV =5 E>GCBL 7=>2 AB0B8  E>E;0<8 G8  <0;>@>A0<8 , @>AVO=8   <>A:0;O<8 , 0 ?>;O:8   ;OE0<8 . 5265 4;O B>3> #:@0W=0 AB0;0 =570;56=>N, I>1 2 =V9 ?V4 283;O4>< ?>25@=5==O 4> VAB>@VW >1@060;8 FV;89 =0@>4  T2@5W2  3@><04O= #:@0W=8? </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 8, 4VB8 #:@0W=8, ?@0FNT<> =0 @>71C4>2C =0H>W 0BL:V2I8=8, @>18<> A2V9 2=5A>: 2 WW >1>@>=>740B=VABL, =0C:C, :C;LBC@C, <8AB5FB2> V <8 =5 E>G5<> 2V4GC20B8 A515 GC68=FO<8 =0 75<;V, 45 1030B> ?>:>;V=L =0H>3> =0@>4C 68;8 7 V=H8<8 =0@>40<8 1030B> AB>;VBL. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >;O #:@0W=8  F5 V =0H0 4>;O, 4>;O C:@0W=FV2 T2@59AL:>3> ?>E>465==O, V <8 28<030T<> 4> A515 ?>2038. 8 =5 6848, <8  T2@5W <a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> @>7C<V;> >4=5  ?@8E8;L=8:8 B@048FVW =5 1060NBL 7 OAC20B8 A>1V B>3> D0:BC, I> 5B=>=V<  684 2 ACG0A=><C ;V=32VAB8G=><C 0@50;V !EV4=>W 2@>?8 =01@02 3>AB@> >1@07;82>3> 7010@2;5==O. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  > @5GV, A:06C,  ?8A02 7 FL>3> ?@82>4C !.&nbsp;D@5<>2,  I>, =5 210G0NG8 >A>18AB> =VO:>W >1@078 2 A;>2V  684 , 22060N, ?@>B5, 70 =5B0:B>2=VABL V =5:>@5:B=VABL C6820B8 9>3>, A:>@> T2@5W <0NBL 9>3> 70 >1@07;825. &5 2A5 >4=>, O:18 EB>AL C A5@9>7=V9 @>7<>2V C?5@B> 9<5=C202 C:@0W=FV2  E>E;0<8 ,  <>6=0 4C<0B8, I> ?@>B8 FL>3> ?@>B5ABC20;8 1 V BV C:@0W=FV, O:V >1AB>NNBL  684 , =0?5@5:V@ A0<8< 70V=B5@5A>20=8< ;N4O< <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 25@=5==O !. D@5<>20 (0 9>3> :=865G:0  2@59AL:0 A?@020 =0 #:@0W=V T =5 I> V=H5, O: 725@=5==O 4> C:@0W=AL:>3> 3@><04O=AB20 V7 70:;8:>< 2V4<>28B8AO 2V4 B5@<V=C  684 ) =5 7=09H;> =0 BC ?>@C =0;56=>3> 2V43C:C. "V;L:8 ?>>48=>:V ?8AL<5==8:8  .&nbsp;@03><0=>2, .&nbsp;@01>2AL:89, .&nbsp;>FN18=AL:89, 5AO #:@0W=:0 V 45O:V V=HV :>@8ABC20;8AO B5@<V=><  T2@59 . >OA=NTBLAO F5 B8<, I> C:@0W=AL:5 ACA?V;LAB2> 1C;> =0ABV;L:8 ?>3;8=5=5 1>@>BL1>N 7 25;8:>45@602=8< 0A8<V;OB>@AB2><, I> 2AV V=HV A?@028 2V4:;040;8AO =0 ?>BV<. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> V4=52V;L=0 #:@0W=0, 0 7 =5N !EV4=0 2@>?0, ?5@51C20;0 B>4V =0 4@0<0B8G=><C ?5@5;><V. AL O: C B>9 65, ?@81;87=>, G0A (1911&nbsp;@.) E0@0:B5@87C202 AB0=>28I5 #:@0W=8 2840B=89 AV>=VABAL:89 4VOG >;>48<8@ 01>B8=AL:89:  >6=0 A<V;82> B25@48B8, I> 28@VH5==O AC?5@5G:8 I>4> =0FV>=0;L=>3> E0@0:B5@C >AVW <0965 FV;:>28B> 70;568BL 2V4 ?>78FVW, O:C ?>AV40B8<5 B@84FOB8<V;L9>==89 C:@0W=AL:89 =0@>4. /:I> ?>3>48BLAO >1@CAVB8  >AVO 945 >4=8< H;OE><, =5 ?>3>48BLAO  2>=0 <CA8B8<5 ?VB8 V=H8< H;OE><. &5 GC4>2> 7@>7C<V;8 ?@02V 2 5@602=V9 C<V. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> >;8 28@VHC20;8 ?8B0==O I>4> <>28  V=>@>4=8FL:>W H:>;8, 2>=8, 704;O A<VEC, 3>;>AC20;8 =02VBL 70 O:8E>AL  H09B0=V2 B0  :070=AL:8E 3@5:V2 , 2>=8 =02VBL =5 74V9=O;8 @C: ?@>B8 T2@59AL:>W <>28, 1060NG8, >G5284=>, 7@>18B8 70:>=>?@>5:B 7=5=028465=8< V =5A?@89=OB=8< 4;O =0G0;LAB20, 0;5 I>9=> 4V9H;> 4> C:@0W=AL:>W <>28, 2>=8 2V4:8=C;8 V 1;07=N20==O, V E8B@><C4@V @>7@0EC=:8 V ?@>AB> ?V4=5A;8 @C:8 ?@>B8, 1> 2V4GC;8, I> BCB  =09=5157?5G=VH5 <VAF5, 28@VH0;L=89 :@>:, :>;8 =5 4>2>48BLAO 0=V 60@BV2 60@BC20B8, 0=V ;C:02> <C4@C20B8 <a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> # ;NB><C 1917&nbsp;@. >;8=AL:89 ?>;: @>7?>G02 C 5B@>3@04V @52>;NFVN, O:0 7@C9=C20;0 F0@AL:89 B@>=. 1C;>AO ?@>@>:C20==O 01>B8=AL:>3> ?@> @>;L C:@0W=FV2 C @>AV9AL:V9 V<?5@VW.  E>G @52>;NFVO V WW ?@>4>265==O  872>;L=V 7<030==O 1918 1921&nbsp;@@.  707=0;8 2 #:@0W=V ?>@07:8, 0;5 74>1CBBO B>4V C:@0W=AL:8< =0@>4>< =>2>3> V<5=V B@510 @>7FV=N20B8 O: 25;8:C VAB>@8G=C ?5@5<>3C 7 40;5:>AO6=8<8 =0A;V4:0<8. #@O4 #:@0W=AL:>W 0@>4=>W 5A?C1;V:8 1917 1921&nbsp;@>:V2 >DVFV9=> 268202 A;>2>  T2@59 . VA;O 1918&nbsp;@>:C F5 A;>2> @5TAB@CTBLAO C 2AVE A;>2=8:0E =0 AEV4=>C:@0W=AL:8E 75<;OE. CAB@VG0TBLAO 2>=> V 2 30;8FL:8E 2840==OE, =0?@8:;04,  !;>2=8G>: C:@0W=AL:>W <>28 V 3>;>2=V ?@02>?8A=V ?@028;0 B0 70<VB:8 4> 2V4<V=8 >ABO 8AV;52AL:>3> (!B0=8A;02, 1927) <0T  T2@59 V7 2V4<V=:>28<8 D>@<0<8, 0 B0:>6  T2@59AL:89 ,  T2@5W7< (A.&nbsp;95),  #:@0W=AL:89 ?@02>?8A V7 A;>2=8G:>< , I> 9>3> 2?>@O4:C202 8E09;> >7=O: (L2V2, "(, 1929), @5TAB@CT  T2@59 V  T2@59AL:89 (A.&nbsp;114). 0NBL BV A;>20  #:@0W=AL:0 7030;L=0 5=F8:;>?54VO (L2V2, 1931, B.&nbsp;, A.&nbsp;1259) B0  #:@0W=AL:>-=V<5FL:89 A;>2=8: (O9?FV3, 1943) 5=>=0 C75;V, /@>A;020 C4=8FL:>3> 9 0@;0 0T@0. # FL><C 6 B0:8 A;>2=8:C T 9 ?>EV4=V A;>20, 0 A0<5  T2@59:0 V  T2@59AB2> (A.&nbsp;213). 02VBL :0=04AL:5 2840==O   #:@0W=AL:>-0=3;V9AL:89 A;>2=8: (!0A:0BC=, 1955) >ABO =4@CA8H8=0, O: V B@510 1C;> A?>4V20B8AO, ?>40T G>B8@8 0:B82=V A;>20: T2@59, T2@59:0, T2@59AL:89, T2@59AB2> (A.&nbsp;224). 5 70;8H0TBLAO ?>704C 9 0<5@8:0=5FL 20= !0;0AB8=, C:;040G  =3;V9AL:>-C:@0W=AL:>3> A;>2=8:0 (1956), ?>40NG8  2@59 <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]</a>. 840=89 C 8T2V  >289 B;C<0G=89 A;>2=8: C:@0W=AL:>W <>28 (1998), ?>40T A;>2>  T2@59 , 0 4> A;>20  6848 4>40T ?>OA=5==O, I> F5 70AB0@V;5 A;>2> B0 >1@07;820 =0720 T2@5W2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> 0W2=> 1C;> 1 ?@8?CA:0B8, I> 2 5?>EC :0@48=0;L=8E 7@CH5=L C F0@8=V AEV4=>T2@>?59AL:>W 5B=>=V<VW, O:0 =0AB0;0 ?VA;O @>720;C >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW, :>;8 <0;>@>A8 AB0;8 C:@0W=FO<8, 15A0@018  <>;4020=0<8, 78@O=8  :><V, ;VD;O=4FV  5AB>=FO<8, 2>BO:8  C4<C@B0<8, A0@B8  C715:0<8 V&nbsp;B.&nbsp;4., T2@5W ?0A82=> A84VB8<CBL A:;02H8 @C:8.  # !  =0 ?>G0B:C B@84FOB8E @>:V2 =>289 ?@02>?8A (1933&nbsp;@.) 70?@>20482 5B=>=V<  T2@59 2 ;VB5@0BC@=C C:@0W=AL:C <>2C O: =>@<C. !;>2>  684 287=0=> >1@07;82>N =072>N T2@5O. VA;O 2>77 T4=0==O FO =>@<0 ?>H8@8;0AO V =0 70EV4=>C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V. 8H5 2 4V0A?>@V ?@>4>26C20;8 4>B@8<C20B8AO 5B=>=V<C  684 . A:V;L:8 CB25@465==O 5B=>=V<C  T2@59 2 #:@0W=V 2V41C;>AO 04<V=VAB@0B82=8< H;OE><, 157 =0;56=>3> @>7 OA=5==O, B> F5 28:;8:0;> =5>4=>7=0G=C @50:FVN. 0?@8:;04, B25@4OBL, I> B5@<V=><  T2@59 @CA8DV:0B>@AL:89 @568< AB0@02AO 2V4GC68B8 C:@0W=FV2 2V4 V=H8E A;>2 O=AL:8E =0@>4V2 V ?@8:C20B8 4> @>AV9AL:>3> <a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title="">[18]</a>. 1>:  1<0= 1C2 C65 2 A0<V9 =072V  T2@59 , O:0 1C;0 V<?>@B>20=0 @07>< 7 =>2>N 2;04>N. >=0 72CG0;0 D0;LH82>, 2 =0@>4V =5 ?@86820;0AL. 0;> B>3>, 2>=0 =V18 728=C20GC20;0 >4@07C 2AN C:@0W=AL:C ;VB5@0BC@C, 45 DV3C@C20;> A;>2> 684 O: B@048FV9=0 C:@0W=AL:0 =0720 <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title="">[19]</a>. 2V4A8 28?;820T, I>  V<?>@B>20=89 , G8B09 @>AV9AL:89, 70 ?>E>465==O< 5B=>=V< =5 ?0ACT 4> C:@0W=AL:>W <>28. "@510 4>40B8, I> B25@465==O ?@>  728=C20G5==O C:@0W=AL:>W ;VB5@0BC@8 =04<V@C 4@0<0B87CT A8BC0FVN. @>AB> B5@<V=  684 ?5@5E>48BL C :0B53>@VN 70AB0@V;8E A;V2  B0: A0<>, O: B5@<V=  CAL ,  @CA8= . 465 <>20 6825, 2>=0 ?>ABV9=> 71030GCTBLAO B0 >G8I0TBLAO, 28=8:0NBL =>2V A;>20 01> 72>@>B8-=5>;>3V7<8, 0 70AB0@V;V A;>20 28E>4OBL 7 C68B:C V ?5@5E>4OBL 2 @>7@O4 0@E0W7<V2 B0 VAB>@87<V2. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  C:@0W=AL:C <>2C ?@>=8:;> G8<0;> A;V2, FV;8E D@07, 3@0<0B8G=8E D>@< 7 @>AV9AL:>W <a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title="">[20]</a>. V47=0G8<>, I>, >:@V< FV;:>< @>AV9AL:8E A8=B0:A8G=8E :>=AB@C:FV9, 2 C:@0W=AL:V9 <>2V 70@07 ?>1CBCT 1;87L:> 800&nbsp;@>AV9AL:8E A;V2. 0 B0:><C <>2=><C D>=V 70GV?;N20B8AO =0 A;>2V  T2@59 T =528?@0240=8<. 5 20@B> ?>-D0@8A59AL:8 @>748@0B8 H0B8 =04 =V18B> @>AV9AL:8< A;>2><  T2@59 . B=>=V< F59 A5<VBAL:>3> ?>E>465==O V @>18B8 7 =L>3> 3@V7=89 70AV1 @CA8DV:0FVW =5A5@9>7=>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  ?@89=OBBO< E@8AB8O=AB20 8W2AL:0 45@6020 >B@8<0;0 2 %&nbsp;AB>@VGGV ?8A5<=VABL. 8A0=V F5@:>2=>A;>2 O=AL:>N, O:0 70 ?>E>465==O< T AB0@>1>;30@AL:>N, <>2>N 1>3>A;C61>2V :=838 ?@89H;8 =0 CAL 7 >;30@VW <a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title="">[21]</a>. # F8E :=830E 4;O T2@5W2 1C;8 B0:V =0728:  VC459 ,  T2@59 ,  =0@>4 7@0W;O .  B65, A;>2>  T2@59 1C;> 2 8T2V (988&nbsp;@.) I5 B>4V, :>;8 =0 A2VBV =5 1C;> =V >A:28, =V <>A:>2AL:>W =0FVW. >;8 73>4>< ?>G02 B2>@8B8AO <>A:>2AL:89 =0@>4 7 B8E :>;>=VABV2, O:V ?@8E>48;8 7 8W2AL:>W CAV, B> 2>=8 =0 :>;>=V7>20=V =8<8 DV=AL:V 75<;V ?>=5A;8 7 A>1>N E@8AB8O=AB2> V F5@:>2=C <>2C, 0 2 =V9 V A;>20:  VC459 B0  T2@59 <a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title="">[22]</a>. </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;">  #:@0W=V A;>2>  T2@59 (351@59) 70DV:A>20=> 2 AB@><8@>2><C T20=35;VW 2 XI&nbsp;AB., C A;>2=8:C 870=VO 1596&nbsp;@., C A;>2=8:C 0<28 5@8=48 1627&nbsp;@. <a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title="">[23]</a> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> !B>A>2=> C:@0W=AL:>W :;0A8G=>W EC4>6=L>W ;VB5@0BC@8, B> ?>1>@=8:8 G8AB>B8 WW @87 G><CAL A>@><;82> 701C20NBL, I> =0 WW AB>@V=:0E, O: <8 10G8;8, =5 74810TBLAO 5B=>=V<  @>AVO=8= , 0 =0A:@V7L T  <>A:0;L . AB>@8G=89 7<VAB F8E 42>E 5B=>=V<V2 (<>A:0;L-@>AVO=8=) 4;O C:@0W=AL:>3> 2CE0 7>2AV< =5 B>B>6=89, =0 ?@>B8;56=VABL 4> >4=0:>2> =57@>7C<V;8E A;V2  684 V  T2@59 . # ?>57VOE (52G5=:0 I>:@>: =0B@0?;OT<> =0 B5@<V=8  >A:0;L ,  >A:>2I8=0 . 5<0T 2 (52G5=:0 ?>;O:V2, 0 T ;OE8, =5<0T @C<C=V2, 0 T 2>;>E8, T =V<>B0 <a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title="">[24]</a>. ;5 6 C:@0W=FV ?5@5:@5A;8;8 5B=>=V<V:C A0<>3> (52G5=:0, I>1 =5 >1@060B8, V A?@0254;82>, ACAV4=V =0@>48. '><CAL =VEB> 7  @52=8B5;V2 G8AB>B8 C:@0W=AL:>W <>28 =5 28ABC?0T 70 2V4=>2;5==O 2 C68B:>2><C >1V3C 5B=>=V<C  <>A:0;L . 8H5 45:>B@V G>3>AL 70BOB> B@8<0NBLAO B5@<V=C  684 . !?@024V, 2 #:@0W=V I5 =5 ?5@52V2AO B8? <C4@035;8:0, O:>3>  B0: :>@B8BL 70 2AO:C FV=C 4>?5:B8 T2@5O<, I> 2V= ;045=, A:065<>, =02VBL 2@>?C ?5@525@=CB8 2  84>?C <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title="">[25]</a>. V4><89 ?8AL<5==8: /@ !;02CB8G 70?8BCT:  '8 20@B> =0< >B5 A;>2>  684 B0: 7027OB> 1>@>=8B8, O: F5 @>1;OBL 45O:V 30@OGV 3>;>28 7 ?V=>N =0 CAB0E? 465 =5 AB0=>28BL 2>=> 4;O =0A =VO:>W A2OB>AB8. 0?@8:;04, <5=V >4=0:>2>, O: T2@5W E>GCBL A515 =07820B8 <a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title="">[26]</a>. @30=8 45@602=>W 04<V=VAB@0FVW #:@0W=8 26820NBL B5@<V=  T2@59 . # 2AVE >DVFV9=8E 4>:C<5=B0E DV3C@CT ;8H5  T2@59 . 5 B@510 <0B8 V;N7V9  B0: 70;8H8BLAO 40;V. 02VI> O;>78B8 ?8B0==O, O:5 265 28@VH5=5. >B@V1=> F5 EV10 =0H8< =54>1@>78G;82FO<, O:V 702648 ?@03=C;8 ?5@5A20@8B8 C:@0W=FV2 7 FV;8< A2VB><. </p> <p> 8 G0AB> E20;8<>AO:  =B8A5<VB87< =V:>;8 =5 1C2 =0 #:@0W=V >DVFV9=>N V45>;>3VTN  9>3> =5 A?>2V4C20;0 0=V C:@0W=AL:0 45@6020 (G8 02B>=><VO) 2 :>@>B:>B@820;V ?5@V>48 A2>3> VA=C20==O, 0=V 6>45= 1V;LH-<5=H 2?;82>289 ?>;VB8G=89, =0FV>=0;L=>-2872>;L=89 @CE <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title="">[27]</a>. /:I> F5 B0:, 0 F5 B0:, B> G8 =5 ?>@0 =0@5HBV ?5@5AB0B8 >1@060B8 =0@>4 !B0@>3> 0?>2VBC,  2> V< O 1;03>45=AB20 #:@0W=8 . </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> '59 65  3>;>2=5 ?>4>;0B8 =530B82=89 5<>FV9=89 10@ T@, ?5@5A8;8B8 =530B82=89 =0?@O<>: V=D>@<0FV9=>3> ?>B>:C, V 40;V ?V45 74>@>20 B5GVO 68BBO <a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title="">[28]</a>. 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".&nbsp;III. !.&nbsp;19.</span> </p> </ul> <body lang="UK" link="blue" vlink="purple"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="320"> <p> &nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <p align="center"> <a name="_Toc28155215"><b><i><font size="4">0<VABL 5?V;>3C</font></i></b></a><b><i><font size="4"><a name="Zamist_epilogu"> </a></font></i></b>&nbsp; </p> </td> <td width="320"> <div class="Section1"> <p align="right"> <a href="index.html"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">4> 7<VABC</font></a> <font size="2" color="#99CCFF">/</font> <a href="#top"><font size="2" color="#99CCFF">=025@E</font></a> </p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="Section1"> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I>4V9A=8B8 B@5BT 4>?>2=5=5 V 7=0G=> @>7H8@5=5 2840==O =0C:>2>-?C1;VF8AB8G=>3> 4>A;V465==O  #:@045=5 V< O&  A?>=C:0;> 02B>@0 235=0 0:>=5G=>3> I8@5 V H8@>:5 70FV:02;5==O F8< B2>@>< O: 2 @V7=8E 25@AB20E C:@0W=AB20 (A5@54 =0C:>2>W V EC4>6=L>W V=B5;V�5=FVW, ABC45=BAB20, @>1VB=8FB20, A5;O=AB20, 2V9AL:>28E& ), B0: V 2 @V7=8E :V=FOE A2VBC (2 A0<V9 #:@0W=V, 2 !(, 0=04V, @�5=B8=V, 2AB@0;VW, 7@0W;V, >;LIV, !;>20GG8=V, >AVW, 070EAB0=V& ), 72V4:8 =04V9H;8, V 40;V =04E>4OBL, G8A;5==V ?@>E0==O ?5@5A;0B8 :=83C.</I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I>>1060==O ?5@52840B8 :=83C <0A>28< =0:;04>< 28A;>2;NNBLAO V 2 @5F5=7VOE V 2V43C:0E D0EV2FV2.</I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I>"0:, 4>:B>@ VAB>@8G=8E =0C:, ?@>D5A>@ !B0=VA;02 0;82>40 2 B86=528:C  L2V2AL:0 ?0=>@0<0 70 7 ;NB>3> 1997 @>:C ?8H5:  8 7=0;8  #:@045=5 I0ABO 20=0 $@0=:0  3;81>:> ?A8E>;>3VG=C 4@0<C, @04H5 B@0354VN ;N4AL:>3> 68BBO.  #:@045=5 V< O , 01>  '><C @CA8=8 AB0;8 C:@0W=FO<8 &  =5 ? TA0, F5 =0C:>25 4>A;V465==O 7 VAB>@VW C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C, O:5, ?>10G82H8 A2VB, 2V4@07C 6 AB0;> 1V1;V>3@0DVG=>N @V4:VABN .</I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I>>:B>@ DV;>A>DAL:8E =0C: 20= 0A;02AL:89 (B86=528:  '0A , 20 25@5A=O 1996 @>:C):  0C:>20 V<?>B5=FVO G8A;5==8E 4>F5=BV2, ?@>D5A>@V2 B0 0:045<V:V2 @04O=AL:>3> 7@07:0 AL>3>4=V =09OA:@02VH5 28O2;OT A515 A0<5 2 VAB>@8G=V9 =0CFV. >65, O:@07 B><C =091V;LH 20@BVA=V ?@0FV 7 C:@0W=AL:>W VAB>@VW 28E>4OBL 70@07 7-?V4 ?5@0 V=B5;5:BC0;V2, =5 >1BO65=8E <0@:A8ABAL:>-;5=V=AL:>N <5B>4>;>3VTN V <>A:2>F5=B@87<><. > B0:8E ?@0FL =0;568BL @>72V4:0 235=0 0:>=5G=>3>  #:@045=5 V< O&  </I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I>>:B>@ >A8? C;LG8: (6C@=0;  >2V 4=V , 0=040, ;8?5=L-A5@?5=L 1997 @>:C):  =86:C 235=0 0:>=5G=>3> O  :>2B=C2 70 ?V2=>GV& O:CN 02B>@>2V 70 V=B5;5:BC0;L=C CGBC! "5?5@ >AL ?@>G8B02 WW 24@C35, 0;5 7 >;V2F5<, 1> @>182 A>1V =>B0B:8. / 265 <02 G0A =0A>;>46C20B8AO.  2G8B8AO. 2B>@ =0?8A02 30@=C =0C:>2C ?@0FN!</I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I> #:@045=5 V< O 235=0 0:>=5G=>3> ?>28==> 1CB8 =04@C:>20=5 GC68<8 <>20<8 2 A?5F8DVG=8E =0C:>28E 6C@=0;0E 4;O >7=09><;5==O <V6=0@>4=>3> =0C:>2>3> A2VBC.  A5@54 C:@0W=AB20 A;V4 ?@>?03C20B8 FN :=86:C 4;O A0<>>A2VB8 .</I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I>#:@0W=AL:89 ?8AL<5==8:, ?C1;VF8AB V =0C:>25FL C !;>20GG8=V, 4V9A=89 G;5=  #:@0W=8 8:>;0 CH8=:0 ("(, 2000&nbsp;@.  ".&nbsp;238):  ;O =0A  70:0@?0BAL:8E @CA8=V2-C:@0W=FV2 ?@0FO .&nbsp;0:>=5G=>3>  #:@045=5 V< O <0;0 1 AB0B8 =0AB>;L=>N :=86:>N, 1> G8B0GV 7=094CBL C =V9 2V4?>2V4V =0 1>;NGV ?8B0==O 9 =0H>W @5�V>=0;L=>W VAB>@VW.  4>1@V9 ?@83>4V 2>=0 AB0=5, 3>;>2=8< G8=><, 4;O CG8B5;V2, ABC45=BV2 V ?@0FV2=8:V2 :C;LBC@8& =86:C :>=G5 ?>B@V1=> ?5@5:;0AB8 GC68<8 <>20<8, I>1 V ?5@54 GC68=FO<8 @>7<>B0B8 A:;04=5 9 70?;CB0=5 ?8B0==O ?@>  2:@045=5 V< O .</I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I>8A>:0 >FV=:0 =0C:>2>W V ACA?V;L=>W 20@B>ABV 4>A;V465==O 40TBLAO B0:>6 2 ?C1;V:0FVOE 4>:B>@0 VAB>@8G=8E =0C:, ?@>D5A>@0 /.&nbsp;@8F0:0 (Die Formierung der modernen ukrainischen Nation // &Ouml;sterreichische osthefte. Wien, 2000), 4>:B>@0 5:>=><VG=8E =0C: !.&nbsp;>2:0=8G0 V :0=4840B0 DV;>A>DAL:8E =0C: !.&nbsp;&0?:0 (3075B0  8A>:89 70<>: , 19 15@57=O 1996 @>:C), :0=4840B0 VAB>@8G=8E =0C: >;>48<8@0 0HC:0 (Biuletyn ukrainoznawczy / PoBudn. Wschod. In-t Naukowy w Przemyslu. 1999. N&nbsp;5), ?C1;VF8AB:8 .&nbsp; O70=>2>W (3075B0  $@0=:>20 :@8=8FO , 24 25@5A=O 1996 @>:C) B0 V=H8E.</I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I># <>=>3@0DVW  >E>465==O C:@0W=FV2, @>AVO=, 1V;>@CAV2 B0 WE=VE <>2 (8W2, 2001.  !.&nbsp;82) G;5=-:>@5A?>=45=B 0FV>=0;L=>W :045<VW =0C: #:@0W=8, 4>:B>@ DV;>;>3VG=8E =0C:, ?@>D5A>@ V2B>@0:&nbsp;.&nbsp;. 7>:@5<0 70C206CT:  '0A, ?@8G8=8, 5B0?8 V =0A;V4:8 4;O C:@0W=FV2 2B@0B8 402=L>W =0728 WE=L>3> :@0N CAL V ?>ABC?>25 70:@V?;5==O WW C D>@<V >AVO 70 >A:>2AL:>N 45@602>N 3;81>:> V 2A51VG=> @>7:@8BV 2 <>=>3@0DVW (=0 60;L, <0;>2V4><V9 H8@>:><C G8B0FL:><C 7030;C) ;L2V2AL:>3> 4>A;V4=8:0 .&nbsp;0:>=5G=>3>  #:@045=5 V< O: '><C @CA8=8 AB0;8 C:@0W=FO<8? .</I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I>2B>@ 4>A;V465==O .&nbsp;0:>=5G=89 @>7?>2V2 :V;L:0 28?04:V2 725@B0=L 4> =L>3> 7 ?@82>4C ?@8410==O :=86:8 ;N459 =V18B> 40;5:8E 2V4 28A>:>W 0:045<VG=>W =0C:8 V ;VB5@0BC@8 (<09AB@0->1;8FN20;L=8:0, H>D5@0- 40;L=>1V9=8:0 , 3>48==8:0@O, ?5@C:0@O, :CE0@O, :C@A0=BV2 2V9AL:>2>3> :>;546C& ). "0 >A>1;82> E28;NNG5 2@065==O A?@028;0 @>7?>2V4L ?@> AB0@HC 6V=:C  4@C68=C =57@OG>3>, O:0 1;030;0 4>?><>3B8 ?@8410B8 :=86:C, I>1 G8B0B8 WW G>;>2V:>2V 23>;>A.</I> </p> <p style="text-indent:1%;"> <I>B65, V =0 B@5BL><C 2840==V <>=>3@0DVW  #:@045=5 V< O , >G5284=>, :@0?:C AB028B8 ?5@54G0A=>. >=> 7=>2C 6 B0:8 28945 <V75@=8< =0:;04>< V 06 =VO: =5 7<>65 (=02VBL G0AB:>2>) 704>2>;L=8B8 ?>?8B. 0;8H0TBLAO A?>4V20B8AL, I> A5@54 28402FV2 V ?V4?@8T<FV2 7=094CBLAO A?@026=V ;8F0@V =0FV>=0;L=>3> 4CEC, O:V 2V7L<CBLAO I5 @07 ?5@52840B8 FN C=V:0;L=C ?@0FN V ?CAB8B8 WW C H8@>:89 A2VB.  =5 ;8H5 C:@0W=AL:>N <>2>N& &nbsp;</I> </p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <ul> <p> <i><b>0;5@V9 "@8?0GC:,<br> ?8AL<5==8:</b></i> </p> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul> </div> <p align="right">&nbsp; </body> </html>